Odoyev (Russian: ''Одоев'') is an urban settlement (Russian: ''рабочий посёлок'') since 1959, in the west of
Tula Oblast
Tula Oblast (russian: Ту́льская о́бласть, ''Tulskaya oblast'') is a federal subjects of Russia, federal subject (an Oblasts of Russia, oblast) of Russia. It is geographically in the European Russia region of the country and is p ...
,
Russia
Russia (, , ), or the Russian Federation, is a List of transcontinental countries, transcontinental country spanning Eastern Europe and North Asia, Northern Asia. It is the List of countries and dependencies by area, largest country in the ...
, the administrative center of
Odoyevsky District
Odoyevsky District (russian: Одо́евский райо́н) is an administrative district (''raion''), one of the twenty-three in Tula Oblast, Russia.Law #954-ZTO Within the framework of municipal divisions, it is incorporated as Odoyevsky M ...
. It sits on the left bank of the Upa river, a right-hand tributary of the
Oka
Oka or OKA may refer to:
Cars
* Oka (automobile), a small car designed by AvtoVAZ and produced by ZMA and SeAZ
* OKA 4wd, a large 4-wheel-drive vehicle made in Western Australia by OKA
Military
* 2B1 Oka, Soviet 420 mm self-propelled mor ...
river, 75 km away from
Tula
Tula may refer to:
Geography
Antarctica
*Tula Mountains
*Tula Point
India
*Tulā, a solar month in the traditional Indian calendar
Iran
* Tula, Iran, a village in Hormozgan Province
Italy
* Tula, Sardinia, municipality (''comune'') in the pr ...
Novosil
Novosil (russian: Новоси́ль) is a town and the administrative center of Novosilsky District in Oryol Oblast, Russia, located on the right bank of the Zusha River east of Oryol, the administrative center of the oblast. Population:
Histo ...
to here. However, the fortress of ''Oduyev'', mentioned in 1242, is associated with Odoyev. In 1380 the town was mentioned in the
Novgorod Chronicle
The Novgorod First Chronicle (russian: Новгородская первая летопись) or The Chronicle of Novgorod, 1016–1471 is the most ancient extant Old Russian chronicle of the Novgorodian Rus'. It reflects a tradition different ...
, in regards with the
battle of Kulikovo
The Battle of Kulikovo (russian: Мамаево побоище, Донское побоище, Куликовская битва, битва на Куликовом поле) was fought between the armies of the Golden Horde, under the command ...
. However, it is safe to say that a stronghold here should have been since the times the land was occupied by the
Vyatichi
The Vyatichs or more properly Vyatichi or Viatichi (russian: вя́тичи) were a native tribe of Early East Slavs who inhabited regions around the Oka, Moskva and Don rivers.
The Vyatichi had for a long time no princes, but the social struc ...
. Odoyev, alongside many other places in the basin of the
Oka
Oka or OKA may refer to:
Cars
* Oka (automobile), a small car designed by AvtoVAZ and produced by ZMA and SeAZ
* OKA 4wd, a large 4-wheel-drive vehicle made in Western Australia by OKA
Military
* 2B1 Oka, Soviet 420 mm self-propelled mor ...
, was once within the territory of the Vyatichi.
Since 1376, Odoyev was the center of a principality (or duchy). However, the Princes of Odoyev styled themselves ''dukes of Novosil'', and sometimes ''dukes of Novosil and Odoyev'' up until the late 1400, while the title of ''Princes of Odoyev'' was fully adopted only by the mid-1500s. The seat in Odoyev, as the successor of
Novosil
Novosil (russian: Новоси́ль) is a town and the administrative center of Novosilsky District in Oryol Oblast, Russia, located on the right bank of the Zusha River east of Oryol, the administrative center of the oblast. Population:
Histo ...
, was considered the senior of the
Upper Oka principalities
In Russian historiography the term Upper Oka Principalities (russian: Верховские княжества - literally: "Upper Principalities") traditionally applies to about a dozen tiny and ephemeral polities situated along the upper course of ...
