Bydgoszcz Old Market square is an oblong place (about ), situated in the old town district of the city of

Bydgoszcz Bydgoszcz ( , , ; german: Bromberg) is a city in northern Poland, straddling the meeting of the River Vistula with its left-bank tributary, the Brda. With a city population of 339,053 as of December 2021 and an urban agglomeration with more ...

. The City Hall flanks one of its side, and nearby is located St. Martin and St. Nicholas Cathedral.

Location

The Old Market Square marks the center of Bydgoszcz, Polish city established in 1346 by king Casimir III the Great. The place faces watercourses on both of its flanks: *

Brda (river) The Brda (; german: Brahe) is a river in northern Poland, a tributary of the Vistula. It has a total length of 245 km and a catchment area (all within Poland) of 4,665 km2.leat channel ( pl, Młynówka ), originally dug to power mills (''Młyn'' in polish), running 150 m from its western frontage. Quaint and historic streets stem from this square: * Northbound towards Grodzka street and Brda river: Mostowa street and Father Tadeusz Malczewski street; * Eastbound towards Podwale Street: Kręta street and Teofil Magdziński street; * Southbound towards Długa street: John II Kazimierz street and Stephen Báthory street; * Westward towards' Jezuicka Street: Niedźwiedzia street and Farna Street.

History

Bydgoszcz market place has been charted in 1346, then paved in 1604. Until the end of the 17th century, court judgments were carried out there in public. It was the administrative and commercial heart of the city until the beginning of the 20th century, where Bydgoszcz economic, cultural and social life teemed. The market and the rim of properties located around constituted the core of the nascent city. Further expansion followed with plots built along Jezuicka or Długa streets.

Elements from excavations

Archaeological diggings carried out in the area of the place unearthed early Middle Ages artefacts, indicating that the area was inhabited before Bydgoszcz establishment. Oldest items, dating back to pre-settlement, have been found in the north-east corner of the Old Market Square: ceramics from the 12th century and beginning of the 13th century. Objects from the Lusatian culture (pottery fragments) have even been recorded below the early medieval layer, in several locations around the place. Another excavation, performed in 1969, exhumed relics of St. Ignatius of Loyola

Jesuit , image = Ihs-logo.svg , image_size = 175px , caption = ChristogramOfficial seal of the Jesuits , abbreviation = SJ , nickname = Jesuits , formation = , founders ...

Church, located on the western flank and demolished in 1940: fragments of wooden buildings, a wooden well originally located in the courtyard edifice, along with large amounts of clay and glass vessel fragments. Diggings at the southern frontage of the square unveiled fragments of wooden pipes running along north–south and northeast–southwest directions. During an excavation running through the middle of the place, elements of the foundations of the former Old Town Hall have been found. Most interesting discoveries were made during a 2010 archaeological campaign, realized prior to the launching of reconstructions linked to ''Bydgoszcz Urban Revitalization Plan''. These excavations unveiled well-preserved foundations of the former

gothic Gothic or Gothics may refer to: People and languages *Goths or Gothic people, the ethnonym of a group of East Germanic tribes **Gothic language, an extinct East Germanic language spoken by the Goths **Crimean Gothic, the Gothic language spoken b ...

town hall (e.g. vaulted cellars) once standing in the middle of Old Market square, basements of the town hall tower and merchant stalls. In addition, traces of settlement dating back to the 12th century and elements of Iron Age Pomeranian culture period have been found.

Jagiellonian The Jagiellonian dynasty (, pl, dynastia jagiellońska), otherwise the Jagiellon dynasty ( pl, dynastia Jagiellonów), the House of Jagiellon ( pl, Dom Jagiellonów), or simply the Jagiellons ( pl, Jagiellonowie), was the name assumed by a cad ...
period (1346–1772)

The original buildings of the Market Square were made of wood. Residential brick buildings do not appear before the 15th century. The

Gothic Gothic or Gothics may refer to: People and languages *Goths or Gothic people, the ethnonym of a group of East Germanic tribes **Gothic language, an extinct East Germanic language spoken by the Goths **Crimean Gothic, the Gothic language spoken b ...

brick edifices from the end of the 15th century were expanded with

Baroque The Baroque (, ; ) is a style of architecture, music, dance, painting, sculpture, poetry, and other arts that flourished in Europe from the early 17th century until the 1750s. In the territories of the Spanish and Portuguese empires including t ...

features in the 17th century and rebuilt at the beginning of the 20th century with

Eclectic Eclectic may refer to: Music * ''Eclectic'' (Eric Johnson and Mike Stern album), 2014 * ''Eclectic'' (Big Country album), 1996 * Eclectic Method, name of an audio-visual remix act * Eclecticism in music, the conscious use of styles alien to th ...

and

Art Nouveau Art Nouveau (; ) is an international style of art, architecture, and applied art, especially the decorative arts. The style is known by different names in different languages: in German, in Italian, in Catalan, and also known as the Modern ...

façades. The oldest element preserved in the vicinity of the Market Square can be found at the back of the house at Farna Street 6: it is a stone tablet with a Latin carving, displaying the date (1593) of the building and the initials of the owner -Bartosz Krąpiewski-, city councilor and mayor of Bydgoszcz between 1599 and 1603. Presumably, the first town hall, made of wood, was built in the 14th century at the centre of the market place. During the following century, it was replaced by a Gothic brick edifice. After its burning in 1511, a construction of a new town hall started, according to the design of master Jan from

Gdańsk Gdańsk ( , also ; ; csb, Gduńsk;Stefan Ramułt, ''Słownik języka pomorskiego, czyli kaszubskiego'', Kraków 1893, Gdańsk 2003, ISBN 83-87408-64-6. , Johann Georg Theodor Grässe, ''Orbis latinus oder Verzeichniss der lateinischen Benen ...

. It was completed around 1600, and featured a Renaissance high building with a tower, which was the pride of the city. Documented sources report the start of a construction in 1523 of a water supply network in the city, thoroughly modernized after 1541 by pipe-master Walenty from Bochnia. Wooden pipes were laid on the surface of the Market place and four public water wells built, probably connected with waterworks. During the second part of the 17th century, together with the downturn and depopulation of Bydgoszcz, the water supply network was neglected, but it partially fulfilled its role until the 19th century. At the beginning of the 17th century, at its heyday before the Polish partitions period, chronicler Wojciech Łochowski described Bydgoszcz as follows: ''"The whole city is girdled by a wall, there is a high tower at the forefront of the market, from 1600, neatly set, and the town hall is decorated with brick. Brick houses, tiled roofs and water splashes compose the neatly decorated market"''. Kosciol pojezuicki sw Ignacego Loyoli 1895

Kosciol pojezuicki sw Ignacego Loyoli 1895

In 1617, a permanent community of Jesuits was established in the city, thanks to the support of inhabitants and the action of Father Jan Kuczborski, Bishop of Chełmno since 1614. They received ownership of several tenements standing at the Market Square, where they rebuilt a residence and a school. Thanks to many funding (Bydgoszcz city council, bishop Kasper Działyński, the Polish

Chancellor Chancellor ( la, cancellarius) is a title of various official positions in the governments of many nations. The original chancellors were the of Roman courts of justice—ushers, who sat at the or lattice work screens of a basilica or law cou ...

and Jerzy Ossoliński, Bydgoszcz

Starosta The starosta or starost (Cyrillic: ''старост/а'', Latin: ''capitaneus'', german: link=no, Starost, Hauptmann) is a term of Slavic origin denoting a community elder whose role was to administer the assets of a clan or family estates. Th ...

), the Jesuit community expanded its facility. The area is delimited today by the Old Market Square to the east, Farna Street to the north, Jezuicka Street to the west and Niedźwiedzia Street to the south. Between 1637 and 1649, along the western frontage of current Old Market place was built the

Holy Cross Holy Cross or Saint Cross may refer to: * the instrument of the crucifixion of Jesus * Christian cross, a frequently used religious symbol of Christianity * True Cross, supposed remnants of the actual cross upon which Jesus was crucified * Feast ...

church, adorned with two towers in 1655 and 1695. In 1653, the residential building was completed; in 1780, it housed a high school, elevated to the rank of ''Jesuit College''. The ensemble also featured a theater hall for cultural activities, which had been used until the Municipal Theater was created in 1814. The complex was gradually expanded and embellished throughout the 17th and 18th centuries, and became at the time the hallmark of the place and the entire city. In 1804, the church was re-consecrated as

St. Ignatius of Loyola Ignatius of Loyola, S.J. (born Íñigo López de Oñaz y Loyola; eu, Ignazio Loiolakoa; es, Ignacio de Loyola; la, Ignatius de Loyola; – 31 July 1556), venerated as Saint Ignatius of Loyola, was a Spanish Catholic priest and theologian, ...

Church in Bydgoszcz. During that period, the Old Market Square witnessed multiple visits of high-ranked Polish officials. Until 1656, those dignitaries, while in the city, stayed at the castle and the retinue rented rooms in houses downtown. Among the most famous visitors, one can cite: * Władysław II Jagiełło; * Casimir IV Jagiellon; *

Sigismund I the Old Sigismund I the Old ( pl, Zygmunt I Stary, lt, Žygimantas II Senasis; 1 January 1467 – 1 April 1548) was King of Poland and Grand Duke of Lithuania from 1506 until his death in 1548. Sigismund I was a member of the Jagiellonian dynasty, the ...

