On 25 October 2021, the
Sudanese military, led by General
Abdel Fattah al-Burhan
Abdel Fattah Abdelrahman al-Burhan ( ar, عبد الفتاح عبد الرحمن البرهان, Abd al-FattāḥʿAbd al-Raḥmān al-Burhān; born 11 July 1960) is a Sudanese politician and Sudanese Army general who is the ''de facto'' head ...
, took control of the
government
A government is the system or group of people governing an organized community, generally a state.
In the case of its broad associative definition, government normally consists of legislature, executive, and judiciary. Government is a ...
in a
military coup
A military, also known collectively as armed forces, is a heavily armed, highly organized force primarily intended for warfare
War is an intense armed conflict between states, governments, societies, or paramilitary groups such ...
. At least five senior government figures were initially detained.
Civilian
Prime Minister
A prime minister, premier or chief of cabinet is the head of the cabinet and the leader of the ministers in the executive branch of government, often in a parliamentary or semi-presidential system. Under those systems, a prime minister is not ...
Abdalla Hamdok
Abdalla Hamdok Al-Kinani (also transliterated ''Abdallah'', ''Hamdouk'', '' AlKinani''; ar, عبدالله حمدوك الكناني; born 1 January 1956) is a Sudanese public administrator who served as the 15th Prime Minister of Sudan from 20 ...
refused to declare support for the coup and on 25 October called for popular resistance;
he was moved to
house arrest
In justice and law, house arrest (also called home confinement, home detention, or, in modern times, electronic monitoring) is a measure by which a person is confined by the authorities to their residence. Travel is usually restricted, if all ...
on 26 October.
Internet outage
An Internet outage or Internet blackout or Internet shutdown is the complete or partial failure of the internet services. It can occur due to censorship, cyberattacks, disasters, police or security services actions or errors.
Disruptions of submar ...
s were reported. Later the same day, the
Sovereignty Council was dissolved, a state of emergency was put in place, and a majority of
the Hamdok Cabinet and a number of pro-government supporters were arrested.
, the list of those detained included "government ministers, members of political parties, lawyers, civil society activists, journalists, human rights defenders, and protest leaders", who were held in secret locations, without access to their families or lawyers.
Key civilian groups including the
Sudanese Professionals Association
The Sudanese Professionals' Association (SPA; ar, تجمع المهنيين السودانيين) is an umbrella association of 17 different Sudanese trade unions. The organisation started forming in October 2012, though was not officially regi ...
and
Forces of Freedom and Change
The Forces of Freedom and Change (FFC, also ''Alliance for Freedom and Change'', or AFC, and ''Declaration of Freedom and Change'', or DFC; ar, قوى إعلان الحرية والتغيير) is a wide political coalition of civilian and rebel ...
called for
civil disobedience
Civil disobedience is the active, professed refusal of a citizen to obey certain laws, demands, orders or commands of a government (or any other authority). By some definitions, civil disobedience has to be nonviolent to be called "civil". Hen ...
and refusal to cooperate with the coup organisers.
Protests started on 25 and 26 October against the coup and at least 10 civilians were reported as being killed and over 140 injured by the military during the first day of protests.
Protests and strikes continued, with 200,000 to 2,000,000 protestors participating around Sudan on 30 October
and 15 shot dead by security forces in protests organised by the
Sudanese resistance committees
The Sudanese resistance committees ( ar, لجان المقاومة) or neighbourhood committees are informal, grassroots neighbourhood networks of Sudanese residents that started organising civil disobedience campaigns against the government of ...
on 17 November.
The
Ministry of Foreign Affairs In many countries, the Ministry of Foreign Affairs is the government department responsible for the state's diplomacy, bilateral, and multilateral relations affairs as well as for providing support for a country's citizens who are abroad. The entit ...
,
the
Ministry of Information and the Prime Minister's Office
refused to recognise the transfer of power, stating that the coup was a crime and that Hamdok remained prime minister.
On 26 October, the
African Union
The African Union (AU) is a continental union consisting of 55 member states located on the continent of Africa. The AU was announced in the Sirte Declaration in Sirte, Libya, on 9 September 1999, calling for the establishment of the Africa ...
suspended Sudan's membership, pending a return to power of the Hamdok government.
On 27 October, the
European Union
The European Union (EU) is a supranational political and economic union of member states that are located primarily in Europe. The union has a total area of and an estimated total population of about 447million. The EU has often been des ...
, the
United States
The United States of America (U.S.A. or USA), commonly known as the United States (U.S. or US) or America, is a country primarily located in North America. It consists of 50 states, a federal district, five major unincorporated territorie ...
and other western powers stated that they continued to recognise the Hamdok cabinet as "the constitutional leaders of the transitional government" and insisted on their ambassadors having access to Hamdok.
Faced with internal and international resistance, al-Burhan declared his willingness to restore the Hamdok Cabinet on 28 October, although the deposed Prime Minister declined this initial offer, making any further dialogue conditional on the full restoration of the pre-coup system.