. The Princely House of Odoyev died out in the 19th century.
Odoyev's history was closely associated with its geopolitical location between the
Grand Duchy of Lithuania
The Grand Duchy of Lithuania was a European state that existed from the 13th century to 1795, when the territory was partitioned among the Russian Empire, the Kingdom of Prussia, and the Habsburg Empire of Austria. The state was founded by Li ...
,
Moscow
Moscow ( , US chiefly ; rus, links=no, Москва, r=Moskva, p=mɐskˈva, a=Москва.ogg) is the capital and largest city of Russia. The city stands on the Moskva River in Central Russia, with a population estimated at 13.0 million ...
and the
Golden Horde
The Golden Horde, self-designated as Ulug Ulus, 'Great State' in Turkic, was originally a Mongols, Mongol and later Turkicized khanate established in the 13th century and originating as the northwestern sector of the Mongol Empire. With the fr ...
. The Duchy of Odoyev managed to maintain independence and be considered relatively sovereign state in the region's international relations up until the late 15th century.Беспалов Р. А. Новосильско-Одоевское княжество и Орда в контексте международных отношений в Восточной Европе XIV – начала XVI веков // Средневековая Русь. Вып. 11. Проблемы политической истории и источниковедения / Отв. редактор А. А. Горский. – М.: «Индрик», 2014. – С. 257. Alongside other Russian duchies, the Duchy of Odoyev received the
jarlig
A jarlig ( mn, зарлиг, zarlig; russian: ярлык, ''jarlyk'', also transliterated yarlyk in Russian and Turkic, or even more correctly yarlıq, and the Tatar: yarlığ) is an edict or written commandant of Mongol and Chinggisid rulers' ...
from the Khan of the
Golden Horde
The Golden Horde, self-designated as Ulug Ulus, 'Great State' in Turkic, was originally a Mongols, Mongol and later Turkicized khanate established in the 13th century and originating as the northwestern sector of the Mongol Empire. With the fr ...
. The first jarlig was obtained by the Duchy of Novosil in 1326.Беспалов Р. А. Новосильско-Одоевское княжество и Орда в контексте международных отношений в Восточной Европе XIV – начала XVI веков // Средневековая Русь. Вып. 11. Проблемы политической истории и источниковедения / Отв. редактор А. А. Горский. – М.: «Индрик», 2014. – С. 259. The Duchy of Odoyev had trade relations with the Horde, selling beaver and marten fur and honey and importing pottery, coins and iron caldrons.
On May 20, 1407, Odoyev was captured and burned down by Lithuanian troops.Серова Л. Невелик городок Одоев//Наука и жизнь. №8, 1999/https://www.nkj.ru/archive/articles/9564/ By 1427 five princes of the House of Novosil and Odoyev had concluded a treaty with the Grand Duke of Lithuania, Vytautas, that became the basis for the future treaties with Lithuania. The treaty implied that Vytautas would not attack the lands of the Princes of Novosil and Odoyev, while the latter would be his vassals and serve to him, assisting in his foreign policy. Vitautas promised help in case of war without interfering in their relations with Moscow and Ryazan.Беспалов Р. А. Литовско-одоевский договор 1459 года: обстоятельства и причины заключения // Istorijos šaltinių tyrimai T. 4. Vilnius: Lietuvos istorijos instituto leidykla, 2012. – P. 47. The Princes of Novosil and Odoyev had the right to break the treaty in case of no desire to prolong it or violation of its conditions, upon the death of one of the parties. The Princes of Odoyev were given large lands in the
Grand Duchy of Lithuania
The Grand Duchy of Lithuania was a European state that existed from the 13th century to 1795, when the territory was partitioned among the Russian Empire, the Kingdom of Prussia, and the Habsburg Empire of Austria. The state was founded by Li ...
