Odontogenic cyst are a group of jaw cysts that are formed from tissues involved in

odontogenesis Tooth development or odontogenesis is the complex process by which teeth form from embryonic cells, grow, and erupt into the mouth. For human teeth to have a healthy oral environment, all parts of the tooth must develop during appropriate stage ...

(tooth development). Odontogenic cysts are closed sacs, and have a distinct membrane derived from rests of odontogenic epithelium. It may contain air, fluids, or semi-solid material. Intra-bony cysts are most common in the jaws, because the mandible and maxilla are the only bones with epithelial components. That odontogenic epithelium is critical in normal tooth development. However, epithelial rests may be the origin for the cyst lining later. Not all oral cysts are odontogenic cyst. For example,

mucous cyst of the oral mucosa Oral mucocele (also mucous extravasation cyst, mucous cyst of the oral mucosa, and mucous retention and extravasation phenomena.) is a condition caused by two related phenomena - mucus extravasation phenomenon and mucous retention cyst. Mucous e ...

and nasolabial duct cyst are not of odontogenic origin.
In addition, there are several conditions with so-called ( radiographic) ' pseudocystic appearance' in jaws; ranging from anatomic variants such as

Stafne static bone cyst The Stafne defect (also termed Stafne's idiopathic bone cavity, Stafne bone cavity, Stafne bone cyst (misnomer), lingual mandibular salivary gland depression, lingual mandibular cortical defect, latent bone cyst, or static bone cyst) is a depres ...

, to the aggressive

aneurysmal bone cyst Aneurysmal bone cyst (ABC) is a non-cancerous bone tumor composed of multiple varying sizes of spaces in a bone which are filled with blood. The term is a misnomer, as the lesion is neither an aneurysm nor a cyst. It generally presents with pai ...

Classification

*I. Cysts of the jaws **A. Epithelial-lined cysts ***1. Developmental origin ****(a) Odontogenic *****i. Gingival cyst of infants *****ii. Odontogenic keratocyst *****iii. Dentigerous cyst *****iv.

Eruption cyst An eruption cyst, or eruption hematoma, is a bluish swelling that occurs on the soft tissue over an erupting tooth. It is usually found in children. The fluid in the cyst is sometimes clear creating a pale-coloured cyst although often they are bl ...

*****v. Gingival cyst of adults *****vi. Developmental lateral periodontal cyst *****vii.

Botryoid odontogenic cyst Botryoid odontogenic cyst is a variant of the lateral periodontal cyst. It is more often found in middle-aged and older adults, and the teeth more likely affected are mandibular (lower) canines and premolars. On radiograph Radiography is an ...

*****viii.

Glandular odontogenic cyst A glandular odontogenic cyst (GOC) is a rare and usually benign odontogenic cyst developed at the odontogenic epithelium of the mandible or maxilla. Originally, the cyst was labeled as "sialo-odontogenic cyst" in 1987. However, the World Health O ...

*****ix. Calcifying odontogenic cyst ****(b) Non-odontogenic *****i. Midpalatal raphé cyst of infants *****ii.

Nasopalatine duct cyst The nasopalatine duct cyst (NPDC) occurs in the median of the palate, usually anterior to first molars. It often appears between the roots of the maxillary central incisors. Radiographically, it may often appear as a heart-shaped radiolucency. I ...

*****iii.

Nasolabial cyst This nasolabial cyst, also known as a nasoalveolar cyst, is located superficially in the soft tissues of the upper lip. Unlike most of the other developmental cysts, the nasolabial cyst is an example of an extraosseous cyst, one that occurs outsi ...

***2. Inflammatory origin ****i. Radicular cyst, apical and lateral ****ii. Residual cyst ****iii. Paradental cyst and juvenile paradental cyst ****iv. Inflammatory collateral cyst **B. Non-epithelial-lined cysts ***1. Solitary bone cyst ***2.

Aneurysmal bone cyst Aneurysmal bone cyst (ABC) is a non-cancerous bone tumor composed of multiple varying sizes of spaces in a bone which are filled with blood. The term is a misnomer, as the lesion is neither an aneurysm nor a cyst. It generally presents with pai ...

*II. Cysts associated with the maxillary antrum **1.

Mucocele A mucocele is a distension of a hollow organ or cavity because of mucus buildup. By location Oral Oral mucocele is the most common benign lesion of the salivary glands generally conceded to be of traumatic origin. It is characterized by the pool ...

**2. Retention cyst **3. Pseudocyst **4. Postoperative maxillary cyst *III. Cysts of the soft tissues of the mouth, face and neck **1. Dermoid and epidermoid cysts **2. Lymphoepithelial (branchial) cyst **3.

Thyroglossal duct cyst A thyroglossal cyst is a fibrous cyst that forms from a persistent thyroglossal duct. Thyroglossal cysts can be defined as an irregular neck mass or a lump which develops from cells and tissues left over after the formation of the thyroid gland du ...

**4. Anterior median lingual cyst (intralingual cyst of foregut origin) **5. Oral cysts with gastric or intestinal epithelium (oral alimentary tract cyst) **6.

Cystic hygroma A cystic hygroma is an abnormal growth that usually appears on a baby's neck or head. It consists of one or more cysts and tends to grow larger over time. The disorder usually develops while the fetus is still in the uterus, but can also appear a ...

**7.

Nasopharyngeal cyst Nasopharyngeal cyst refers to cystic swelling arising from midline and lateral wall of the nasopharynx. The commonest cyst arising from lateral wall is the nasopharyngeal branchial cyst, whereas the mucus retention cysts are the commonest to aris ...