, who chaired the Sejm gathered in Bydgoszcz in 1520; * Stephen Báthory, who stayed three months in 1577. From 26 October to 6 November 1657 the Jesuit college in Bydgoszcz housed negotiations between John II Casimir Vasa and the Elector of Brandenburg Frederick William, which ended with the signing of the Treaty of Bromberg on the Old Market. At the time, the place was mainly used as a city market square, as originally designed at the establishment of Bydgoszcz in 1346. This scheme had been identical in all cities ruled by

German town law The German town law (german: Deutsches Stadtrecht) or German municipal concerns (''Deutsches Städtewesen'') was a set of early town privileges based on the Magdeburg rights developed by Otto I. The Magdeburg Law became the inspiration for regional ...

, with slight variations ( Magdeburg rights,

Kulm law Kulm law, Culm law or Chełmno Law (german: Kulmer Recht; lat, Jus Culmense vetus; pl, Prawo chełmińskie) was a legal constitution for a municipal form of government used in several Central European cities during the Middle Ages. It was initia ...

). Several fees were charged: * fees for market trade, one of the city's sources of income during fair market; * customs duty on salt,

herring Herring are forage fish, mostly belonging to the family of Clupeidae. Herring often move in large schools around fishing banks and near the coast, found particularly in shallow, temperate waters of the North Pacific and North Atlantic Oceans, i ...

and

hops Hops are the flowers (also called seed cones or strobiles) of the hop plant ''Humulus lupulus'', a member of the Cannabaceae family of flowering plants. They are used primarily as a bittering, flavouring, and stability agent in beer, to whi ...

, for the

, the wójt (head of town) from the middle of the 17th century and for the city from 1526; * fees for location and paving. In the Middle Ages, Bydgoszcz market only operated on Saturdays, but in the middle of the 18th century, it stood also on Tuesdays. In addition to the market, larger commercial

fair A fair (archaic: faire or fayre) is a gathering of people for a variety of entertainment or commercial activities. Fairs are typically temporary with scheduled times lasting from an afternoon to several weeks. Types Variations of fairs incl ...

s were organized, as there were no major restrictions for external buyers. On 17 December 1484 King Casimir IV Jagiellon granted Bydgoszcz the right to organize three fairs during the year: on

Saint Agnes Agnes of Rome () is a virgin martyr, venerated as a saint in the Catholic Church, Oriental Orthodox Church and the Eastern Orthodox Church, as well as the Anglican Communion and Lutheran Churches. St. Agnes is one of several virgin martyrs com ...

day (21 January), on

Saint Giles Saint Giles (, la, Aegidius, french: Gilles), also known as Giles the Hermit, was a hermit or monk active in the lower Rhône most likely in the 6th century. Revered as a saint, his cult became widely diffused but his hagiography is mostly lege ...

day (1 September) and on

Saint Martin Saint Martin may refer to: People * Saint Martin of Tours (c. 316–397), Bishop of Tours, France * Saint Martin of Braga (c. 520–580), archbishop of Bracara Augusta in Gallaecia (now Braga in Portugal) * Pope Martin I (598–655) * Saint Mart ...

day (11 November). Sigismund II Augustus allowed a fourth fair in 1555, for the

Octave In music, an octave ( la, octavus: eighth) or perfect octave (sometimes called the diapason) is the interval between one musical pitch and another with double its frequency. The octave relationship is a natural phenomenon that has been refer ...

of Corpus Christi. Before 1669, two more days were granted to the city: on Saint Anthony day (13 June) and

Saint Francis of Assisi Giovanni di Pietro di Bernardone, better known as Saint Francis of Assisi ( it, Francesco d'Assisi; – 3 October 1226), was a Mysticism, mystic Italian Catholic Church, Catholic friar, founder of the Franciscans, and one of the most vener ...

(on 4 October). Although in the second half of the 17th century and during the 18th century the frequency of trade events in Bydgoszcz was the largest in Poland, local activity did not reap the benefits of the situation, in that the economic decline of the city had already started.

Prussian partition The Prussian Partition ( pl, Zabór pruski), or Prussian Poland, is the former territories of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth acquired during the Partitions of Poland, in the late 18th century by the Kingdom of Prussia. The Prussian acquis ...
period (1772–1920)

After the First Partition of Poland, Kingdom of Prussia seized Poland and Bydgoszcz, drawing up an exact inventory of the city. On a detailed map realized by geometer Greth in 1774, properties on the Market Square are, by and large, the same as those currently standing, apart from a few plots not built at the time, at the corners with Teofil Magdziński street and with Farna Street. In the last quarter of the 18th century, there was no more parcels left: on the corner with John II Casimir street was constructed a large building, dedicated to host the Netze District authorities and the Court of Appeal. The entire western frontage, formerly owned by the Jesuits, was taken over by the Prussian state. In 1788, the first artificial lighting system in the city was installed on the market, replacing superannuated street oil lamps (in 1806, there were still 97 oil lamp posts operating in Bydgoszcz). Pomnik krola Fryderyka II Wielkiego 1910

Pomnik krola Fryderyka II Wielkiego 1910

At the beginning of the 19th century ( Napoleonic Wars), the Old Market Square was the location where important "political" speeches were made: on 6 December 1806 an anti-Prussian uprising was publicly proclaimed, and on 19 February 1807, a decree supporting the Duchy of Warsaw was solemnly read. Today's Provincial and Municipal Public Library building then housed the seat of

Bydgoszcz Department Bydgoszcz Department (Polish: Departament bydgoski) was a unit of administrative division and local government in Polish Duchy of Warsaw in years 1806–1815. Its capital city was Bydgoszcz. Following the Decree of 19 December 1807,See the Polis ...

and the ex-Jesuit college hosted the main school of the region. The Duchy of Warsaw ceased to exist in 1812, and Bydgoszcz was incorporated anew into the Kingdom of Prussia. Between 1830 and 1834, the Prussian authorities demolished the remains of the old town hall which was standing up in the middle of the actual square: municipal offices were moved to the tenement house at Długa street 37 (today's ''Ratuszowy hotel''). In 1817, a royal gymnasium was opened in the premises of the former Jesuit college; the high school has been relocated in 1878 to its current place at Plac Wolności. Since 1878, the mayor of Bydgoszcz has always been inhabiting the late Jesuit college building. On an 1834 town plan, 31 individual estates were listed, 9 in the southern frontage, 5 in the western (plus the Jesuit church), 9 in the northern and 8 the eastern. In the middle of the 19th century, a new street, Jatki Street, was cut out in the north-eastern corner of the place, connecting with Grodzka Street. On 18 June 1848, following a violent storm, the

steeple of the towers on the Jesuit church were destroyed. They were initially covered with cone-shaped roofs then rebuilt with Neo-Gothic features from 1880 to 1882. At the same time, the church façade was also reconstructed. In 1859, the City Council decided to erect a monument to Frederick the Great on the Market place. At the cornerstone laying ceremony on 21 October 1861, highly distinguished guests were present, among whom the King of Prussia William I and his son the prince Frederick III, both accompanied by their wives Augusta of Saxe-Weimar-Eisenach and Victoria. The monument was unveiled in January 1862, and the event was again attended by the Prussian heir to the throne, Frederick III Hohenzollern, together with his wife Victoria. On 4 October 1909 another sculpture was unveiled on the square: ''Children playing with goose'' or ''The Well'' ( pl, Studzienka). This fountain with a well, realized by sculptor Karol Kowalczewski, has been funded by Alfred Kupffender, owner of the pharmacy "Under the Golden Eagle" ( pl, Pod Złotym Orłem), located on the north-west corner of the place. Advertising pharmacy Stary rynek - 1903

In Prussian times, the Old Market Square was still the main municipal market area. Crowdy

s were held there four times a year, and regular market every other week. Through all the 19th century, a thorough reconstruction of almost all tenements of the market place was carried out, applying Neoclassical forms until the 1850s, followed by

style made of a mix of historicism elements. In the second half of the 19th century, a few houses were demolished in the northern and southern frontages, for reconstruction purposes, replaced by buildings with Neo-Renaissance facades. The same movement happened at the beginning of the 20th century, where

style was applied (e.g. tenement at Nr. 20). In 1888, streetcars were stationed on the Old Market: initially horsecars, then electric trams (since 1896). Two of the three tramlines of the city were at the time passing through the place. These were: ''Red Line'' (from Bydgoszcz train station Główna to ''Bydgoszcz Wąskotorowa'' in Grunwaldzka street) and ''Green Line'' (from Gdańska Street to ''Strzelnica stop'' in Toruńska Street).