King of Poland
Poland was ruled at various times either by dukes and princes (10th to 14th centuries) or by kings (11th to 18th centuries). During the latter period, a tradition of free election of monarchs made it a uniquely electable position in Europe (16t ...
and the
Grand Duke of Lithuania
The monarchy of Lithuania concerned the monarchical head of state of Lithuania, which was established as an absolute and hereditary monarchy. Throughout Lithuania's history there were three ducal dynasties that managed to stay in power—House ...
. Prince Fyodor Lvovich was marked by anti-Moscow policy and even planned a plot against
Vasily II
Vasily Vasiliyevich (russian: Василий Васильевич; 10 March 141527 March 1462), also known as Vasily II the Blind (Василий II Тёмный), was the Grand Prince of Moscow whose long reign (1425–1462) was plagued by the ...
. During his reign, junior princes of the House of Odoyev did not serve to the Duke of Moscow.
Since the end of the Lithuanian-Moscow war of 1433 — 1453, the situation had changed for the
Upper Oka principalities
In Russian historiography the term Upper Oka Principalities (russian: Верховские княжества - literally: "Upper Principalities") traditionally applies to about a dozen tiny and ephemeral polities situated along the upper course of ...
. The principality of
Mozhaysk
MozhayskAlternative transliterations include ''Mozhaisk'', ''Mozhajsk'', ''Mozhaĭsk'', and ''Možajsk''. ( rus, Можа́йск, p=mɐˈʐajsk) is a town and the administrative center of Mozhaysky District in Moscow Oblast, Russia, located to th ...
lost its independence and the local prince escaped to Lithuania. Moscow seized lands from
Kaluga
Kaluga ( rus, Калу́га, p=kɐˈɫuɡə), a city and the administrative center of Kaluga Oblast in Russia, stands on the Oka River southwest of Moscow. Population:
Kaluga's most famous resident, the space travel pioneer Konstantin Tsiol ...
to
Aleksin
Aleksin (russian: Але́ксин) is a town and the administrative center of Aleksinsky District in Tula Oblast, Russia, located northwest of Tula, the administrative center of the oblast. Population:
History
It was founded at the end of th ...
, near Odoyev.(Беспалов Р. А. Литовско-одоевский договор 1459 года: обстоятельства и причины заключения // Istorijos šaltinių tyrimai T. 4. Vilnius: Lietuvos istorijos instituto leidykla, 2012. – P. 53.
In 1459, Prince Fyodor Lvovich concluded a new treaty with Lithuania. In 1483 Prince Ivan Yuryevich of Novosil and Odoyev concluded yet another treaty with Lithuania.Беспалов Р. А. Литовско-одоевский договор 1459 года: обстоятельства и причины заключения // Istorijos šaltinių tyrimai T. 4. Vilnius: Lietuvos istorijos instituto leidykla, 2012. – P. 51.
In the late 1400s — early 1500s, the Principality of Odoyev was torn between the
Crimean Khanate
The Crimean Khanate ( crh, , or ), officially the Great Horde and Desht-i Kipchak () and in old European historiography and geography known as Little Tartary ( la, Tartaria Minor), was a Crimean Tatars, Crimean Tatar state existing from 1441 to ...
, the
Grand Duchy of Lithuania
The Grand Duchy of Lithuania was a European state that existed from the 13th century to 1795, when the territory was partitioned among the Russian Empire, the Kingdom of Prussia, and the Habsburg Empire of Austria. The state was founded by Li ...
and the
Duchy of Moscow
The Grand Duchy of Moscow, Muscovite Russia, Muscovite Rus' or Grand Principality of Moscow (russian: Великое княжество Московское, Velikoye knyazhestvo Moskovskoye; also known in English simply as Muscovy from the Lati ...
. Odoyev went through multiple attacks from the Tatars: 1422, 1423, 1512, and 1562.