On 21 November 2021, Hamdok and al-Burhan signed a 14-point deal that reinstated Hamdok as prime minister and stated that all political prisoners would be freed. Civilian groups including
Forces for Freedom and Change
The Forces of Freedom and Change (FFC, also ''Alliance for Freedom and Change'', or AFC, and ''Declaration of Freedom and Change'', or DFC; ar, قوى إعلان الحرية والتغيير) is a wide political coalition of civilian and rebel ...
and the
Sudanese Professionals Association
The Sudanese Professionals' Association (SPA; ar, تجمع المهنيين السودانيين) is an umbrella association of 17 different Sudanese trade unions. The organisation started forming in October 2012, though was not officially regi ...
rejected the deal, refusing continued power-sharing with the military. Hamdok resigned on 2 January 2022 amid continuing protests.
Background
2019 coup and revolution
President
Omar al-Bashir, who had ruled the country since the
1989 coup, was overthrown by the military in April 2019 after weeks of
mass protests, with the
Transitional Military Council (TMC) taking power. Protests continued for some months. The
Khartoum massacre
The Khartoum massacre occurred on 3 June 2019, when the armed forces of the Sudanese Transitional Military Council, headed by the Rapid Support Forces (RSF), the immediate successor organisation to the Janjaweed militia, used heavy gunfire and ...
took place in June. The protestors represented by the
Forces of Freedom and Change
The Forces of Freedom and Change (FFC, also ''Alliance for Freedom and Change'', or AFC, and ''Declaration of Freedom and Change'', or DFC; ar, قوى إعلان الحرية والتغيير) is a wide political coalition of civilian and rebel ...
(FFC) agreed to a power-sharing deal with the military, creating the
Sovereignty Council in August 2019. According to the TMC–FFC agreement, the transition process would last three years and three months. The Sovereignty Council was to be led by a military figure for 21 months, followed by a civilian leader for 18 months. The handover was planned to take place in November 2021.
September coup attempt
In September 2021, a military coup attempt was thwarted by the government. According to the Minister of Information, the perpetrators were "remnants of the former regime" who tried to take control of the state broadcasters television buildings and the military central command. Following the incident, 40 officers were arrested.
Since then, tensions between the military and civilian leaders rose as military leaders started demanding reforms to the FFC coalition and called for the replacement of the cabinet.
October 2021 pre-coup protests
On 16 October, pro-military protesters held a protest in
Khartoum
Khartoum or Khartum ( ; ar, الخرطوم, Al-Khurṭūm, din, Kaartuɔ̈m) is the capital of Sudan. With a population of 5,274,321, its metropolitan area is the largest in Sudan. It is located at the confluence of the White Nile, flowing n ...
demanding a military coup. They were allowed to reach the gates of the presidential palace with a negligible police presence. They called for General
Abdel Fattah al-Burhan
Abdel Fattah Abdelrahman al-Burhan ( ar, عبد الفتاح عبد الرحمن البرهان, Abd al-FattāḥʿAbd al-Raḥmān al-Burhān; born 11 July 1960) is a Sudanese politician and Sudanese Army general who is the ''de facto'' head ...
, chair of the Sovereignty Council, to seize control and take over the country.
The pro-military protesters continued their sit-in outside the presidential palace in Khartoum through to 21 October.
On 21 October, hundreds of thousands
of pro-civilian protestors in cities around Sudan including Khartoum,
Omdurman
Omdurman (standard ar, أم درمان ''Umm Durmān'') is a city in Sudan. It is the most populated city in the country, and thus also in the State of Khartoum. Omdurman lies on the west bank of the River Nile, opposite and northwest of the ...
,
Port Sudan
Port Sudan ( ar, بور سودان, Būr Sūdān) is a port city in eastern Sudan, and the capital of the state of Red Sea. , it has 489,725 residents. Located on the Red Sea, Port Sudan is recognized as Sudan's main seaport and the source of 90% ...
and
Atbara
Atbara (sometimes Atbarah) ( ar, عطبرة ʿAṭbarah) is a city located in River Nile State in northeastern Sudan.
Because of its links to the railway industry, Atbara is also known as the "Railway City'.
As of 2007, its population is 11 ...
took to the streets in support of the civilian government.
Following the demonstrations, Ibrahim al-Sheikh, a senior member of FFC, called on al-Burhan to resign, arguing that al-Burhan had ordered the use of force against a sit-in by protestors despite having promised not to. FFC had five issues of disagreement with military leaders: security reform, commercial activities by the military, forming a constitutional court, appointing an attorney-general and chief justice, and the transfer of the Chair of the Sovereignty Council to a civilian.
On 24 October, pro-military protesters blocked some roads and bridges in Khartoum. Security forces used tear gas to disperse the crowds.
Negotiations and coup proposal
Sudanese prime minister
Abdalla Hamdok
Abdalla Hamdok Al-Kinani (also transliterated ''Abdallah'', ''Hamdouk'', '' AlKinani''; ar, عبدالله حمدوك الكناني; born 1 January 1956) is a Sudanese public administrator who served as the 15th Prime Minister of Sudan from 20 ...
tried negotiating between civilian and military groups following the
September coup attempt.
On 26 November, General
Hemetti stated in an ''
Al Jazeera English
Al Jazeera English (AJE; ar, الجزيرة, translit=al-jazīrah, , literally "The Peninsula", referring to the Qatar Peninsula) is an international 24-hour English-language news channel owned by the Al Jazeera Media Network, which is own ...
