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''Oină'' () is a
Romania Romania ( ; ro, România ) is a country located at the crossroads of Central Europe, Central, Eastern Europe, Eastern, and Southeast Europe, Southeastern Europe. It borders Bulgaria to the south, Ukraine to the north, Hungary to the west, S ...
n traditional sport, similar in many ways to
baseball Baseball is a bat-and-ball sport played between two teams of nine players each, taking turns batting and fielding. The game occurs over the course of several plays, with each play generally beginning when a player on the fielding tea ...
.


History

The name "oină" was originally "hoina", and is derived from the
Cuman The Cumans (or Kumans), also known as Polovtsians or Polovtsy (plural only, from the Russian language, Russian Exonym and endonym, exonym ), were a Turkic people, Turkic nomadic people comprising the western branch of the Cuman–Kipchak confede ...
word ''oyn'' "game" (a cognate of Turkish ''
oyun Oyun is a Local Government Area in Kwara State, Nigeria. Its headquarters are in the town of Ilemona. It has an area of 476 km and a population of 94,253 at the 2006 census. The postal code A postal code (also known locally in variou ...
''). The oldest direct mention comes from a diet manual of 1782 by medic István Mátyus, who talks about the health benefits of oina. However, it may have been attested as early as in 1364. In 1899,
Spiru Haret Spiru C. Haret (; 15 February 1851 – 17 December 1912) was a Romanian mathematician, astronomer, and politician. He made a fundamental contribution to the ''n''-body problem in celestial mechanics by proving that using a third degree approx ...
, the minister of education decided that oină was to be played in schools in
physical education Physical education, often abbreviated to Phys Ed. or P.E., is a subject taught in schools around the world. It is usually taught during primary and secondary education, and encourages psychomotor learning by using a play and movement explorati ...
classes. He organized the first annual oină competitions. The Romanian Oină Federation ("''Federaţia Română de Oină''") was founded in 1932, and was reactivated at the beginning of the 1950s, after a brief period when it was dissolved. Today, there are two oină federations: one in
Bucharest Bucharest ( , ; ro, București ) is the capital and largest city of Romania, as well as its cultural, industrial, and financial centre. It is located in the southeast of the country, on the banks of the Dâmbovița River, less than north of ...
,
Romania Romania ( ; ro, România ) is a country located at the crossroads of Central Europe, Central, Eastern Europe, Eastern, and Southeast Europe, Southeastern Europe. It borders Bulgaria to the south, Ukraine to the north, Hungary to the west, S ...
and another one in
Chișinău Chișinău ( , , ), also known as Kishinev (russian: Кишинёв, r=Kishinjóv ), is the Capital city, capital and largest city of the Republic of Moldova. The city is Moldova's main industrial and commercial center, and is located in the ...
,
Moldova Moldova ( , ; ), officially the Republic of Moldova ( ro, Republica Moldova), is a Landlocked country, landlocked country in Eastern Europe. It is bordered by Romania to the west and Ukraine to the north, east, and south. The List of states ...
. In recent years the Romanian oină Federation has launched a wide campaign to revive this kind of sport. Most of the traditional centres have been restored, and new areas have also been incorporated, so oină is practised in more than 40 regions at the moment. In addition to spreading oină in the regions of Romania, the Romanian oină Federation actively popularizes this game outside the country organizing demonstration tournaments in different countries (Serbia, Japan, Indonesia, England, Poland, Germany, India, Pakistan, Croatia, Ukraine). For internationalization, the Federation establishes partnerships with institutions outside the country (as it was in Ukraine, India, Pakistan, England) or with people who want to help popularize this kind of sport. In cooperation with these people and institutions, the FRO creates study guides and handbooks on oină in various foreign languages.


Pitch

The pitch is a rectangle, long by wide divided into: * the in game ("''în joc''") area, which is * the batting zone ("''zona de bătaie''") – long – delimited from the in game area by the batting line * the back zone ("''zona de fund''") – a long safe zone during a run – delimited from the in game area by the back line The attacking side player that has commenced a run will have to cross the following four lines in order: * the start line (the left side of the batting line) * the arrival line (the left side of the back line) * the return line (the right side of the back line) * the escape line (the right side of the batting line) The in game area is further split into the advance and return triangles and squares. At the intersection of the lines inside the game area and the pitch limits or other lines within the game area, there are circles which determine the positions of the midfielders ("''mijlocași''") and side players ("''mărginași''"). The 1m and 3m semicircles are used for batting and serving. A waiting line is drawn for attacking players to wait their turn to bat.


Players

There are two teams of 11 players, one attacking side or "at bat" ("''la bătaie''") and one defending side or "at catch" ("''la prindere''"). The roles switch at half time. The defending players are placed in the following positions: * 3 midfielders ("''mijlocași''") * 3 advance side players ("''mărginași de ducere''") * 3 return side players ("''mărginași de întoarcere''") * 1 back player ("''fundaș''") that is free to move within the back zone * 1 forward player ("''fruntaș''") that is free to move within the batting zone The attacking players change roles as the game progresses. The roles are chronologically ordered this way: * waiting one's turn * serving the ball * batting * waiting to enter the game (make a run) * running the advance corridor * staying in the back zone * running the return corridor Each team has a captain ("''căpitan''" or "''baci''""). The midfielder 2 is usually used as captain because he can throw the ball at an attacking player in any game position. For this reason, the midfielder 2 is also known as a ''baci''. Each team has a maximum of 5 substitutes available.


Scope of the game

The teams have very different roles depending on whether they are at bat or at catch. At bat players are tasked to open a play and run the lanes until they cross the escape line. At catch players are tasked to hit the players running the lanes with the ball. There can be a maximum of two players running each lane at the same time. A player can be hit in both lanes once.