In 1494, under the treaty between Moscow and Lithuania, the Principality of Odoyev became vassal to Moscow. In the early 1500s,
Vasily III
Vasili, Vasily, Vasilii or Vasiliy (Russian: Василий) is a Russian masculine given name of Greek origin and corresponds to ''Basil''. It may refer to:
*Vasili I of Moscow Grand Prince from 1389–1425
* Vasili II of Moscow Grand Prince fr ...
of Russia freed Odoyev of the Crimean tribute. Since that time the Princes of Odoyev served at the Moscow court as
boyars
A boyar or bolyar was a member of the highest rank of the feudal nobility in many Eastern European states, including Kievan Rus', Bulgaria, Russia, Wallachia and Moldavia, and later Romania, Lithuania and among Baltic Germans. Boyars were sec ...
. Odoyev started to decline.
In the 16th century Odoyev was a typical stronghold on the southern frontier of Muscovy, when
Ivan the Terrible
Ivan IV Vasilyevich (russian: Ива́н Васи́льевич; 25 August 1530 – ), commonly known in English as Ivan the Terrible, was the grand prince of Moscow from 1533 to 1547 and the first Tsar of all Russia from 1547 to 1584.
Ivan ...
took the town over from the House of Odoyev. But as early as in 1645, Odoyev was neglected, the towers of the fortress lost their roofs, the bridge had decayed, while the water well was empty.
In the first half of the 18th century Odoyev was part of the
Kiev
Kyiv, also spelled Kiev, is the capital and most populous city of Ukraine. It is in north-central Ukraine along the Dnieper, Dnieper River. As of 1 January 2021, its population was 2,962,180, making Kyiv the List of European cities by populat ...
Moscow
Moscow ( , US chiefly ; rus, links=no, Москва, r=Moskva, p=mɐskˈva, a=Москва.ogg) is the capital and largest city of Russia. The city stands on the Moskva River in Central Russia, with a population estimated at 13.0 million ...
Governorates, up until 1777, when it ended up in
Tula Governorate
Tula Governorate (russian: Тульская губерния) was an administrative division (a '' guberniya'') of the Russian Empire and the Russian SFSR, located in the south of Moscow Governorate.
The Governate existed from 1796 to 1929; its s ...
.
In 1777
Catherine the Great
, en, Catherine Alexeievna Romanova, link=yes
, house =
, father = Christian August, Prince of Anhalt-Zerbst
, mother = Joanna Elisabeth of Holstein-Gottorp
, birth_date =
, birth_name = Princess Sophie of Anhal ...
confirmed a coat-of-arms for the town, which was based on the coat-of-arms of
Chernigov
Chernihiv ( uk, Черні́гів, , russian: Черни́гов, ; pl, Czernihów, ; la, Czernihovia), is a List of cities in Ukraine, city and List of hromadas of Ukraine, municipality in northern Ukraine, which serves as the administrative ...
.
In 1779 Catherine the Great confirmed the general city plan for Odoyev. By the early 1800s, the population of Odoyev was two thousand; the town had seven churches, seven taverns, and six plants, while in 1838 the first girls' boarding school in
Tula Governorate
Tula Governorate (russian: Тульская губерния) was an administrative division (a '' guberniya'') of the Russian Empire and the Russian SFSR, located in the south of Moscow Governorate.
The Governate existed from 1796 to 1929; its s ...
was opened here.
During the 1800s Odoyev was a trading town using the navigation on the
Upa river
The Upa (, ) is a river in Tula Oblast, Russia, and one of the main tributaries of the Oka.
The river is long, and has a drainage basin of . Then Odoyev had a
racetrack
A race track (racetrack, racing track or racing circuit) is a facility built for racing of vehicles, athletes, or animals (e.g. horse racing or greyhound racing). A race track also may feature grandstands or concourses. Race tracks are also u ...
holding regular horse races. Odoyev was famed for its gardens; almost every resident of the town owned one and it was covered in vegetation. The legend has it that the
pastila
__NOTOC__
Pastila (russian: пастила́) is a traditional Russian fruit confectionery ('' pâte de fruits''). It has been described as "small squares of pressed fruit paste" and "light, airy puffs with a delicate apple flavor". In Imperial ...
Ivan the Terrible
Ivan IV Vasilyevich (russian: Ива́н Васи́льевич; 25 August 1530 – ), commonly known in English as Ivan the Terrible, was the grand prince of Moscow from 1533 to 1547 and the first Tsar of all Russia from 1547 to 1584.