'' interview that during the negotiations, both Hamdok and the military had made proposals, and that Hamdok had been aware of the plan for the coup that was later implemented. Hemetti stated, "What happened on October 25 was the ultimate outcome of a long process. Many discussions were made, and many initiatives proposed. ... We were left with three options, the best of which was the move we took, and it was completely agreeable to the prime minister himself. We did not make such a move on our own." Hamdok had earlier denied being aware of the plans for a military coup.
Events
Coup takes place and government dissolved
Around dawn on 25 October 2021,
Sudan's military arrested at least five senior Sudanese government figures. Later, internet outages across Sudan were reported.
According to a
Reuters
Reuters ( ) is a news agency owned by Thomson Reuters Corporation. It employs around 2,500 journalists and 600 photojournalists in about 200 locations worldwide. Reuters is one of the largest news agencies in the world.
The agency was estab ...
witness, members of the
Rapid Support Forces
, image = Rapid Support Forces emblem.png
, image_size =
, caption = RSF Seal
, start_date = August 2013
, dates =
, country =
, allegiance =
, branch =
, command_structure = Sudanese Armed Forces
, type = Paramilitary
, role =
, ...
were stationed on the streets of Khartoum during the time of the coup.
![Abdel Fattah al-Burhan, 2019 (cropped)](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/ba/Abdel_Fattah_al-Burhan%2C_2019_%28cropped%29.jpg)
Later that day,
Abdel Fattah al-Burhan
Abdel Fattah Abdelrahman al-Burhan ( ar, عبد الفتاح عبد الرحمن البرهان, Abd al-FattāḥʿAbd al-Raḥmān al-Burhān; born 11 July 1960) is a Sudanese politician and Sudanese Army general who is the ''de facto'' head ...
declared a state of emergency and announced the dissolution of the government and the Sovereignty Council. In a televised address, he stated that a new technocratic government would lead the country until the next elections, to be held in July 2023.
A day after the coup, al-Burhan said that his actions were justified to avoid a civil war in Sudan. He stated that the armed forces had had no option apart from arresting politicians who were allegedly carrying out "incitement" against the military.
Al-Burhan denied that he had carried out a
coup d'état
A coup d'état (; French for 'stroke of state'), also known as a coup or overthrow, is a seizure and removal of a government and its powers. Typically, it is an illegal seizure of power by a political faction, politician, cult, rebel group, m ...
, but was rather "trying to rectify the path of the transition".
According to ''
Sudan Tribune
The ''Sudan Tribune'' is an electronic news portal on Sudan and South Sudan and neighbouring countries including news coverage, analyses and commentary, official reports and press releases from various organizations, and maps. It is based in P ...
'', al-Burhan replaced "state governors, undersecretaries in the federal ministries, banks and public agencies directors" by members of the
National Congress Party that held power under former president
Omar al-Bashir.
Arrests of government members
Military forces placed civilian Prime Minister
Abdallah Hamdok under house arrest after besieging his home.
Hamdok was pressured to make a statement supporting the coup, which he refused. He called for Sudanese to resist the coup and "defend their revolution". In response to his refusal to support the coup, Hamdok was moved with his wife on 25 October to an unknown location.
On 26 October, al-Burhan said that Hamdok was being detained in al-Burhan's own home to protect Hamdok from "danger".
On 25 October, Industry Minister Ibrahim al-Sheikh, the governor of Khartoum, Ayman Khalid and Information Minister Hamza Baloul were also taken into custody.
Also arrested was a member of the ruling Sovereignty Council, Mohammed al-Fiky Suliman, and
Faisal Mohammed Saleh, a media adviser to the prime minister.
, the location of the detainees is unknown.
Witness reports stated that the military had been deployed across the capital, restricting the movement of civilians. International flights were suspended after the closure of
Khartoum airport
Khartoum International Airport (Arabic:مطار الخرطوم الدولي) is the principal airport in Khartoum, the capital of Sudan.
The current airport will be replaced by the New Khartoum International Airport in Omdourman 40 kilom ...
.
Resistance to the coup, arrests, and killings of civilians
The coup was met with resistance from pro-democracy Sudanese civilians some of whom took to the streets of Khartoum in protest.
[Abdi Latif Dahir]
Troops opened fire on pro-democracy protesters who flooded the streets, with at least two reported killed.
, ''New York Times'' (25 October 2021). The
Sudanese Professionals Association
The Sudanese Professionals' Association (SPA; ar, تجمع المهنيين السودانيين) is an umbrella association of 17 different Sudanese trade unions. The organisation started forming in October 2012, though was not officially regi ...
and
FFC, two of the coalitions that coordinated the
Sudanese Revolution
The Sudanese Revolution was a major shift of political power in Sudan that started with street protests throughout Sudan on 19 December 2018 and continued with sustained civil disobedience for about eight months, during which the 2019 Sudane ...
, called for mass
civil disobedience
Civil disobedience is the active, professed refusal of a citizen to obey certain laws, demands, orders or commands of a government (or any other authority). By some definitions, civil disobedience has to be nonviolent to be called "civil". Hen ...
and refusal to cooperate with the coup.
The
National Umma Party
The National Umma Party ( ar, حزب الأمة القومي , translit=Hizb al-Umma al-qawmmy; en, Nation Party) is an Islamic political party in Sudan. It was formerly led by Sadiq al-Mahdi, who served twice as Prime Minister of Sudan, and w ...
similarly denounced the arrests of the government ministers and called on the public to protest in the streets.
