''Oeneis'' (the Arctics or graylings) is a butterfly genus of the
Satyrinae. All but one of its members are
Arctic
The Arctic ( or ) is a polar region located at the northernmost part of Earth. The Arctic consists of the Arctic Ocean, adjacent seas, and parts of Canada (Yukon, Northwest Territories, Nunavut), Danish Realm (Greenland), Finland, Iceland, N ...
,
sub-Arctic
The subarctic zone is a region in the Northern Hemisphere immediately south of the true Arctic, north of humid continental regions and covering much of Alaska, Canada, Iceland, the north of Scandinavia, Siberia, and the Cairngorms. Generally, ...
or high-altitude
alpine
Alpine may refer to any mountainous region. It may also refer to:
Places Europe
* Alps, a European mountain range
** Alpine states, which overlap with the European range
Australia
* Alpine, New South Wales, a Northern Village
* Alpine National Pa ...
in distribution. Some of the members of the genus are among the butterflies that can get along in the harshest climates of any butterflies. Four species in Europe, more are found in Arctic
Russia
Russia (, , ), or the Russian Federation, is a transcontinental country spanning Eastern Europe and Northern Asia. It is the largest country in the world, with its internationally recognised territory covering , and encompassing one-eig ...
,
Siberia
Siberia ( ; rus, Сибирь, r=Sibir', p=sʲɪˈbʲirʲ, a=Ru-Сибирь.ogg) is an extensive region, geographical region, constituting all of North Asia, from the Ural Mountains in the west to the Pacific Ocean in the east. It has been a ...
,
Mongolia
Mongolia; Mongolian script: , , ; lit. "Mongol Nation" or "State of Mongolia" () is a landlocked country in East Asia, bordered by Russia to the north and China to the south. It covers an area of , with a population of just 3.3 million, ...
, Arctic North America and the
Rocky Mountains
The Rocky Mountains, also known as the Rockies, are a major mountain range and the largest mountain system in North America. The Rocky Mountains stretch in straight-line distance from the northernmost part of western Canada, to New Mexico ...
. Curiously, there are no observations from
Greenland
Greenland ( kl, Kalaallit Nunaat, ; da, Grønland, ) is an island country in North America that is part of the Kingdom of Denmark. It is located between the Arctic and Atlantic oceans, east of the Canadian Arctic Archipelago. Greenland i ...
. The development of most species takes two years.
Species
Listed alphabetically within groups:
The ''jutta'' species group:
*''
Oeneis fulla''
(Eversmann, 1851)
*''
Oeneis jutta''
(Hübner, 1805–1806) – Baltic grayling or Jutta Arctic
*''
Oeneis magna''
(Graeser, 1888)
*''
Oeneis melissa
''Oeneis melissa'', the Melissa Arctic, is a species of butterfly in the family Nymphalidae.
The wingspan is 42–51 mm.
The larvae feed on various sedges, including '' Carex bigelowii'' and '' Carex rupestris''.
Subspecies
*''Oeneis mel ...
''
(Fabricius, 1775) – Melissa Arctic
*''
Oeneis tunga''
(Staudinger, 1894)
The ''norna'' species group:
*''
Oeneis actaeoides''
(Lukhtanov, 1989)
*''
Oeneis glacialis''
(Moll, 1785) – Alpine grayling
*''
Oeneis norna
''Oeneis norna'', the Norse grayling, is a species of butterfly in subfamily Satyrinae, that occurs throughout Scandinavia and the northern Palearctic.
Description
It is extremely variable and the smaller, lighter ''O. norna'' often resemble ...
''
(Thunberg, 1791) – Norse grayling
*''
Oeneis philipi''
(Troubridge, 1988)
*''
Oeneis polixenes''
(Fabricius, 1775) – Polixenes Arctic
*''
''
(Kurentzov 1960) – Philip's Arctic
The ''alpina'' species group:
*''
Oeneis alpina''
(Kurentzov, 1970) – sentinel Arctic
Sentinel Arctic
Butterflies of Canada
The ''hora'' species group:
*'' Oeneis aktashi'' (Lukhtanov, 1984)
*'' Oeneis ammosovi'' (Dubatov & Korshunov, 1988)
*'' Oeneis elwesi'' (Staudinger, 1901)
*'' Oeneis hora'' (Grum-Grshimailo, 1888)
*'' Oeneis mulla'' (Staudinger, 1881)
The ''bore'' species group:
*''Oeneis alberta
''Oeneis alberta'', the Alberta Arctic, is a butterfly of the family Nymphalidae. It is found from the Canadian prairie provinces east to southern Manitoba. Isolated populations are found along the Rocky Mountains in Colorado, New Mexico and Ariz ...
'' (Elwes, 1893) – Alberta Arctic
*''Oeneis ammon
''Oeneis'' (the Arctics or graylings) is a butterfly genus of the Satyrinae. All but one of its members are Arctic, sub-Arctic or high-altitude alpine in distribution. Some of the members of the genus are among the butterflies that can get along ...
'' (Elwes, 1899)
*''Oeneis bore
''Oeneis bore'', the white-veined Arctic or Arctic grayling, is a butterfly, a species of Satyrinae that occurs in North America and Asia.
Description
The wingspan is 37 to 49 mm. The dorsal view is a dull greyish brown while the females ...
'' (Schneider, 1792) – Arctic grayling or white-veined Arctic
*''Oeneis chryxus
''Oeneis chryxus'', the chryxus Arctic or brown Arctic, is a butterfly of subfamily Satyrinae found in the far northwest regions of Canada and the United States. The brown Arctic has highly variable colorings, which tend toward light yellow to o ...
'' (Doubleday, 1849) – brown Arctic or chryxus Arctic
*'' Oeneis ivallda'' (Mead, 1878) – California Arctic
*'' Oeneis nevadensis'' (C. & R. Felder, 1866) – great Arctic
*'' Oeneis macounii'' (Edwards, 1885) – Canada Arctic or Macoun's Arctic
*'' Oeneis tanana'' (Warren & Nakahara 2016)
The ''tarpeja'' species group:
*'' Oeneis diluta'' (Lukhtanov, 1994)
*''Oeneis lederi
''Oeneis'' (the Arctics or graylings) is a butterfly genus of the Satyrinae. All but one of its members are Arctic, sub-Arctic or high-altitude alpine in distribution. Some of the members of the genus are among the butterflies that can get along ...
'' (Alphéraky, 1897)
*'' Oeneis mongolica'' (Oberthür, 1876)
*'' Oeneis sculda'' (Eversmann, 1851)
*'' Oeneis tarpeja'' (Pallas, 1771)
*'' Oeneis uhleri'' (Reakirt, 1866) – Uhler's Arctic
*'' Oeneis urda'' (Eversmann, 1847)
The ''buddha'' species group:
*'' Oeneis buddha'' (Grum-Grshimailo, 1891)
*'' Oeneis oeno'' (Boisduval, 1832)
References
External links
Images representing ''Oeneis''
at Consortium for the Barcode of Life
The Consortium for the Barcode of Life (CBOL) was an international initiative dedicated to supporting the development of DNA barcoding as a global standard for species identification. CBOL's Secretariat Office is hosted by the National Museum of ...
Satyrini
Butterflies of Europe
Insects of the Arctic
Butterfly genera
Taxa named by Jacob Hübner
{{Satyrini-stub