Interwar period In the history of the 20th century, the interwar period lasted from 11 November 1918 to 1 September 1939 (20 years, 9 months, 21 days), the end of the World War I, First World War to the beginning of the World War II, Second World War. The in ...
(1920–1939)

On 20 January 1920, on the Old Market, in front of the Jesuit church, took place the ceremony celebrating the rebirth of the Polish state, 148 years after the first Prussian partition, in the presence of Polish army troops. The statue of Frederick the Great had been dismantled by German citizens and transported to neighbouring Piła at the signing of the Treaty of Versailles. In 1923, in the house at Nr. 2 was established the Regional Museum named after Leon Wyczółkowski. Likewise, the Netze District building was converted in 1908, into the Provincial and Municipal Public Library (building at Nr. 24). Interwar period did not bring much new changes in the aspect or the role the Old Market square. The traditional market were still held here on Tuesdays and Saturdays. For once, changes appeared in other city places: a market was held every other day at the Old place, at the New Market Square ( pl, Nowy Rynek), at Plac Poznański and Piastowski Square. The commercial heart of Bydgoszcz then comprised the Old Market square, Gdańska Street, parts of

Dworcowa Street Dworcowa Street is one of the main streets of Bydgoszcz, in Downtown district ( pl, Śródmieście). Many of its buildings are registered on Kuyavian-Pomeranian Voivodeship Heritage List. Across the street, between Warmia and Marcinkowskieg ...

and Theatre square, where shops and department stores were concentrated. In 1936, a new tram line ran through the Old Market Square, the ''D line'', from Gdańska Street to Długa street.

Nazi occupation (1939–1945)

After the arrival of occupying forces, dramatic events took place on the square. In retaliation to Polish population ''sabotage'' (as called by German propaganda) perpetrated on 3 September 1939, 50 Bydgoszcz citizens were executed on 9–10 September 1939 in front of the western frontage of the Old Market Square. All these appalling actions are part of the sadly notorious Bydgoszcz's Bloody Sunday. Bydgoszcz Polish hostages at Old Market

At the beginning of 1940, German authorities began to demolish the Jesuit church, the entire western frontage of the Old Market Square -including the tenement house hosting the regional Museum (at Nr. 2), and edifices at Mostowa street cornering the

Brda river The Brda (; german: Brahe) is a river in northern Poland, a tributary of the Vistula. It has a total length of 245 km and a catchment area (all within Poland) of 4,665 km2.National socialist style, as well as widening Mostowa street to create a ''parade avenue'' for the Wehrmacht. The church was definitely razed on 27 March and the tenement houses on 23 October 1940: in the action, the fountain-well ''Children playing with geese'' was also pulled down. However fragments of the sculpture, deposited in the city garden store, fortunately survived the period of occupation. The statue of Frederick the Great was reinstalled on 20 April 1941, Adolf Hitler's name day, and the Prussian name of the square (''Friedrichs-Platz'') reinstated. In January 1945, the Old Market Square was at the centre of the combats for the liberation of Bydgoszcz: on January 24, the southern side of the city was captured by the Soviet army (76th Infantry Division) and Polish troops (

1st Polish Army First or 1st is the ordinal form of the number one (#1). First or 1st may also refer to: *World record, specifically the first instance of a particular achievement Arts and media Music * 1$T, American rapper, singer-songwriter, DJ, and reco ...

and 1st Armoured Brigade). The next day, fights occurred to take over the left-bank of the Brda river. Supported by a motorized company, Germans forces put up a fierce resistance along Gdańska street. Heavy exchanges of artillery fire happened across the river in the vicinity of Mostowa street: Soviet projectiles damaged the Municipal Theater at Plac Teatralny, while German artillery burned up four tenements standing in the eastern frontage of the square.

After 1945

In January 1945, in the first days after the liberation of Bydgoszcz, the monument to Frederick the Great was dismantled and melted away. On 1 May 1948 the fountain-well was reinstalled in front of the still ruined Municipal library, while between 1953 and 1956, parts of the eastern frontage were rebuilt. However, the new authorities did not proceed to the reconstruction of the western frontage, owing to the presence of the Jesuit church which did not fit into the new political line. In 1947, markets on the place were finally liquidated, leaving the area for cultural events and demonstrations. Bydgoszcz kaskada

In 1962, after the reconstruction of the downtown bridge over the Brda river, the tram traffic resumed through the square until 1969. Between 1968 and 1969, at the north-eastern corner, razed during the war, a functionalist pavilion hosting ''Kaskada'', a gastronomic restaurant, was erected: its radical style caught the eye among others facades. As for the plot where the former Jesuit church used to stand, city authorities unveiled there on 5 September 1969, a monument commemorating the ''Struggle and Martyrdom of Bydgoszcz Land'' ( pl, Pomnik Walki i Męczeństwa Ziemi Bydgoskiej). In 1974, following a ministerial resolution, a revalorization of the Old Town, including the Old Market Square, began. The project aimed at re-organizing the commercial network, the transport network layout and giving back to the shop frontages their historic outline. In the 1970s, the following achievements appeared: * the tenement house at Nr. 16 hosted ''Antykwariat Naukowy'', an antique shop; * Nr. 18 accommodated a store selling crystals; * ground floors at Nr. 20 and 22 were modernized; * a "Salon of the Visual Arts Studio" was set up in the corner house at Nr. 27, and cellars converted into a café; * in the cellar at Nr. 25, ''Cepelia'' salon was established. Such changes were also implemented on the eastern frontage of the square. From 1973 to 1975, tram and vehicles were banned from the place and some outgoing streets converted into pedestrian venues (e.g. Mostowa and Magdzińskiego streets). On 3 May 1981 bishop Jan Michalski celebrated a mass for the homeland from the stairs of the library, in front of an audience of 100.000 gathered on the Old Market Square; the reader was Daniel Olbrychski. It was the largest demonstration to support Solidarność trade union in the history of the city, and one of the largest gatherings in Bydgoszcz (the largest one being for the visit of Pope John Paul II in 1999). Main sculpture moved for place renovation

Main sculpture moved for place renovation

After Poland's accession to European Union, a competition was held in 2010 to re-design the western side of the Market, but results did not meet public expectations. On 10 December 2011 the former gastronomic complex ''Kaskada'' was bulldozed. In 2013, the plot was reconstructed, together with Jatki Street. In autumn 2016, archaeological research started on the square, prior to the renovation of the area. This project planned, in particular, to move the monument 15 m closer to the

Bydgoszcz Cathedral St. Martin and St. Nicholas Cathedral ( pl, Katedra św. Marcina i Mikołaja), or simply known as Bydgoszcz Cathedral, is a Catholic church built in the 15th century. It has a Gothic style, serves as a parish church and cathedral of the Diocese ...

, allowing the building of a 35-m long high-tech fountain. The Kuyavian-Pomeranian Voivodeship Inspector of Monuments, on the rationale of the diggings report, barred the realization of the fountain so as to preserve the foundations on the western frontage (church walls and towers, relics of tenement houses with cellar vaults) over an area of 500 m². Once the renovation is achieved, the sector will be free of car traffic. In May 2018, the contractor which won the bid for the modernization of the Old Market Square was announced: local firm ''Betpol'', for a budget of 14.3 million PLN. The main part of the works is to be carried out by mid-November 2018, and the project completed by mid-2019. Construction works started on 25 June 2018. The ''18° East

line of longitude In geography and geodesy, a meridian is the locus connecting points of equal longitude, which is the angle (in degrees or other units) east or west of a given prime meridian (currently, the IERS Reference Meridian). In other words, it is a l ...

'' runs through the center of the Old Market Square. So far this geographical particular is heralded by a small obelisk set on

Mill Island Mill Island is an ice-domed island, long and wide, lying north of the Bunger Hills. Mill Island was discovered in February 1936 by personnel on the ''William Scoresby'', and named for British geographer and meteorologist Hugh Robert Mill.It ...

: it is foreseen to emphasize this fact on the pavement of the Old Market, once revitalization works are over.

Naming

Through history, this street had the following names: * 16th–18th century, Ring ( la, circulus fori); * 1772–1862, Markt (Hauptmarkt); * 1862–1920,

Friedrichs Friedrichs may refer to: Names * Bob Friedrichs, American baseball pitcher * Carl Joseph Friedrichs, German printer, author and gold prospector * Friedrich Friedrichs, German World War I fighter ace * Fritz Walter Paul Friedrichs, German chemist ...

-Platz; * 1920–1929, Stary Rynek; * 1929–1939, Stary Rynek ''

Marshal Marshal is a term used in several official titles in various branches of society. As marshals became trusted members of the courts of Medieval Europe, the title grew in reputation. During the last few centuries, it has been used for elevated o ...

Józef Piłsudski''; * 1939–1941, Günther von Kluge-Platz; * 1941–1945,

-Platz; * 1945–1949, Stary Rynek; * 1950–1955, Square of the heroes of

Stalingrad Volgograd ( rus, Волгогра́д, a=ru-Volgograd.ogg, p=vəɫɡɐˈɡrat), geographical renaming, formerly Tsaritsyn (russian: Цари́цын, Tsarítsyn, label=none; ) (1589–1925), and Stalingrad (russian: Сталингра́д, Stal ...

( pl, Plac Bohaterów Stalingradu); * since 1956, Stary Rynek.