The
Sudanese Communist Party
The Sudanese Communist Party ( abbr. SCP; ar, الحزب الشيوعي السوداني, Al-Hizb al-Shuyui al-Sudani) is a communist party in Sudan. Founded in 1946, it was a major force in Sudanese politics in the early post-independence y ...
advocated for a workers' strike and mass civil disobedience.
Following the arrest of the prime minister and civilian leaders, demonstrators started gathering in the streets of Khartoum, lighting car tires and setting up roadblocks.
Chants by the protestors included "the people are stronger", "retreat
o military ruleis impossible", "We are revolutionaries. We are free. We will complete the journey." A number of schools, banks and businesses were closed.
Some gunfire around Khartoum occurred throughout 25 October.
According to the Information Ministry, the army used live rounds to disperse the protesters in the 25 October protests.
Military forces tried to remove protestors' barricades and attacked civilians.
The Central Committee of Sudanese Doctors reports that soldiers fired on protestors outside the Sudanese army headquarters in Khartoum, killing at least three people and injuring more than 80 people.
Seven civilians were killed and over 140 injured during the protests.
Military forces as well as gangs of thugs in plainclothes beat demonstrators in the street, with some being severely injured, and others being injured by cars driven into demonstrators.
['Patients hid under beds': Sudan doctors refuse to hand injured protesters to soldiers](_blank)
, ''The Guardian'' (26 October 2021). Medical personnel in Khartoum reported rebuffing demands from gun-wielding soldiers to hand over wounded demonstrators to them.
Security forces conducted house-to-house arrests of protest organizers.
The Socialist Doctors' Association stated that the Royal Care hospital near army headquarters was in "urgent need of blood". Three hundred protestors were arrested.
Plans for continued protests called the "Revolutionary Escalation Schedule" were published by the Joint Chamber of the Marches of the Millions for Civilian rule and Democratic Transition. The plans included vigils on highways and in front of government buildings and embassies, nightly marches starting on 29 October and mass protests on 30 October throughout Sudan, calling for a full transfer of power to civilians.
Protests continued on 26 October, with protestors chanting slogans, blocking roads and burning tyres.
There was civil disobedience, and schools, shops and petrol stations were closed in
Geneina
Geneina (sometimes Al-Junaynah) ( ar, الجنينة, lit. ''the little garden'') is a city in West Darfur, part of dar Masalit region, that joined British Sudan at the end of 1919 through the Gilani agreement signed between the Masalit Sultanate ...
.
Protests outside of the capital took place in
Omdurman
Omdurman (standard ar, أم درمان ''Umm Durmān'') is a city in Sudan. It is the most populated city in the country, and thus also in the State of Khartoum. Omdurman lies on the west bank of the River Nile, opposite and northwest of the ...
,
Atbara
Atbara (sometimes Atbarah) ( ar, عطبرة ʿAṭbarah) is a city located in River Nile State in northeastern Sudan.
Because of its links to the railway industry, Atbara is also known as the "Railway City'.
As of 2007, its population is 11 ...
,
Dongola
Dongola ( ar, دنقلا, Dunqulā), also spelled ''Dunqulah'', is the capital of the state of Northern Sudan, on the banks of the Nile, and a former Latin Catholic bishopric (14th century). It should not be confused with Old Dongola, an ancien ...
,
El-Obeid
El-Obeid ( ar, الأبيض, ''al-ʾAbyaḍ'', lit."the White"), also romanized as Al-Ubayyid, is the capital of the state of North Kurdufan, in Sudan.
History and overview
El-Obeid was founded by the pashas of Ottoman Egypt in 1821. It was ...
,
Port Sudan
Port Sudan ( ar, بور سودان, Būr Sūdān) is a port city in eastern Sudan, and the capital of the state of Red Sea. , it has 489,725 residents. Located on the Red Sea, Port Sudan is recognized as Sudan's main seaport and the source of 90% ...
,
Gezira, and
.
Protests continued on 27 October in Khartoum and Atbara. "Most government and educational institutions were in complete paralysis" and travel between Khartoum and the states of Sudan had mostly stopped. Security forces used live fire while trying to remove protestors' road blocks in Khartoum. Demonstrations became large in Khartoum in the evening.
Mass protests and strikes continued during 28 and 29 October.
On 30 October, mass protests called "Marches of the Millions" took place around Sudan against the coup.
Notwithstanding the difficulties of compiling the actual numbers during the ongoing Internet and telecommunications blackout,
The Guardian
''The Guardian'' is a British daily newspaper. It was founded in 1821 as ''The Manchester Guardian'', and changed its name in 1959. Along with its sister papers ''The Observer'' and ''The Guardian Weekly'', ''The Guardian'' is part of the Gu ...
estimated the numbers as "hundreds of thousands",
and
Mada Masr
''Mada Masr'' ( ar, مدى مصر) is an independent Egyptian online newspaper, founded in June 2013 by former journalists of the English-language newspaper ''Egypt Independent'' following the shutting down of its editorial operations in April 20 ...
spoke of "millions".
Security forces used teargas and live bullets against protestors and set up barbed wire barricades. Protestors' chants included "No, not to military rule" and called for al-Burhan to be arrested and held in
Kobar Prison
Kobar Prison ( ar, سجن كوبر), formerly known as Cooper prison, is one of the oldest prisons in Sudan, dating back to 1903. It was built by the administration of the former Anglo-Egyptian Sudan (1899-1956) and was named Kobar in Arabic ...