**8. Thymic cyst **9. Cysts of the salivary glands: mucous extravasation cyst; mucous retention cyst; ranula; polycystic (dysgenetic) disease of the parotid **10. Parasitic cysts: hydatid cyst; Cysticercus cellulosae; trichinosis *

Buccal bifurcation cyst Buccal bifurcation cyst is an inflammation, inflammatory odontogenic cyst, of the paradental cysts family, that typically appears in the Cheek, buccal bifurcation region of the human mandible, mandibular first molar (tooth), molars in the second ...

* Calcifying odontogenic cyst * Dentigerous cyst (associated with the crowns of non-erupted teeth) *

Keratocyst A keratocyst is a type of cutaneous cyst. They appear similar to epidermoid cysts; however, are not limited to a specified location on the body. Keratocyst are most often reported in persons with nevoid basal cell carcinoma syndrome Nevoid basal-ce ...

(in the jaws, these can appear solitary or associated with the Gorlin-Goltz or Nevoid basal cell carcinoma syndrome. *

Paradental cyst Paradental cysts constitute a family of inflammatory odontogenic cyst, that typically appear in relation to crown or root of partially erupted molar tooth. When the cyst is developed in the distal region of partially erupted third molar or i ...

Periapical cyst Commonly known as a dental cyst, the periapical cyst is the most common odontogenic cyst. It may develop rapidly from a periapical granuloma, as a consequence of untreated chronic periapical periodontitis. Periapical is defined as "the tissues su ...

(The periapical cyst, otherwise known as radicular cyst, is the most common odontogenic cyst.) *

Radicular cyst Radicular pain, or radiculitis, is pain "radiated" along the dermatome (sensory distribution) of a nerve due to inflammation or other irritation of the nerve root (radiculopathy) at its connection to the spinal column. A common form of radiculiti ...

(associated with the roots of non-vital teeth, also known as

) *

Residual cyst A cyst is a closed sac, having a distinct envelope and division compared with the nearby tissue. Hence, it is a cluster of cells that have grouped together to form a sac (like the manner in which water molecules group together to form a bubble) ...

Cystic neoplasm

Most cysts in the body are benign ( dysfunctional) tumors, the result of plugged ducts or other natural body outlets for secretions. However, sometimes these masses are considered neoplasm: *

* Calcifying odontogenic cyst ** According to the current (2005) classification of the World Health Organization, both (parakeratizied) odontogenic keratocyst and calcifying odontogenic cyst have neoplastic characteristics, thus renamed as Keratocystic odontogenic tumor and Calcifying odontogenic tumor, respectively. * Cystic ameloblastoma * Long standing dentigerous cyst, odontogenic keratocyst, and

residual cyst A cyst is a closed sac, having a distinct envelope and division compared with the nearby tissue. Hence, it is a cluster of cells that have grouped together to form a sac (like the manner in which water molecules group together to form a bubble) ...

may have neoplastic potential converting into the locally aggressive ameloblastoma, or the malignant

squamous cell carcinoma Squamous-cell carcinomas (SCCs), also known as epidermoid carcinomas, comprise a number of different types of cancer that begin in squamous cells. These cells form on the surface of the skin, on the lining of hollow organs in the body, and on the ...

and mucoepidermoid carcinoma.

Diagnosis

Histopathology of cholesterol clefts of a periapical cyst of the jaw

histopathology Histopathology (compound of three Greek words: ''histos'' "tissue", πάθος ''pathos'' "suffering", and -λογία '' -logia'' "study of") refers to the microscopic examination of tissue in order to study the manifestations of disease. Spe ...

, cholesterol clefts indicate mainly a periapical (radicular) cyst Topic Completed: 1 March 2014. Revised: 13 December 2019 or an inflamed dentigerous cyst. Topic Completed: 1 October 2013. Revised: 2 December 2019

Treatment

Treatment ranges from simple enucleation of the cyst to curettage to resection. For example, small

radicular cyst Radicular pain, or radiculitis, is pain "radiated" along the dermatome (sensory distribution) of a nerve due to inflammation or other irritation of the nerve root (radiculopathy) at its connection to the spinal column. A common form of radiculiti ...

may resolved after successful

endodontic Endodontics (from the Greek roots ''endo-'' "inside" and ''odont-'' "tooth") is the dental specialty concerned with the study and treatment of the dental pulp. Overview Endodontics encompasses the study (practice) of the basic and clinical ...

("root-canal") treatment. Because of high recurrence potential and aggressive behaviour, curettage is recommended for keratocyst. However, the conservative enucleation is the treatment of choice for most odontogenic cysts. The removed cyst must be evaluated by pathologist to confirm the diagnosis, and to rule out other neoplastic lesions with similar clinical or radiographic features (e.g., cystic or solid ameloblastoma, central mucoepidermoid carcinoma). There are cysts, e.g.

buccal bifurcation cyst Buccal bifurcation cyst is an inflammation, inflammatory odontogenic cyst, of the paradental cysts family, that typically appears in the Cheek, buccal bifurcation region of the human mandible, mandibular first molar (tooth), molars in the second ...

with self-resolation nature, in which close observation can be employed unless the cyst is infected and symptomatic.

References

{{Cystic diseases Cysts of the oral and maxillofacial region

Classification

Cystic neoplasm

Diagnosis

Treatment

See also

References