Main buildings

Center part

Until 1834, a town hall has been standing at the middle of the market square, similar to one can see today in

's or Poznań's main squares. In 1515, the new city hall displayed arcades housing stalls where clothes, bread were sold and under which fairs stood. The building decoration, like all city frontages, featured Renaissance style, and owned a

clock tower Clock towers are a specific type of structure which house a turret clock and have one or more clock faces on the upper exterior walls. Many clock towers are freestanding structures but they can also adjoin or be located on top of another buildi ...

with an alarm bell, two observation galleries and an onion dome. The edifice was standing adjacent to the city guardhouse. This important secular building of the Jagiellonian period was devastated in the 18th century and completely demolished later on by the Prussian authorities: the tower was razed in the first half of the 18th century, and the rest of the town hall between 1831 and 1834.

Northern frontages

House at 1 1780Gminna Ewidencja Zabytków Miasta Bydgoszczy. Program Opieki nad Zabytkami miasta Bydgoszczy na lata 2013–2016 Eclecticism and Neo-classicism Here stands the oldest pharmacy in Bydgoszcz, ''Under the Golden Eagle'' ( pl, Pod Złotym Orłem), founded before 1590 at the Jesuit monastery. The institution was in possession of Jesuits until 1795. The pharmacy was bought in 1808 by Ludwik Kupffender, the son of the director of a local sugar factory. On 4 October 1909 Alfred Kupffender (who owned the firm until 1921), the fountain ''Children playing with geese'' in front of his plot to commemorate 100 years of family business of the pharmacy. The subject with geese is a reference to the geese-market which used to be held in front of his plot. Doctor Kupffender at the time was responsible to run analysis on the quality of the water pumped from the new city water supply station. On the facade, a plaque remembers 55 inhabitants of Bydgoszcz who were shot on 9 and 10 September 1939, at the Old Market Square. The elevation is heavily decorated at each level. Two first floors display rows of windows topped by pediment adorned with floral motifs and coat of arms (1st floor) or a woman head (2nd floor). Both levels have a wrought iron balcony, while the last floor boasts pilasters, festoons on

lintel A lintel or lintol is a type of beam (a horizontal structural element) that spans openings such as portals, doors, windows and fireplaces. It can be a decorative architectural element, or a combined ornamented structural item. In the case of w ...

s and corbel tables capped by a frieze of rosettes. Bdg StaryRynek pln 6 07-2013.jpg, Frontage on the Market place Pharmacy emblem.jpg, Golden eagle: pharmacy's emblem Bdg StaryRynek pln 12 07-2013.jpg, Adorned lintel and rosettes Bdg StaryRynek pln 13 07-2013.jpg, Festoon Bdg StaryRynek pln 7 07-2013.jpg, Pediment with woman figure House at 3 17th century Neo-classicism From the 1880s to the end of the Prussian rule, the house housed the Barnaß family, working in distillation business ( ger, Distillation und Liquörfabrik). A local old book shop, ''Bydgoski Antykwariat Naukowy'', is located on the ground floor of the building. Since 1969, nationwide auctions have been held here. On the façade, one can notice a plaque commemorating Tadeusz Nowakowski (1917–1996), a Polish writer and journalist, activist in exile, as honorary citizen of Bydgoszcz in 1993. During 1975 renovation works, on the ceiling of a spacious room of the basement, beams with remains of polychrome have been unveiled. Several of them are written dated: 1678 and 30 October 1590. Three beams have been moved for display in the house at Nr. 12, where at the time stood the ''Węgliszek art cafe''. Nowadays, the elevation, stripped from its decoration, features a few

s or triangular pediments and pleasant ground floor round top openings. Stary Rynek Bydg kamienica nr 3 bis.jpg, Main frontage Bydgoszcz-plaque-Tadeusz-Nowakowski.jpg, Tadeusz Nowakowski's plaque House at 5 18th century Neo-classicism In 1642, the owner of the house was Maciej Pułkowski, a city burgher. Next landlord was a so-called ''Wilhelm'', a Scot trading agent, Wilhelm Wallace, whose daughter Anna married Michał Paulusik, the town councilor and mayor of Bydgoszcz In the late 19th century, the building was owned by the family Vincent until the outbreak of WWI. At that time, the house housed also a large beerhouse, ''Automat''. The colored frontage, without motifs, exhibits neo-classic style. Stary Rynek Bydg kamienica nr 5.jpg, Main elevation on the square 1912 Stary rynek 5 7 Bier haus.jpg, Picture of the Beer House ''Automat'' ca 1912 House at 7, corner with 1 Mostowa street 1765–1774 Italian Neo-Renaissance The first mention about this house dates back to 1676, its landlord being Adam Szydłowski, a city councilman and administrator (1689). His wife Anna, née Paulusik, came from

Łobżenica Łobżenica (german: Lobsens, he, לובזניצ'ה) is a town in Piła County, Greater Poland Voivodeship, Poland, with 3,211 inhabitants (2004). History Łobżenica dates back to the 11th century. It prospered due to its location between G ...

. She was the sister-in-law of mayor of Bydgoszcz, Wojciech Łochowski. In the late 17th century, the building was sold a house to Wilhelm Wallace, also owner of Nr. 5 since 1642. Wilhelm Wallace was a Protestant and travelled regularly to Łobżenica to attend service religious ceremonies in the local community of the

Unity of the Brethren Unity of the Brethren (Latin ''Unitas Fratrum'') may refer to: *Unity of the Brethren (Czech Republic), the province of the Moravian Church in the Czech Republic *Unity of the Brethren (Texas), a Protestant church formed in the 1800s by Czech immig ...

. The house was ruined during the Great Northern War at the beginning of the 18th century. In 1765, a single-storey tenement house was bought by Antoni Niebieski from Fordon. In turn, in 1789, he sold it for 1200 Prussian thalers to a German merchant, Fryderyk Kuerschner, who was one of the first settlers to dwell belonged in the Netze District. In 1792, the house was auctioned together with the building at Jezuicka Street 4, and bought by a real estate agent, Jan Gabryel Oppermann. In 1798, it changed ownership for 4050 Prussian thalers (Jan Kuhlbrunn) and again in 1801, when Fryderyk Herrmann, a wealthy merchant already landlord of several houses, acquired it. Once divorced, Mrs. Schroer was courted by the count Fryderyk Skórzewski from Lubostroń, who had a high position in Bydgoszcz, then district capital during the period of the Duchy of Warsaw. In 1824, the property was purchased by a merchant, Karol Matthies, who had several works realized (extension, additional floors). The current decoration dates back to this period, and some traces of this remodeling are still visible today. Mr. Matthies used the entire edifice for himself, making this building one of the few houses in Bydgoszcz Old Town without an inner yard. Since Karol did not pay the money back for the loans of the extension, his lender the count Mikołaj Hutten-Czapski had to auction the property on 24 February 1831. Eventually the count purchased it to secure his capital. After his death, his two children Franciszek and Antonina Barbara inherited the building. However, they abandoned it, as both had other dwellings to supervise: Franciszek the domain of Bukowiec - north of Bydgoszcz-, his sister Antonina, having married Antoni Skórzewski, the village of Kretków near Poznań. In 1835, the Czapskis donated the house to the municipal council, together with a fund for ''the maintenance of an orphanage''. In 1838, the new landlord was a city councilor, Mr Koelbl, a baker, while between 1843 and 1864, the owner was Carl August Franke, a merchant and distiller, who founded the firm ''CA Franke'' which main factory is still visible on

. August Franke had the house rebuilt with a Neo-Renaissance style, as one can appreciate today. Among the following owners were Max Jachmann (1894), a Jewish merchant: following WWI his daughter Frieda moved to Germany after her marriage, as did many other Jewish merchants, owners of the majority of the shops on the Old Market square and along Mostowa street. Since the end of World War II, the building is the property of the Administration of Residential Houses ( pl, Administracji Domów Mieszkalnych, "ADM"). From 1990 on, the ground floor has been housing a restaurant. The tenement house is a two-storey building with an attic. The building present frontage was conceived in 1864, but some reconstruction happened in the 1960s. The corners have been added one storey, giving the shape of a tower, with

bossage Bossage is uncut stone that is laid in place in a building, projecting outward from the building, to later be carved into decorative moldings, capitals, arms, etc. Bossages are also rustic work, consisting of stones which seem to advance beyond ...

stripes. Upper openings in the corner towers are arched like triforium. The edifice has a flat roof, and the façades are decorated with simple neo-renaissance motifs. Similarities of decoration can be found at Długa street 31. Bdg Mostowa7 05-2013.jpg, View of both elevations Motif detail.jpg, Adorned pediment Bdg StaryRynek7 2 5-2015.jpg, Detail of a frieze Plots at Nr. 9/13 2015 Modern architecture The original tenements were demolished in 1940 by the Nazi forces, as part of their project to enlarge Mostowa street. In 1967, the "Kaskada" gastronomic pavilion has been built on their locations. In 2007, city authorities decided to demolish this edifice, then abandoned, so as to reconstruct the frontages of tenement houses. On 10 December 2011 demolition works started, and in 2013, the plots purchased by local entrepreneur Adam Sowa, were rebuilt on a design by Bydgoszcz ''GM Architects studio''. The buildings now houses a marketplace and several other retail places and offices. Mostowa 2 - Kaskada 1980s.jpg, ''Kaskada'' restaurant in the 1980s (1) Bydgoszcz, Stary Rynek, odbudowa płn.-wsch. pierzei (kamienice A.Sowy).JPG, Construction in 2014 Bdg StaryRynek2 01-2015.jpg, Buildings in 2015 Buildings at No.9,11,13.jpg, Edifices at 9/11/13 in 2018