.
Protestors held pictures of al-Burhan and
Mohamed Hamdan Dagalo
)
, office = Deputy Chairman of the Transitional Sovereignty Council
, term_start = 11 November 2021
, term_end =
, 1blankname = President
, 1namedata = Abdel Fattah al-Burhan
, predecessor ...
(Hemetti) covered in red.
Three unarmed protestors were shot dead outside the parliament building in Omdurman,
one dying from a chest wound in hospital. Injuries sustained by protestors included head and neck gunshot wounds and trauma from beatings with batons. Treatment for tear gas exposure was needed. One protestor was run over by a military vehicle. Protestors carried banners in support of Hamdok and criticising Egyptian president
Abdel Fattah el-Sisi
Abdel Fattah Saeed Hussein Khalil el-Sisi; (born 19 November 1954) is an Egyptian politician and retired military officer who has served as the sixth and current president of Egypt since 2014. Before retiring as a general in the Egyptian mil ...
. Protestors held signs stating, "the Emirates will not govern us, nor the implementation of Sisi."
On 31 October, security forces assaulted protestors, forcing them to dismantle street barricades. The protestors rebuilt the barricades.
Governmental and educational institutions, banks and shops remained closed. The
resistance committees, the
Sudanese Bankers Association, the
Bank of Khartoum and the
Democratic Lawyers Alliance called for continued strikes and civil disobedience.
On 4 November, three FFC members, Taha Osman, Hamza Farouk and Sharif Mohamed Osman, were arrested shortly after they met with
Volker Perthes
Volker Perthes (), born 16 May 1958 in Duisburg-Homberg, Germany) is a German political scientist, academic and writer. Apart from his focus on research, writing and teaching about the Middle East, he was director of the German Institute for Inte ...
, head of ''United Nations Integrated Transition Assistance Mission in Sudan'' (UNITAMS).
On 5 November, the list of those detained included "government ministers, members of political parties, lawyers, civil society activists, journalists, human rights defenders, and protest leaders", and the detainees were held in unknown locations, without access to their lawyers or families, according to
Michelle Bachelet
Verónica Michelle Bachelet Jeria (; born 29 September 1951) is a Chilean politician who served as United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights from 2018 to 2022. She previously served as President of Chile from 2006 to 2010 and 2014 to 201 ...
, the
United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights
The Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights, commonly known as the Office of the High Commissioner for Human Rights (OHCHR) or the United Nations Human Rights Office, is a department of the Secretariat of the United Nati ...
.
On 17 November, mass protests organised by the
Sudanese resistance committees
The Sudanese resistance committees ( ar, لجان المقاومة) or neighbourhood committees are informal, grassroots neighbourhood networks of Sudanese residents that started organising civil disobedience campaigns against the government of ...
took place across Sudan, including Khartoum, Wad Madani, Atbara, El Fasher and Port Sudan. Fifteen protestors were shot dead by the security forces, who raided hospitals and fired tear gas to block medical treatment of wounded survivors.
''
The Guardian
''The Guardian'' is a British daily newspaper. It was founded in 1821 as ''The Manchester Guardian'', and changed its name in 1959. Along with its sister papers ''The Observer'' and ''The Guardian Weekly'', ''The Guardian'' is part of the Gu ...
'' described the killings as the "deadliest security clampdown to date" and described the "cycle of demonstration and use of lethal force in response" as similar to the early 2019 phase of the
Sudan Revolution. Resistance committee members stated that they were consulting each other "about upping the escalation against the coup".
Chief of Police Khalid Mahdi Ibrahim stated that the police had not used firearms and was investigating the shootings.
Euro-Mediterranean Human Rights Monitor
Euro-Mediterranean Human Rights Monitor (commonly known as Euro-Med Monitor and sometimes as Euro-Med HRM) is an independent, nonprofit organization for the protection of human rights. Its main objective is to raise awareness about human rights ...
described Ibrahim's comments as being part of a "framework of the de facto authority's policy of falsifying the facts" since the coup.
Internet outages
Following the coup, Internet outages in Sudan were reported by international watchdog groups including
NetBlocks
NetBlocks is a watchdog organization that monitors cybersecurity and the governance of the Internet. The service was launched in 2017 to monitor Internet freedom.
Work
Projects
NetBlocks publishes original reporting on Internet governance ...
. The outages were later corroborated by the Sudan Information Ministry.
The Sudanese Journalists Network interpreted the reason for the Internet and telecommunications cutoffs to be the security forces' aim of "commit
ing
Ing, ING or ing may refer to:
Art and media
* '' ...ing'', a 2003 Korean film
* i.n.g, a Taiwanese girl group
* The Ing, a race of dark creatures in the 2004 video game '' Metroid Prime 2: Echoes''
* "Ing", the first song on The Roches' 1992 ...
more crimes against the Sudanese" and hiding evidence of the security forces' involvement in attacks including the 3 June 2019
Khartoum massacre
The Khartoum massacre occurred on 3 June 2019, when the armed forces of the Sudanese Transitional Military Council, headed by the Rapid Support Forces (RSF), the immediate successor organisation to the Janjaweed militia, used heavy gunfire and ...
.
On 9 November, a judge in a Khartoum court ordered the country's major providers (MTN, Zain, and Sudani) to restore Internet services immediately.