Rules

The team at bat is selected by a ritual where the players have to grab the bat, thrown by the referee, and the last one to be able to place at least four fingers on the bat wins. The game begins with the team at bat, with one of the players throwing the ball while another player of the same team has to hit it with a wooden bat ("''bâtă''") and send it as far as he can towards the adversary field. After that, if the ball is caught by the adversaries, the player can run (if he wishes, or if he is forced to run by the referee) the advance and return corridors/lanes ("''culoarele de ducere și întoarcere''"), without being hit by the defenders. If he stops the ball with his palm, it is not considered a hit. The player is not allowed to catch the ball, and he must release it immediately. If the player doing a run is hit he goes out of field and into the back zone, or he finishes his tasks, depending on which lane he is running. The full set of regulations can be found here.


Scoring


In game

At catch players score two points for each player hit with a ball, unless the ball touches the palm or the back of the palm. At bat players score by batting beyond certain lines, like so: * the ball crosses the 65m line in the air and does not go out of bounds (does not cross the lateral lines), whether or not the defense touches the ball in the air – 2 points * the ball falls in the back zone – 2 points * the ball is touched in the air by the defense, and goes out of bounds in the air from within the back zone – 2 points * the ball goes out of bounds in the air from within the back zone without being touched by the defense – 1 point * the ball crosses the 60m line (the back line) in the air and is caught by the defense – 1 point * the ball crosses the threequarters line in the air and falls in the threequarters area – 1 point * the ball goes out of bounds in the air from within the threequarters area – 1 point * the ball is diverted out of bounds in the air from within the threequartees area by the defense – 1 point * the ball falls on the threequarters area of the back line – 1 point * the ball is diverted from within the threequarters area in front of the threequarters line by the defense and is not subsequently caught in the air – 1 point


Competition

Winning brings the team 3 points, a draw brings in 2 points, and the losing team will score 1 point. Quitting or elimination of the team will result in no points being awarded and a 0–9 loss. Running out of substitutes due to injuries will result in a 0–6 loss and 1 point being awarded, while if the same situation is due to the elimination of a player, the result will be a 0–9 loss and no points being awarded.


Ball

A spherical ball made of
leather Leather is a strong, flexible and durable material obtained from the tanning, or chemical treatment, of animal skins and hides to prevent decay. The most common leathers come from cattle, sheep, goats, equine animals, buffalo, pigs and hogs, ...
, filled with
horse The horse (''Equus ferus caballus'') is a domesticated, one-toed, hoofed mammal. It belongs to the taxonomic family Equidae and is one of two extant subspecies of ''Equus ferus''. The horse has evolved over the past 45 to 55 million y ...
,
pig The pig (''Sus domesticus''), often called swine, hog, or domestic pig when distinguishing from other members of the genus '' Sus'', is an omnivorous, domesticated, even-toed, hoofed mammal. It is variously considered a subspecies of ''Sus ...
, or
bovine Bovines (subfamily Bovinae) comprise a diverse group of 10 genera of medium to large-sized ungulates, including cattle, bison, African buffalo, water buffalos, and the four-horned and spiral-horned antelopes. The evolutionary relationship betwee ...
hair Hair is a protein filament that grows from follicles found in the dermis. Hair is one of the defining characteristics of mammals. The human body, apart from areas of glabrous skin, is covered in follicles which produce thick terminal and f ...
is used in oină. The ball is around in diameter and in senior games and around in diameter and in U-18 games.


Comparison with baseball

* Similar weight of the ball: around for both * Longer and slimmer bat for oină * A game takes only 30 minutes for oină * Oină teams have 11 players, baseball teams have 9 players * In oină, the defense can score by hitting the attacking players that are in game (running the lanes)


Competitions in Romania

All competitions are organized by the governing body, the Romanian Oină Federation ("''Federaţia Română de Oină''" – FRO). The main competitions are: * The National Championship * The Romanian Cup * The Romanian Supercup * The National Junior Championship Other competitions in 2010 are: * "Dragu" Cup * "Gherăiești" Cup * "Antena Satelor" National Championship (junior) * Federation Cup * Border Police Cup * "Monteoru" Cup * "Cleopatra" Cup (beach oină) * "Zarandului" Cup * "Tătaru" Cup * Village Cup * "Antena Satelor" Cup *various other junior and indoor oină competitions A number of international events are organized: * "Cronos" Cup (junior) * International Festival of Sports Related to Oină * Oină-Lapta Tournament


Internationalizing Oină

Oină and variants of the sport are also played in neighboring countries where there has been or still is a Romanian ethnic or cultural presence. As part of its program to bring oină to the spotlight again, the FRO has begun the process of creating an international federation. A minimum of three national federations need to exist in order to form an international federation, and two exist already (the Romanian and Moldovan federations). The FRO has begun talks of founding oină clubs and federations in neighboring Bulgaria and Serbia, and in Sweden.http://froina.sportlocal.ro/blog/stiri.html#Turneu%20international Demonstration matches are to be held in Serbia.


See also

*
Sport in Romania Sport in Romania are an important part of the country's culture. Romania has risen to prominence in a number of sporting areas in recent decades. Association football is the most popular sport in Romania, a nation of 20 million. The most successfu ...
*
Baseball Baseball is a bat-and-ball sport played between two teams of nine players each, taking turns batting and fielding. The game occurs over the course of several plays, with each play generally beginning when a player on the fielding tea ...
* Dinamic Coruia * Straja Bucharest * Victoria Surdila Greci


References


External links


The new Romanian Oină Federation website

The old FRO website

The Oină Association website, created in collaboration with the Romanian Oină Federation within the purpose of promoting oină as a Romanian national sport
{{DEFAULTSORT:Oina Ball and bat games Sport in Romania Team sports Sports originating in Romania