Eastern frontages

Parcels located at 15,17,19 and 21 have been partially torn down during the fighting for the liberation of the city in January 1945. After WWII, some buildings partially collapsed while being reconstructed. Eventually, those four historical houses were demolished and rebuilt again, creating a uniformity among their frontages, though different from the original designs. Houses at 15 and 17 1953–1956 Neo-classicism In the tenement houses at Nr. 15 and 17, in the late 19th century, Leon Brückmann, a merchant, built a modern department store, which in 1921 became the property of the firm ''Konfektcyjny S.A.'' from Poznań, and in 1929 the ''Dom Towarowy Braci Mateckich'' ran by brothers Czesław and Władysław Matecki. For many years during the 20th and the 21st centuries, bookstores have been standing at this location. To revive ''

Pan Twardowski Sir Twardowski (Polish: ''Pan Twardowski'', ), also known as Master Twardowski (Polish: ''Mistrz Twardowski''), in Polish folklore and literature, is a sorcerer who made a deal with the Devil. Pan Twardowski sold his soul in exchange for special ...

s legend as a local folklore, the city of Bydgoszcz unveiled, on 2 June 2006, a sculpture of him, by Jerzy Kędziora, portrayed as a man dressed like a Sarmatian wearing a

kontusz Kontusz (Polish plural ''kontusze''; uk, кунтуш, Lithuanian: ''kontušas''; originally from Hungarian ''köntös''- "robe") - a type of outer garment worn by the Hungarian and Polish-Lithuanian male nobility. It became popular in the ...

, a cap with a heron's feather, a karabela by his side and the Deal with the Devil paper in his hand. The figure is made of resin with precious metal dust. The statue is animated through three internal engines which allow it to move, turn and wave the hand. The wizard shows himself in the window of the last floor of the house at Nr. 15 at 13:13 and 21:13; the automaton then bows and greets the audience, accompanied in the background by a small light and sound spectacle lasting two minutes. Bdg StrRynekwschp b 05-2013.jpg, Facades of Nr.15 (yellow hue, left) and 17 (blue hue, right) Stary Rynek Bydg Twardowski.jpg, Frontage at Nr.15 from the square, with ''Pan Tardowskis figure out Bdg StaryRynek PanTwardowski 3 6-2015.jpg, The statue bowing Facade Stary Rynek 19*7 Bydgoszcz.jpg, Facade at Stary Rynek 17 Stary rynek 15 17.jpg, View of the facade at Nr.15 in the 1920s, with the Matecki's shop Stary rynek 17 adv 1933.jpg, Advertising for the Mateckis' department store ca 1930s Stary Rynek 17 1920.jpg, View of the previous house at Nr.17 in the 1920s Houses at 19 and 21 1953–1956 Neo-classicism In the 18th century, the building at Nr. 19 hosted a

stagecoach A stagecoach is a four-wheeled public transport coach used to carry paying passengers and light packages on journeys long enough to need a change of horses. It is strongly sprung and generally drawn by four horses although some versions are draw ...

station, a post office and a tavern, ''Pod Zgorzelcem''. At Nr. 21, a wine bar ( pl, winiarnia) has been operating until the start of WWII. The story goes that

stayed in this inn in 1560, and also drank wine in the company of the devil in a tavern at Przyrzecze Street 10. The automaton show at Nr. 15 stems from this local legend. Facade Stary Rynek 19 Bydgoszcz.jpg, Facade at Stary Rynek 19 Facade Stary Rynek 21 Bydgoszcz.jpg, Facade at Stary Rynek 21 Houses at 23 and 25 Early 18th century Registered on Kuyavian-Pomeranian Voivodeship Heritage List (Nr.A/376/1-2), 14 October 1993 Eclecticism The house at Nr. 23 has been rebuilt in 1872 for Dorothea Riemann, a soap producer. Then in 1895, a new reconstruction was commissioned by Moritz Meyersohn, a clothing retailer. The building at Nr. 25 has been reconstructed during the first quarter of the 19th century, at the initiative of Louis Jacobi, who owned a distillation business and lived at Nr. 27, then listed as ''FriedrichPlatz 30''. During the interwar period, the house, together with the one at Nr. 27, housed a drapery led by Roman Stobiecki, specialized in silk. Neo-classic style frontage at Nr. 23 displays a large round-top window, flanked by

s, the upper level shows two

column A column or pillar in architecture and structural engineering is a structural element that transmits, through compression, the weight of the structure above to other structural elements below. In other words, a column is a compression member. ...

s supporting a wrought iron balcony. The last two floors show brick layers and small-scale pediments above the openings. Nr. 25 decoration is more modest, noticeable are the triangular roof and the semi-circular skylight beneath. Bydgoszcz-dom na Starym Rynku.JPG, Facade of Nr.23 Dom (z oficyną), pocz. XVIII, 1872, 1899 zdj. nr 2.jpg, Nr.23 (right) and 25 (right) elevations on the square Facade stary rynek 23 Bydgoszcz.jpg, Facade at Stary Rynek 25 House at 27, corner with Magdzińskiego street 1775 Registered on Kuyavian-Pomeranian Voivodeship Heritage List (Nr.A/1278), 3 April 2007 Italian Neo-Renaissance This tenement was surnamed ''Under the Golden Salmon'' ( pl, Pod Złotym Łososiem) after a local inn located there. It has been rebuilt several times between the 16th and the late 19th centuries. Today's frontage recalls the late 18th century style. Legend has it that French emperor

Napoleon Napoleon Bonaparte ; it, Napoleone Bonaparte, ; co, Napulione Buonaparte. (born Napoleone Buonaparte; 15 August 1769 – 5 May 1821), later known by his regnal name Napoleon I, was a French military commander and political leader who ...

stayed in this house on the first floor while traveling to Moscow. From the 1870s to the start of the WWI, landlord was Louis Jacobi, also owner of neighbouring Nr. 25. During the interwar period, the house, together with the one at Nr. 25, housed a drapery led by Roman Stobiecki, specialized in silk. The house displays an inner courtyard, a

Mansard roof A mansard or mansard roof (also called a French roof or curb roof) is a four-sided gambrel-style hip roof characterised by two slopes on each of its sides, with the lower slope, punctured by dormer windows, at a steeper angle than the upper. The ...

with wooden

dormer A dormer is a roofed structure, often containing a window, that projects vertically beyond the plane of a pitched roof. A dormer window (also called ''dormer'') is a form of roof window. Dormers are commonly used to increase the usable space ...

s and a profiled

cornice In architecture, a cornice (from the Italian ''cornice'' meaning "ledge") is generally any horizontal decorative moulding that crowns a building or furniture element—for example, the cornice over a door or window, around the top edge of a ...

crowning. Basements still possess preserved

styled foundations. Kamienica „Pod Złotym Łososiem” w Bydgoszczy, Stary Rynek 27.jpg, Corner view of Nr.27 elevations Kamienica Stary Rynek 27 róg Magdzińskeigo.jpg, Facade on Magdzińskiego street Facade detail stary rynek 27.jpg, Facade detail with adorned pilasters Stary Rynek 27 1910.jpg, Back yard view of the tavern ''Pod Złotym Łososiem'' at Nr.27, ca 1910

Southern frontages

House at 12, corner with 1 Stephen Báthory street 17th century, 1877 Registered on Kuyavian-Pomeranian Voivodeship Heritage List (Nr.A/350/1), 2 February 1993 Neo-Renaissance The rebuilding in 1877 was ordered by Ludwig Badt, a merchant and vinegar producer, living at abutting house at Nr. 14, then ''Friedrichplatz 7''. His successor, Theodor Thiel, ran there a clothing and decoration shop from the end of the 1880s until the beginning of the 20th century. From 1993 to 2014, an art café, ''Węgliszek'', was established on the ground floor. ''Węgliszek'' originates from the so-called name of one of Pan Tardowski's mischievous friends. The figure of the devil can still be observed on the motifs of the facades, in particular in one of the

stained glass Stained glass is coloured glass as a material or works created from it. Throughout its thousand-year history, the term has been applied almost exclusively to the windows of churches and other significant religious buildings. Although tradition ...

windows adorning today's establishment. The tenement owes its present appearance to a thorough reconstruction in the Neo-Renaissance spirit, realized in 1877, according to the design of Gustav Weihe. The facades are topped with an extended

corbel In architecture, a corbel is a structural piece of stone, wood or metal jutting from a wall to carry a superincumbent weight, a type of bracket. A corbel is a solid piece of material in the wall, whereas a console is a piece applied to the s ...

s, with a convoluted frieze made of pearled

ornaments An ornament is something used for decoration. Ornament may also refer to: Decoration *Ornament (art), any purely decorative element in architecture and the decorative arts *Biological ornament, a characteristic of animals that appear to serve on ...