Media
Government-owned state television operated uninterrupted.
Government ministries and embassies
Mariam al-Mahdi
Mariam al-Sadiq al-Mahdi ( ar, مريم الصادق المهدي; born 1965) is a Sudanese politician, the leader of the National Umma Party, and the Sudanese Minister of Foreign Affairs since 11 February 2021. She is the daughter of Sadiq a ...
,
Minister of Foreign Affairs
A foreign affairs minister or minister of foreign affairs (less commonly minister for foreign affairs) is generally a cabinet minister in charge of a state's foreign policy and relations. The formal title of the top official varies between cou ...
rejected the coup, stating that "any coup in the country is rejected" and that Sudanese would "resist
he coupby all civil means." She described the arrest of Hamdok as "very dangerous and unacceptable".
On 26 October, the Ministry of Foreign Affairs supported al-Mahdi's earlier statement
and al-Mahdi spoke directly to the
Associated Press
The Associated Press (AP) is an American non-profit news agency headquartered in New York City. Founded in 1846, it operates as a cooperative, unincorporated association. It produces news reports that are distributed to its members, U.S. newspa ...
, stating "We are still in our positions. We reject such coup and such unconstitutional measures."
On 25 October, the
Ministry of Information declared that Hamdok was "still the legitimate transitional authority in the country" and called for the "immediate release of the prime minister and all detained officials." The Ministry also stated that "all unilateral measures and decisions taken by the military component lack any constitutional basis, violate the law, and are considered a crime."
On 26 October, the Prime Minister's office called for Hamdok's release from house arrest, stated that he continued to be "the executive authority recognized by the Sudanese people and the world," and called for civil disobedience and the release of the other government members.
On 30 October, the Hamdok Cabinet published a statement declaring that the military forces "
ould Ould is an English surname and an Arabic name ( ar, ولد). In some Arabic dialects, particularly Hassaniya Arabic, ولد (the patronymic, meaning "son of") is transliterated as Ould. Most Mauritanians have patronymic surnames.
Notable p ...
not find free Sudanese or true democratic revolutionary forces to be their partners in power."
The Sudanese ambassadors to France, Belgium and Switzerland stated their opposition to the coup and alignment with the civilian protestors. They stated, "We completely align ourselves with the heroic opposition
o the coupfollowed by the entire world" and that their embassies represented "the Sudanese people and their revolution."
The Sudanese ambassadors to China, South Africa, Qatar, Kuwait and United Arab Emirates also signed the statement.
, 42 Sudanese ambassadors and 21 other Sudanese diplomats had signed the statement. Al-Burhan issued a decree stating that five ambassadors (to France, Switzerland, Belgium and the European Union, China and Qatar) were sacked.
Negotiations and mediation
On 27 October, al-Burhan met with Volker Perthes,
United Nations Special Representative and head of the United Nations Integrated Transition Assistance Mission in Sudan (UNITAMS), in Khartoum. The army media office described the meeting as aiming to find "ways to get out of the crisis in order to achieve stability and peace in the country," while Perthes referred to "return
ngto a comprehensive and urgent dialogue to restore partnership on the basis of the Constitutional Document and the Juba Peace Agreement."
The following day, al-Burhan made a radio announcement declaring that Hamdok would be allowed to be restored as Prime Minister with a cabinet of his choosing, and the deposed official declined this initial offer, stating that he would only return to lead the government if the pre-coup system be restored. Al-Burhan responded by also proposing a new government led by an independent technocrat. Some observers judged that despite local and international efforts to mediate between al-Burhan's forces and civilian groups, there was little progress, as large sections of the Sudanese public appeared to be no longer willing to return to the pre-coup power-sharing system.
Perthes spoke with
Mohamed Hamdan Dagalo
)
, office = Deputy Chairman of the Transitional Sovereignty Council
, term_start = 11 November 2021
, term_end =
, 1blankname = President
, 1namedata = Abdel Fattah al-Burhan
, predecessor ...
(Hemetti), deputy head of the
Sovereignty Council of Sudan
The eleven-member Sovereignty Council of Sudan ( ar, مجلس السيادة السوداني) was the collective head of state of Sudan from 20 August 2019, when it was created by the August 2019 Draft Constitutional Declaration, until 25 Octob ...
under the pre-coup transitional arrangements, on 29 October. Egyptian representatives contacted both al-Burhan and Hemetti.
Reinstatement of Prime Minister
On 21 November 2021, Hamdok was reinstated as prime minister after a political agreement was signed by Sudan's top general
Abdel Fattah al-Burhan
Abdel Fattah Abdelrahman al-Burhan ( ar, عبد الفتاح عبد الرحمن البرهان, Abd al-FattāḥʿAbd al-Raḥmān al-Burhān; born 11 July 1960) is a Sudanese politician and Sudanese Army general who is the ''de facto'' head ...
to restore the transition to civilian rule. The 14-point deal called for the release of all political prisoners detained during the coup and stipulated that a 2019 constitutional declaration be the basis for a political transition. However, the
Forces of Freedom and Change (FFC) civilian coalition, which shared power with the military, and the
Sudanese Professionals Association (SPA) both rejected the political deal. Large crowds of protestors also took to the streets to reject any deal involving the military.
