In
Egyptian mythology
Egyptian mythology is the collection of myths from ancient Egypt, which describe the actions of the Egyptian gods as a means of understanding the world around them. The beliefs that these myths express are an important part of ancient Egyp ...
, the Ogdoad ( grc, ὀγδοάς "the Eightfold"; egy, ḫmnyw, a plural
nisba
The Arabic language, Arabic word nisba (; also transcribed as ''nisbah'' or ''nisbat'') may refer to:
* Arabic nouns and adjectives#Nisba, Nisba, a suffix used to form adjectives in Arabic grammar, or the adjective resulting from this formation
**c ...
of "eight") were eight
primordial deities worshiped in
Hermopolis
Hermopolis ( grc, Ἑρμούπολις ''Hermoúpolis'' "the City of Hermes", also ''Hermopolis Magna'', ''Hermoû pólis megálẽ'', egy, ḫmnw , Egyptological pronunciation: "Khemenu"; cop, Ϣⲙⲟⲩⲛ ''Shmun''; ar, الأشموني ...
.
References to the Ogdoad date to the
Old Kingdom of Egypt
In ancient Egyptian history, the Old Kingdom is the period spanning c. 2700–2200 BC. It is also known as the "Age of the Pyramids" or the "Age of the Pyramid Builders", as it encompasses the reigns of the great pyramid-builders of the Fourt ...
, and even at the time of composition of the
Pyramid Texts
The Pyramid Texts are the oldest ancient Egyptian funerary texts, dating to the late Old Kingdom. They are the earliest known corpus of ancient Egyptian religious texts. Written in Old Egyptian, the pyramid texts were carved onto the subterrane ...
toward the end of the Old Kingdom, they appear to have been antiquated and mostly forgotten by everyone except their theologians. They are frequently mentioned in the
Coffin Texts of the
Middle Kingdom. The oldest known pictorial representations of the group do not pre-date the time of
Seti I
Menmaatre Seti I (or Sethos I in Greek) was the second pharaoh of the Nineteenth Dynasty of Egypt during the New Kingdom period, ruling c.1294 or 1290 BC to 1279 BC. He was the son of Ramesses I and Sitre, and the father of Ramesses II.
The ...
(
New Kingdom, thirteenth century BC), when the group appears to be rediscovered by the theologians of Hermopolis for the purposes of creating a more elaborate creation-account.
Texts of the
Late Period describe them as having the heads of frogs (male) and serpents (female), and they are often depicted in this way in reliefs of the last dynasty, the
Ptolemaic Kingdom.
Names
The eight deities were arranged in four male–female pairs. The names have the same meanings and differ only by their endings,
Attributes
The names of
Nu and Naunet are written with the determiners for
sky
The sky is an unobstructed view upward from the surface of the Earth. It includes the atmosphere and outer space. It may also be considered a place between the ground and outer space, thus distinct from outer space.
In the field of astronomy, ...
and
water
Water (chemical formula ) is an inorganic, transparent, tasteless, odorless, and nearly colorless chemical substance, which is the main constituent of Earth's hydrosphere and the fluids of all known living organisms (in which it acts as a ...
, and it seems clear that they represent the primordial waters.
Ḥeḥu and Ḥeḥut have no readily identifiable determiners; according to a suggestion due to
Brugsch (1885), the names are associated with a term for an undefined or
unlimited number, ''ḥeḥ'', suggesting a concept similar to the Greek ''
aion''. From the context of a number of passages in which Ḥeḥu is mentioned, however, Brugsch also suggested that the names may be a personification of the atmosphere between heaven and earth (c.f. ''
Shu'').
The names of
Kekui and Kekuit are written with a determiner combining the
sky hieroglyph with a staff or scepter used for words related to darkness and obscurity, and ''kkw'' as a regular word means "darkness", suggesting that these gods represent
primordial darkness, comparable to the Greek
Erebus
In Greek mythology, Erebus (; grc, Ἔρεβος, Érebos, "deep darkness, shadow".), or Erebos, is the personification of darkness and one of the primordial deities. Hesiod's ''Theogony'' identifies him as one of the first five beings in exis ...
, but in some aspects they appear to represent day as well as night, or the change from night to day and from day to night.
The fourth pair has no consistent attributes as it appears with varying names; sometimes the name ''Qerḥ'' is replaced by ''Ni, Nenu, Nu, or
Amun
Amun (; also ''Amon'', ''Ammon'', ''Amen''; egy, jmn, reconstructed as (Old Egyptian and early Middle Egyptian) → (later Middle Egyptian) → (Late Egyptian), cop, Ⲁⲙⲟⲩⲛ, Amoun) romanized: ʾmn) was a major ancient Egyptian ...
'', and the name ''Qerḥet'' by ''Ennit, Nenuit, Nunu, Nit, or
Amunet''. The common meaning of ''qerḥ'' is "night", but the determinative (D41 for "to halt, stop, deny") also suggests the principle of inactivity or repose.
There is no obvious way to allot or attribute four functions to the four pairs of deities, and it seems clear that "the ancient Egyptians themselves had no very clear idea" regarding such functions. Nevertheless, there have been attempts to assign "four ontological concepts"
to the four pairs.
For example, in the context of the New Kingdom,
Karenga (2004) uses "fluidity" (for "flood, waters"), "darkness", "unboundedness", and "invisibility" (or "repose, inactivity").
Maulana Karenga
Maulana Ndabezitha Karenga (born Ronald McKinley Everett, July 14, 1941), previously known as Ron Karenga, is an American activist, author, and professor of Africana studies, best known as the creator of the pan-African and African-American holi ...
(2004)
Maat, the Moral Ideal in Ancient Egypt: A Study in Classical African Ethics
p.177
Psychology Press, 2004 - Volume 70 of
Orientalia Lovaniensia analecta
'.
See also
*
Ennead
References
Bibliography
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External links
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{{Ancient Egyptian religion footer
Groups of Egyptian deities
Creation myths
ca:Llista de personatges de la mitologia egípcia#O