. The building still possesses gothic cellars, where elements of a 15th-century pub activity have been discovered. Bdg StaryRynek12 3 01-2015.jpg, Facade on the market place Bydgoszcz, dom, kon. XIX.JPG, Facade on Stephen Báthory street Bdg StaryRynek12 1 05-2014.jpg, Window motifs Bdg StaryRynek12 2 01-2015.jpg, Columns, balustrade and adorned lintel Bydgoszcz-kamienica na Batorego 1,motywy neorenesansowe.JPG, Neo-Renaissance motifs on Stephen Báthory street Devil symbols.jpg, Devil figures ADv stary rynek 1864.jpg, Advertising for Theodor Thiel's shop ca 1860s House at 14 17th century, 1901 Eclecticism In the 1880s, Ludwig Badt, a merchant and vinegar producer, lived as a landlord here, while owning the building at Nr. 12. In 1901, Sally Schendell, a merchant, had the house rebuilt with today's outlook. At that time, a clothing shop was housed on the ground floor. After WWI and the end of Prussian occupation, a Polish shop of clothing owned by F. Chudziński stood there (1920–1923). In the early 1970s, the ''Medyk Club'' was housed in the preserved Gothic vaults of the cellars. It was one of the most popular clubs in Bydgoszcz, in the 1970s and 1980s, especially frequented by bohemian artists, flourishing with various musical forms: jazz,

baroque The Baroque (, ; ) is a style of architecture, music, dance, painting, sculpture, poetry, and other arts that flourished in Europe from the early 17th century until the 1750s. In the territories of the Spanish and Portuguese empires including t ...

, opera, sung poetry, piano recitals. The club closed in 1996. The present shape of the building originates from a 1901 reconstruction. The frontage giving on the Old Market is peculiarly decorated, with a narrow bay window flouncing out the elevation, capped with plastered bat-shaped gargoyles supporting a tiny balcony. The jagged gable, unique on the square, draws attention. File:Bdg StaryRynek pld 6 07-2013.jpg, Main elevation on the square File:Bdg StaryRynek14 2 12-2013.jpg, Jagged gable File:Bdg StaryRynek14 3 12-2013.jpg, Bay-window on the square facade Emil Gamm House at 16 – 3 Zaułek street 1860 Registered on Kuyavian-Pomeranian Voivodeship Heritage List (Nr.A/347/1), 5 January 1993 Neo-Renaissance It has been the property of the Gamm family from the 1850s to the late 1920s. Emil Gamm was the founder of a soap manufactory, registered at then ''Markt Platz 79'': he commissioned the reconstruction of the old building in 1860. Main eye-catcher of the facade is a middle avant-corps, teeming with symbols and motifs. There, two allegorical figures of ''Fortune'' and ''Justice'' stand on pedestal in their niches, they are flanked by pilastered arched windows bearing figurative ornaments in cartouches. The avant-corps is topped by an eagle spreading wings. Dom, l. 60 XIX.jpg, Main elevation on the place Bdg StaryRynek16 8 12-2013.jpg, Decorated avant-corps Bdg StaryRynek16 2 12-2013.jpg,

Allegory As a literary device or artistic form, an allegory is a narrative or visual representation in which a character, place, or event can be interpreted to represent a hidden meaning with moral or political significance. Authors have used allegory th ...

of Justice Bdg StaryRynek16 3 12-2013.jpg,

Allegoric As a literary device or artistic form, an allegory is a narrative or visual representation in which a character, place, or event can be interpreted to represent a hidden meaning with moral or political significance. Authors have used allegory th ...

sculpture of Fortune Bdg StaryRynek16 6 12-2013.jpg, Eagle emblem Eberle House at 18 – 5 Zaułek street 1898 Eclecticism The house has been reconstructed under the direction of Gustav Eberle, who took over the delicatessen business from his relative Adolf. At the beginning of the 20th century, the establishment transformed to a wine cellar and bar. In 1991, it housed the local ''Amateur's Folk Art Gallery'' ( pl, Galeria Sztuki Ludowej i Nieprofesjonalnej), which moved in 2000 to Kościelecki Square 6. The frontage displays

motifs on the ground floor and a heavy balcony girdled by a

balustrade A baluster is an upright support, often a vertical moulded shaft, square, or lathe-turned form found in stairways, parapets, and other architectural features. In furniture construction it is known as a spindle. Common materials used in its con ...

. Compliant to eclectic precepts, the top level is highlighted by an empty niche, high relief pilasters and crowned by ornaments (

s, various pediments and a

finial A finial (from '' la, finis'', end) or hip-knob is an element marking the top or end of some object, often formed to be a decorative feature. In architecture, it is a small decorative device, employed to emphasize the Apex (geometry), apex of a d ...

bearing the date of the building) Bdg StaryRynek18 2 12-2013.jpg, View of the facade from the square Bdg StaryRynek18 3 12-2013.jpg, Adornement of the last level Bdg StaryRynek18 1 12-2013.jpg, Detail of the balcony Siuchniński's and Stobiecki's Department Store at 20 – 7 Zaułek street 1911

The initial building had

features. In 1911, Mieczysław Siuchniński and Roman Stobiecki moved there from their initial shop at 3 New Market square. To that end, they had the old house razed and replaced by the actual edifice, on a design by Otto Müller. It was the largest department store in Bydgoszcz at

that time ''For the song "That Time" by Regina Spektor see Begin to Hope'' ''That Time'' is a one-act play by Samuel Beckett, written in English between 8 June 1974 and August 1975. The play was specially written for actor Patrick Magee, who delivered it ...

and the only one where all the staff was Polish. Other retailing stores at the time were ''Kaufhaus Conitzer & Söhne'' at Gdańska Street 15 and ''Modehaus Bromberg'' at Gdańska Street 10. The tenement features the canons of Berlin Secession, very fashionable in the 1910s. Floral motifs, mascarons portraying ugly faces are part of the facade decoration, ornamenting the round bay window, between pilasters or up to the front gable. A figure of

Mercury Mercury commonly refers to: * Mercury (planet), the nearest planet to the Sun * Mercury (element), a metallic chemical element with the symbol Hg * Mercury (mythology), a Roman god Mercury or The Mercury may also refer to: Companies * Merc ...

, god of merchants, appears among the bay window elements. Bdg StaryRynek pld 3 07-2013.jpg, Main frontage Bay window at 20.jpg, Bay window detail Motifs details at 20.jpg, Motifs details Stary rynek 1912 Dpt Store at N20.jpg, Picture of ''Siuchniński and Stobiecki Dpt Store'' ca 1912 House at 22 – 9 Zaułek street First half of the 19th century Registered on Kuyavian-Pomeranian Voivodeship Heritage List (Nr.A/299/1), 4 February 1992 Neoclassical architecture The tenement house has been rebuilt in 1825–1850, making it one of the oldest on the southern frontage. From the 1870s until the turn of the 20th century, there was a confection shop run by Gustaw Lewy. Then, between 1911 and the start of WWII, the building was part of the ''Siuchniński and Stobiecki Department Store''. File:Facade at 22 on the square.jpg, Facade of Nr.22 on the square South frontages 1870.jpg, View of southern frontages ca 1870, with Gustaw Lewy's store highlighted Building at 24 – 11 Zaułek street, corner with Jan Kazimierza street 1774 Registered on Kuyavian-Pomeranian Voivodeship Heritage List (Nr.A/868), 3 September 1953 Rococo, Neoclassical architecture The Provincial and City Public Library-"Dr. Witold Bełza" is housed in historical buildings located between the Old Market square and Długa street. It is the oldest (1903) library in activity in the Kuyavian-Pomeranian Voivodeship, registered on the Kuyavian-Pomeranian Voivodeship Heritage List. Since 2002, it bears the name of

Witold Bełza Witold Stanisław Kazimierz Bełza (8 May 1886 – 24 February 1955) was a Polish librarian, writer, publicist and cultural activist. He was the director of the Provincial and Municipal Public Library of Bydgoszcz from 1920 to 19 ...

. Bdg StaryRynek WiMBP 3 07-2013.jpg, View from the square Bdg StaryRynek24 1 12-2013.jpg, View from Jan Kazimierza street

Western frontage

The demolition of the church was carried out by Nazis forces from January 18 to March 27, and abutting tenement houses were completely razed by 23 October 1940. In return, the Nazis did not manage to erect any new edifice. The frontage was demolished by decision of Werner Kampe, then NSDAP

Kreisleiter ''Kreisleiter'' (; "District Leader") was a Nazi Party political rank and title which existed as a political rank between 1930 and 1945 and as a Nazi Party title from as early as 1928. The position of ''Kreisleiter'' was first formed to provide ...

of the area and, technically speaking, mayor of Bydgoszcz, following the German repression against Bydgoszcz population performed before the Jesuit church in September 1939. The adjoined buildings which were razed, housed, successively the police HQ (from the beginning of the 19th century), the Municipal Savings Bank, and the

Regional Museum "Leon Wyczółkowski" The Leon Wyczółkowski Regional Museum (Polish: ''Muzeum Okręgowe im. Leona Wyczółkowskiego w Bydgoszczy'') is an ensemble of cultural institutions which have been first created in 1923 in the city of Bydgoszcz, Poland. Location The seat of t ...