On 11 December 2021, Perthes briefed the UN-Security Council on the current situation in Sudan after Hamdok had been reinstated. In his report and analysis, he made the following remarks:
Hamdok later resigned in January 2022 after two people were killed in further pro-democracy protests.
Legal issues
On 29 October, 27 lawyers and twelve citizens' groups including the Sudan Doctors Syndicate, the General Banks Union, the
Darfur Bar Association
The Darfur Bar Association (DBA, ar, هيئة محامي دارفور) is a Sudanese lawyers' organisation created in 1995. In 2020, the group received the Democracy Award for supporting marginalized people in advocating for their rights and pr ...
, the Nuba Mountains Bar Association, the Women Lawyers Initiative for Change, the
No to Oppression against Women Initiative
The No to Oppression against Women Initiative (Arabic: مبادرة لا لقهر النساء ''Mubadarat La Liqahr al-Nisa' ''), also known as the No to Women's Oppression Initiative, is a Sudanese women's rights group. The group was active dur ...
,
Women of Sudanese Civic and Political Groups (MANSAM) and the Khatim Adlan Centre for Enlightenment (KACE) called for al-Burhan to respect the draft constitutional document.
In their view, the declaration of a state of emergency by al-Burhan, either in his role as the Sovereignty Council chair or as Commander-in-Chief of the Sudanese Armed forces, was illegal, and the suspension of Articles 11, 12, 15, 16 and 24, and items 3, 71 and 72 of the constitutional document was illegal.
Analysis
According to ''
The New York Times
''The New York Times'' (''the Times'', ''NYT'', or the Gray Lady) is a daily newspaper based in New York City with a worldwide readership reported in 2020 to comprise a declining 840,000 paid print subscribers, and a growing 6 million paid ...
'', factors motivating the military to halt the transition to democracy included their personal risk of national or
international war crimes charges and their risk of losing control of the gold trade.
Jonas Horner of the
International Crisis Group
The International Crisis Group (ICG; also known as the Crisis Group) is a transnational non-profit, non-governmental organisation founded in 1995. It is a think tank, used by policymakers and academics, performing research and analysis on global ...
predicted strong civilian resistance to the coup and judged that the military had underestimated the likely strength of civil disobedience. He stated that the military "
ad notlearned their lesson. As we saw post the revolution and post-Bashir, the streets were determined and civilians were willing to die for this."
Alex de Waal
Alexander William Lowndes de Waal (born 22 February 1963), a British researcher on African elite politics, is the executive director of the World Peace Foundation at the Fletcher School of Law and Diplomacy at Tufts University. Previously, he wa ...
, researcher in African politics and executive director of the
World Peace Foundation
The World Peace Foundation or WPF, created in 1910, is a philanthropic foundation for research into peace processes affiliated with The Fletcher School of Law and Diplomacy at Tufts University. Alex de Waal is the director , having become director ...
, saw multiple reasons motivating
al-Burhan
''Tafsīr al Burhān'' is an exegesis on the Quran written by the Zaydi Imam Abu'l-Fath an-Nasir ad-Dailami in the 11th century. The book is still in existence in manuscript.Abū al-Fatḥ al-Daylamī'2nd entryon Brill Encyclopedia of Islam
Th ...
and
Mohamed Hamdan Dagalo
)
, office = Deputy Chairman of the Transitional Sovereignty Council
, term_start = 11 November 2021
, term_end =
, 1blankname = President
, 1namedata = Abdel Fattah al-Burhan
, predecessor ...
(Hemetti) to carry out the coup. Under rule 10.(c) of the
39-month transition to democracy agreed between military and civilians in 2019,
the Chair of the
Sovereignty Council of Sudan
The eleven-member Sovereignty Council of Sudan ( ar, مجلس السيادة السوداني) was the collective head of state of Sudan from 20 August 2019, when it was created by the August 2019 Draft Constitutional Declaration, until 25 Octob ...
should be transferred to a civilian selected by the
FFC civilian members of the Sovereignty Council in November 2021, leading to certain risks for al-Burhan and Hemetti. Al-Burhan and Hemetti would risk being implicated as perpetrators in the expected
International Criminal Court trial of former Sudanese president
Omar al-Bashir for
war crimes,
crimes against humanity
Crimes against humanity are widespread or systemic acts committed by or on behalf of a ''de facto'' authority, usually a state, that grossly violate human rights. Unlike war crimes, crimes against humanity do not have to take place within the ...
and
genocide
Genocide is the intentional destruction of a people—usually defined as an ethnic, national, racial, or religious group—in whole or in part. Raphael Lemkin coined the term in 1944, combining the Greek word (, "race, people") with the Latin ...
.
They would also risk being charged in the
Khartoum massacre investigation
The Khartoum massacre investigation is an official investigation of the 3 June 2019 Khartoum massacre and other human rights violations of the Sudanese Revolution, mandated under Article 7.(16) of the Sudanese August 2019 Draft Constitutional Dec ...
led by
Nabil Adib into the 3 June 2019
Khartoum massacre
The Khartoum massacre occurred on 3 June 2019, when the armed forces of the Sudanese Transitional Military Council, headed by the Rapid Support Forces (RSF), the immediate successor organisation to the Janjaweed militia, used heavy gunfire and ...
.