Ivan ...
.
In the early 16th century Princes of Vorotynsk built the Monastery of the Nativity of the Holy Mother, closed down in the 1700s and ruined in the Soviet times. Now its successor is the Anastasovo Monastery, located in the village of Anastasovo, near Odoyev. By the late 1800s, Odoyev had had six churches, but now only one is surviving, i.e. the Church of the Holy Trinity. In 1842 the local gentry initiated the opening of an amateur philanthropy theater. In 1912 there was founded an amateur wind band that still exists. In 1919 a musical school was founded in the town.
In 1926 Odoyev was made a rural settlement, and in 1959 — a '"workers' settlement" ().Макаренко Т. А. Экономический анализ промышленности муниципального образования Одоев // Научно-методический электронный журнал «Концепт». – 2016. – Т. 6. – С. 176–180. – URL: http://e-koncept.ru/2016/56071.htm
Now Odoyev is listed with the heritage settlements of Russia.
Economy
The economy of Odoyev, as well as
Odoyevsky District
Odoyevsky District (russian: Одо́евский райо́н) is an administrative district (''raion''), one of the twenty-three in Tula Oblast, Russia.Law #954-ZTO Within the framework of municipal divisions, it is incorporated as Odoyevsky M ...
, in general, is primarily agricultural. The main focus of the local industry is dairy, fruit processing and baking. The district has two major plants: a butter dairy and a vegetable and fruit cannery. 57% of the district's population works in agriculture. Most of the district's output goes to
Tula
Tula may refer to:
Geography
Antarctica
*Tula Mountains
*Tula Point
India
*Tulā, a solar month in the traditional Indian calendar
Iran
* Tula, Iran, a village in Hormozgan Province
Italy
* Tula, Sardinia, municipality (''comune'') in the pr ...
or is distributed in the
Tula Oblast
Tula Oblast (russian: Ту́льская о́бласть, ''Tulskaya oblast'') is a federal subjects of Russia, federal subject (an Oblasts of Russia, oblast) of Russia. It is geographically in the European Russia region of the country and is p ...
.
Culture and Tourism
Odoyev is a small township that is continuously declining. The touristic potential of the place and the area is still to develop. The district is famed for its
Filimonovo toys
Filimonovo (russian: Филимоново) is the name of several types of inhabited localities in Russia, rural localities in Russia:
*Filimonovo, Arkhangelsk Oblast, a village#Russia, village in Ilyinsky Selsoviet of Vilegodsky District of Arkha ...
originating in the village of Filimonovo, 8 km away from Odoyev. The
Filimonovo toys
Filimonovo (russian: Филимоново) is the name of several types of inhabited localities in Russia, rural localities in Russia:
*Filimonovo, Arkhangelsk Oblast, a village#Russia, village in Ilyinsky Selsoviet of Vilegodsky District of Arkha ...
museum is located here. Odoyev also has a museum of local history.
Alexander Uvarov
Alexander Nikolaevich Uvarov (russian: Алекса́ндр Никола́евич Ува́ров; March 7, 1922 – December 24, 1994) was a Russian ice hockey player, who played in the Soviet Hockey League.
He was born in Odoyev, Tula reg ...
(1922—1994), a Soviet ice hockey player.
*
Ivan Rodionov
Ivan () is a Slavic male given name, connected with the variant of the Greek name (English: John) from Hebrew meaning 'God is gracious'. It is associated worldwide with Slavic countries. The earliest person known to bear the name was Bulgari ...
(1852—1881), a Russian poet.
* Konstantin Bogolepov (1913—1983), a Soviet scientist.
See also
*
Odoyevsky family
The House of Odoyev ( Russian: Одоевские, Polish: Odojewscy) was a princely Rurikid family descended from the sovereign Princes/Dukes of Odoyev and Novosil. Their ancestors were the Upper Oka sovereigns who ruled the tiny Principalit ...