(1923–1939). Currently, the western frontage of the Old Market comprises the elevation of the town hall building, formerly the Jesuit college between 1644 and 1782. Beside the city hall stands on the place the ''Monument to Struggle and Martyrdom of the Bydgoszcz''. Former Jesuit Church The first

Jesuit , image = Ihs-logo.svg , image_size = 175px , caption = ChristogramOfficial seal of the Jesuits , abbreviation = SJ , nickname = Jesuits , formation = , founders ...

monks came to Bydgoszcz from the Jesuit College in Poznań in 1616, and were accommodated at the parish church, strongly supported by local authorities ( burghers and dean of the Kujawska Chapter). In 1619, the monks founded their residence in the city, with a grammar school next to it; it then developed into a full-fledged Jesuit College in 1647. The construction of the church of

was completed in 1649, the northern tower in the 1650s, the southern one in 1695. During the Swedish invasions in the mid-17th century, the ensemble was plundered. A slow reconstruction lasted until 1740. In 1806, the church was dedicated to Saint Ignatius of Loyola. Unfortunately, in mid-June the same year, a violent storm knocked down towers spires: through public contributions they were covered with temporary roofs in 1857, before being rebuilt with a Neo-gothic appearance in 1882. During the inter-war period, the German-catholic-owned church carried out a

service Service may refer to: Activities * Administrative service, a required part of the workload of university faculty * Civil service, the body of employees of a government * Community service, volunteer service for the benefit of a community or a pu ...

in Polish every Sunday at 11.00. In 1925, during a renovation in the

Crypt A crypt (from Latin ''crypta'' "vault") is a stone chamber beneath the floor of a church or other building. It typically contains coffins, sarcophagi, or religious relics. Originally, crypts were typically found below the main apse of a chur ...

, 86 coffins from the second half of the 17th century were found, including Franciszek Ossoliński's, the only son of the grand crown chancellor Jerzy Ossoliński, prematurely deceased in 1648. After the Nazis destruction, the empty space was never re-allocated and the center of the city was left mutilated. A request to rebuild the church was made in 1946. Unfortunately, the wording ''church'' was not in line with socialist authorities principles. Other efforts were made in the 1980s, through the ''Social Committee for Reconstruction'', however, the lack of clear consent from the Roman Catholic diocese of Bydgoszcz was always an obstacle difficult to surmount. The Jesuit church was a perfect instance of Polish

Palladian architecture Palladian architecture is a European architectural style derived from the work of the Venetian architect Andrea Palladio (1508–1580). What is today recognised as Palladian architecture evolved from his concepts of symmetry, perspective and ...

. The church had a hall, its

portal Portal often refers to: * Portal (architecture), an opening in a wall of a building, gate or fortification, or the extremities (ends) of a tunnel Portal may also refer to: Arts and entertainment Gaming * ''Portal'' (series), two video games ...

being incorporated into the western frontage of the Old Market Square. It had two side chapels devoted to Our Lady and

Saint Joseph Joseph (; el, Ἰωσήφ, translit=Ioséph) was a 1st-century Jewish man of Nazareth who, according to the canonical Gospels, was married to Mary, the mother of Jesus, and was the legal father of Jesus. The Gospels also name some brothers of ...

. Interiors displayed a Baroque architecture influence. The church towers, while late additions, boasted magnificent baroque spires. Along with the towers, the portal also underwent a Neo-gothic renovation in the 1880s. In 1850, two paintings by Maksymilian Piotrowski (1813–1875) were installed in the church: ''Saint Ignatius Loyola'' at the main altar and ''Immaculate Conception of the Blessed Virgin Mary'' at the altar of the right chapel. Our Lady's chapel was decorated with a painting by Antoni Procajłowicz (1876–1949) and the interior of the church was decorated with the works of Poznan sculptor

Władysław Marcinkowski Władysław Marcinkowski (June 16, 1858 in Mieszków, Greater Poland Voivodeship – December 10, 1947 in Poznań) was a Polish sculptor who created a monument of Adam Mickiewicz in Milosław. He was commander of Organizacja Wojskowa Zwi ...

. Some elements of the former Jesuit church are still preserved in other Polish sacred buildings: * Maksymilian Piotrowski's ''Saint Ignatius Loyola'' stands now in the Jesuit church of

Jastrzębia Góra Jastrzębia Góra (german: Habichtsberg, csb, Pilëce or ''Jastrzãbiô Góra'') is a village on the south coast of the Baltic Sea in the Kashubia, in the administrative district of Gmina Władysławowo, within Puck County, Pomeranian Voivodeship ...

; * Maksymilian Piotrowski's ''Immaculate Conception of the Blessed Virgin Mary'' can be found in St Peter's and St Paul's Church of Bydgoszcz; * a picture of the Sacred Heart of Jesus, some benches and confessionals, and the main cross of the main altar (dated 1806) are located in

; * Saint Joseph's and Saint Aldabert's altars, a candle holder and a tabernacle are housed in

St. Vincent de Paul Basilica Minor in Bydgoszcz St. Vincent de Paul Basilica Minor in Bydgoszcz is located in downtown Bydgoszcz, Poland, at Ossoliński Alley, 2. It is dedicated to saint Vincent de Paul. The basilica, completed in 1945, has been designed by Polish architect Adam Ballenstedt an ...

; * Saint Anthony of Padua's altar and a pulpit now stand in the Church of Saint of Padua in Bydgoszcz. Stary Rynek im. marszałka Józefa Pisłudskiego.png, The Jesuit church in the 1930s Bdg MuzOkr Zachpierzeja model 1 5-2014.jpg, Reduced replica of the Jesuit buildings complex Kosciol pojezuicki sw Ignacego Loyoli March1940.jpg, Ruins of the church in 1940 City Hall, cornering Niedźwiedzia and Farna streets The

edifice, established by local bishop Kasper Działyński and

Grand Chancellor Chancellor ( la, cancellarius) is a title of various official positions in the governments of many nations. The original chancellors were the of Roman courts of justice—ushers, who sat at the or lattice work screens of a basilica or law co ...

Jerzy Ossoliński, has been erected from 1644 to 1653, with aim to accommodate there a Jesuit College. In the 17th century, the building contained apartments, a school with four or five classes, a hall adapted to performances of the school theater during school and church ceremonies, and a music office for members of the school orchestra. The construction works were handled by Jesuit builder Wojciech Przybyłkowicz. The first extension of the college has been carried out in 1696, funded by Jan Stefan Komorowski from

Malbork Malbork; ; * la, Mariaeburgum, ''Mariae castrum'', ''Marianopolis'', ''Civitas Beatae Virginis'' * Kashubian: ''Malbórg'' * Old Prussian: ''Algemin'' is a town in the Pomeranian Voivodeship, Poland. It is the seat of Malbork County and has a ...

, brother of Wojciech, then rector of the Jesuit College in Bydgoszcz (1688–1689). Follow-on works were performed during the periods 1697–1702 and 1705–1709, under the direction of Wojciech Głaznowicz. Last major re-buildings occurred from 1726 to 1740. The college, together with the Jesuit church formed one of the most impressive building ensemble in Bydgoszcz. It was not only the highlight of the city, but also an attraction for various dignified visitors: in 1657, were accommodated here king John II Casimir Vasa with his wife, Frederick William, Elector of Brandenburg and prince of the Kingdom of Prussia with his wife Luiza, as well as officers and generals of the Swedish and Russian army during armed conflicts in the centuries. At the dissolution of the Jesuit order in 1770, the building was used as a German gymnasium. Under the Duchy of Warsaw rule, a Main Department School (1808–1812) then a faculty school (1812–1815) have been housed there. At those times, the establishment received the visit of Julian Ursyn Niemcewicz and

Tadeusz Czacki Tadeusz Czacki (28 August 1765 in Poryck, Volhynia – 8 February 1813 in Dubno) was a Polish historian, pedagogue and numismatist. Czacki played an important part in the Enlightenment in Poland. Biography Czacki was born in Poryck in Volhynia, ...

, while having as students, among others, Stefan Florian Garczyński, a poet and friend of Adam Mickiewicz, growing up with relatives at the Skórzewski Palace in Lubostroń. After the fall of the Duchy of Warsaw and Bydgoszcz's integration into the Kingdom of Prussia, the former college housed anew a German, classical royal gymnasium (1817–1878). In 1879, buildings were purchased by the city to become the seat of the city authorities. The design of the reconstruction works to fit the city assembly was realized by councilor Wilhelm Lincke with brick master Albert Rose and carpenter Heinrich Mautz. This renovation, apart from changing the façade style, modified also the internal layout of the rooms, adapting it to the needs of the office. The unveiling ceremony of the mayor's precincts took place on 19 December 1879. As a result of the succeeding reconstructions of 1697–1702 and during the 19th century, the building has lost its original

character. The current edifice is made of brick and plaster. It has a basement plus two stories: its footprint is an elongated rectangle with two avant-corps with a side wing behind the eastern frontage. Elevations on the square reflect neo-classicism, with

eclectic Eclectic may refer to: Music * ''Eclectic'' (Eric Johnson and Mike Stern album), 2014 * ''Eclectic'' (Big Country album), 1996 * Eclectic Method, name of an audio-visual remix act * Eclecticism in music, the conscious use of styles alien to th ...

stucco Stucco or render is a construction material made of aggregates, a binder, and water. Stucco is applied wet and hardens to a very dense solid. It is used as a decorative coating for walls and ceilings, exterior walls, and as a sculptural and a ...

motifs. Some rooms are

barrel vault A barrel vault, also known as a tunnel vault, wagon vault or wagonhead vault, is an architectural element formed by the extrusion of a single curve (or pair of curves, in the case of a pointed barrel vault) along a given distance. The curves are ...

ed. The main entrance may appear modest for such an edifice, the main reason being that the building was never supposed to be visible directly from the square: only the successive demolitions of 1940 made it accessible via the marketplace. From 1994 to 1996, a major overhaul occurred, together with a modernization and an extension of the eastern side wing. On 19 April 2017 a clock was unveiled on the facade of the building. Bydgoszcz town hall has been listed on the Kuyavian-Pomeranian Voivodeship Heritage List (Nr.A/309/1) since 1992. Two plaques can be noticed on the walls of the city hall: * on the northern side, a commemoration of the 600th anniversary of the foundation of Bydgoszcz, 1346–1946 (unveiled in 1996); * on the eastern wall, a plaque celebrating the anniversary of the liberation of the city from Nazi occupation (1950). File:Bdg Ratusz 1 4-2015.jpg, Main frontage on the marketsquare File:Ratusz Bydg od Niedźwiedziej.jpg, Facade on Niedźwiedzia street Bdg Ratusz det 12 5-2015.jpg,

Corbel In architecture, a corbel is a structural piece of stone, wood or metal jutting from a wall to carry a superincumbent weight, a type of bracket. A corbel is a solid piece of material in the wall, whereas a console is a piece applied to the s ...

s supporting a bay window Bdg Ratusz det 5 5-2015.jpg, Pediment and adorned

Bdg Ratusz det 2 5-2015.jpg, Main entrance on the place File:Bdg Ratusz det 9 5-2015.jpg, Decoration details Dawne kolegium jezuickie w Bydgoszczy 04.JPG, 600th anniversary of Bydgoszcz - Commemorating plaque

Outdoor monuments

Monument to Struggle and Martyrdom of the Bydgoszcz Land ( pl, Pomnik Walki i Męczeństwa Ziemi Bydgoskiej) In order to commemorate the public executions carried out by Nazis in 1939, also called Bydgoszcz '' Bloody Sunday'', the City Council funded, in 1946, the realization of a first memorial located in front of the town hall on the Old Market Square: it was a black granite slab, lying on a low plinth, where was engraved a cross and the following dedication: ''Sanctified by the Martyr's Blood of Poles Fighting for Freedom.'' The author was Piotr Triebler, a sculptor from Bydgoszcz. This commemorative plaque survived until the erection of another monument. Stamp Monument Bydgoszcz j

In 1963, a competition for a monument dedicated to the Bloody Sunday's victims was announced. The selected project, by Wacław Kowalik, portrayed the figure of '' Nike'' standing on top of a high obelisk, decorated with bas-reliefs. Nike's right, lowered hand, held a naked sword, in her left she raised a bouquet of flowers. The monument was designed to be erected on the Old Market Square in front of the building library. Eventually, Polish 1968 March events pushed the state authorities to revise their view on such a commemoration, and the monument was never created. However, in its place, Bydgoszcz received a monument designed originally to celebrate the heroes of the Warsaw Ghetto, which did never stand in the capital in this time of unrest, Polish United Workers' Party avoiding to celebrate martyrdom, in any forms. In addition, giving this memorial to Bydgoszcz was a way to abide by the will of the inhabitants since 1946, to fill the loss of the bulldozed western frontage (in 1940) on the Old Market Square. In the end, the never-realized Nike's monument only survived on a Polish post stamp issued in 1964, piece of a series on ''Monuments to Struggle and Martyrdom''. The ceremony of unveiling of the former Warsaw ghetto monument was held on 5 September 1969, the 30th anniversary of the occupation of Bydgoszcz by Nazi soldiers, in presence of the chairman of the

Council for the Protection of Struggle and Martyrdom Sites The Council for the Protection of Struggle and Martyrdom Sites ( pl, Rada Ochrony Pamięci Walk i Męczeństwa) is a Polish government body charged with the preservation of historical sites of wartime persecution of the Polish nation. It was set ...

( pl, Rada Ochrony Pamięci Walk i Męczeństwa), the minister Janusz Wieczorek, the head of the city council Kazimierz Maludziński, and many representatives of local authorities, political parties, as well as numerous inhabitants. The monument stood at the very place where the public executions took place in September 1939. Around the memorial was set a fence made of 80 large sandstone blocks, on which were engraved all the places of struggle and martyrdom of the population of the Bydgoszcz territory. The author of this sculpture was Franciszek Masiak from Warsaw; Bydgoszcz architect Jerzy Winiecki designed the architectural environment of the place. Besides, the full project planned to build a ''Museum of Combat and Martyrdom'', collecting documents of Nazi crimes, on the area of the former western frontage, in front of the town hall: this scheme was never accomplished. At the beginning of the 1990s, beside the monument, four concrete plinths carrying bronze plates were placed: * the first one to inform that on 9 and 10 September 1939, 40 hostages were executed on the site on the order of the German military commander of Bydgoszcz; * the second and third plaques had the 40 names engraved; * the fourth bore the inscription: ''The monument to the Struggle and Martyrdom commemorates the memory of Polish citizens from Kuyavia, Pomerania and Chełmno regions killed and murdered during World War II in 1939–1945''. The political changes after 1989 added new plaques to the memorial, to commemorate the victims of the

Stalinist terror The Great Purge or the Great Terror (russian: Большой террор), also known as the Year of '37 (russian: 37-й год, translit=Tridtsat sedmoi god, label=none) and the Yezhovshchina ('period of Yezhov'), was Soviet General Secreta ...

. By the end of 1995, six new tables to the national memory were set by several associations. In the end, the monument was modified in 1993, with the author's accord, by adding a cross in the hand of one of the characters. On 26 August 2007 the 80 plaques surrounding the memorial were moved to the ''Church of the Holy Polish Martyr Brothers in Bydgoszcz'' ( pl, Kościół Świętych Polskich Braci Męczenników w Bydgoszczy), located at Jerzy Popiełuszko street 3. The monument portrays a group of people symbolizing martyrdom and struggle. It evokes the expression of pain and protest, and at the same time the struggle against tyranny and genocide. The

bronze Bronze is an alloy consisting primarily of copper, commonly with about 12–12.5% tin and often with the addition of other metals (including aluminium, manganese, nickel, or zinc) and sometimes non-metals, such as phosphorus, or metalloids such ...

sculpture is high and weighs more than . It stands on a granite pedestal. The cast of the sculpture was carried out in the ''Factory of Technical Devices'' of Gliwice ( pl, Gliwickie Zakłady Urządzeń Technicznych). Bdg pWalkiiMeczenstwa 13 07-2013.jpg, Front view of the memorial PomnikWiM 11-2015.jpg, Back view Bdg katedra&pomnik 11-2014.jpg, Detail of the cross added in 1993 Children playing with goose or The Well ( pl, Dzieci bawiące się z gęsią) The fountain called ''The Well'' ( pl, Studzienką) was unveiled on 4 October 1909. The author was a sculptor, Karol Kowalczewsky, whose name appears at the bottom of the sculpture. The commissioner was Alfred Kupffender, the owner of the pharmacy ''Under the golden eagle'' ( pl, Pod Złotym Orłem), who intended to celebrate the 100th anniversary the Kupffender's family business. The sculpture was set on the Old Market Square, in front of the entrance to the pharmacy. After its destruction in 1940, Franciszek Górski, a warehouse manager, rescued many of the bronze fragments, preventing them to be melted away for war purposes. After WWII, the reconstructed fountain was unveiled on 1 May 1948, at the Old Market Square in front of the library. The sculpture is made of bronze and depicts two children: a girl and a boy, playing with a goose. It rests on the top of a stone pedestal which base stems from the fountain bowl. Both the pedestal and the bowl are made of shell limestone. Water flows out of holes in the plinth, as well as from the fountain bowl itself down to the tank below. The current design reflects the preserved original form from 1909. Between September and October 2014, the sculpture has undergone a thorough restoration. Bdg Kupffender Brunnen.jpg, 1914 picture of the fountain at its initial location Bdg Dzieci bawiace sie z gesia 2 5-2015.jpg, Today's plot in front of the library Bdg Dzieci bawiace sie z gesia 1 5-2015.jpg, Detail of the sculpture Bdg Dziecizgesia 2 12-2013.jpg, Sculpture with its pedestal Fountain detail with author name.jpg, Fountain detail with author name

References

Bibliography

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External links

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Pharmacy at 1
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Antique bookshop at 3
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Amateur's Folk Art Gallery, once at 18
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Students project about the former shopping mall at 20
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Provincial and City Public Library-"Dr. Witold Bełza"
{{Bydgoszcz streets and squares Streets and squares in Bydgoszcz