In de Waal's view, after the transfer of the Sovereignty Council Chair to a civilian, al-Burhan and Hemetti would risk loss of military control of the national budget. They would also risk being affected by the ''Commission for Dismantling the 30 June 1989 Regime, Removal of Empowerment and Corruption, and Recovering Public Funds'' that could expose and disrupt military-owned commercial interests. De Waal also listed a shift to
civilian control of the military
Civilian control of the military is a doctrine in military and political science that places ultimate responsibility for a country's strategic decision-making in the hands of the civilian political leadership, rather than professional militar ...
in the second phase of the transition period as a concern for the two generals. De Waal described the coup as a "gamble" offering no practical solutions and risking "turmoil and bloodshed at home and pariah status abroad".
Oscar Rickett, writing in ''
Middle East Eye
Middle East Eye (MEE) is a London-based news website covering events in the Middle East and North Africa. MEE describes itself as an "independently funded online news organization that was founded in April 2014." MEE seeks to be the primary porta ...
'', argued that
Hemetti was a key person in the coup, with "Hemetti's troops
uton the streets killing and injuring civilians" while Hemetti himself had "hardly been seen," "lurking in the background,"
Hemetti was seen by "smarter diplomats" and street protestors as backing the coup, but waiting to see how the situation developed, as in 2019, when he switched from defending president Omar al-Bashir to arresting him. Both al-Burhan and Hemetti had been "fierce, reliable lieutenants" of al-Bashir when he was in power. Both had "plundered the resources of Sudan for decades" according to Rickett. , in Rickett's view, al-Burhan, trained in Cairo, is mostly supported by Egypt, while Hemetti and his brothers, owning gold mines and providing mercenaries for the
Saudi war in Yemen, are mostly supported by the United Arab Emirates (UAE) and Saudi Arabia. According to Rickett, both al-Burhan and Hemetti "had to" carry out the coup to preserve their "sources of power and wealth" and prevent being investigated or charged for
war crimes by the
International Criminal Court investigation in Darfur
The International Criminal Court investigation in Darfur or the situation in Darfur is an ongoing investigation by the International Criminal Court (ICC) into criminal acts committed during the War in Darfur. Although Sudan is not a state part ...
.
Nesrine Malik
Nesrine Malik is a Sudanese-born journalist and author of '' We Need New Stories: Challenging the Toxic Myths Behind Our Age of Discontent''. Based in London, Malik is a columnist for ''The Guardian'' and serves as a panellist on the BBC's weekly ...
expressed concern that a massacre like the Egyptian
August 2013 Rabaa massacre
On 14 August 2013, the Egyptian police and armed forces under the command of General Abdel Fattah el-Sisi raided two camps of protesters in Cairo: one at al-Nahda Square and a larger one at Rabaa al-Adawiya Square. The two sites had been occup ...
could take place if Hemetti replaced al-Burhan. Rickett described Hemetti as "know
ngthat he is repellent to the Sudanese out on the streets" and "that the coup is stumbling and that the people are holding firm," and waiting to make a decision on how to act.
In an analysis on ''
Eurasia Review
Eurasia (, ) is the largest continental area on Earth, comprising all of Europe and Asia. Primarily in the Northern and Eastern Hemispheres, it spans from the British Isles and the Iberian Peninsula in the west to the Japanese archipelago an ...
'', James M. Dorsey wrote that the Abu Dhabi Crown Prince
Mohammed bin Zayed
Sheikh Mohamed bin Zayed Al Nahyan ( ar, مُحَمّد بِن زَايد آل نَهيَان, Moḥamed bin Zāyed Āl Nahyān; born 11 March 1961), colloquially known by his initials as MBZ, is the third president of the United Arab Emirat ...
and the UAE Deputy Prime Minister
Mansour bin Zayed Al Nahyan
Mansour bin Zayed bin Sultan Al Nahyan ( ar, منصور بن زايد بن سلطان آل نهيان; born 21 November 1970), often referred to as Sheikh Mansour, is an Emirati politician who is the deputy prime minister of the United Arab ...
had supported the grassroots opposition and rebel groups after the ousting al-Bashir in 2019. A former Sudanese intelligence head based in Abu Dhabi, General Abdel Ghaffar al-Sharif, also allegedly helped Sheikh Mansour in the background.
The UAE and Saudi Arabia had pledged $3 billion in aid after the deposal of al-Bashir, and in return, the Sudanese military leaders and the RSF had deployed their military personnel alongside the forces of the UAE and Saudi Arabia in Libya and Yemen. Dorsey wrote that by October 2021, the existence of the UAE-supported components of the Sudanese military led the UAE to favour the coup, and oppose Hamdok, who the UAE saw as "a thorn in the side of the armed forces."
The former finance minister of Sudan, Ibrahim al-Badawi, had also claimed that state revenues from meat exports to Saudi Arabia had been diverted to military funds and that a Swiss-based firm had collected the income of the civil aviation authorities and transferred it to an Emirati bank account.
The UAE was active in encouraging Sudan to recognize Israel, after the Emirates signed the
Abraham Accords
The Abraham Accords are a series of joint normalization statements initially between Israel, the United Arab Emirates, and Bahrain, effective since September 15, 2020. Mediated by the United States, the initial announcement of August 13, 2020, ...
. The UAE organized a secret meeting between the Israeli Prime Minister
Benjamin Netanyahu
Benjamin "Bibi" Netanyahu (; ; born 21 October 1949) is an Israeli politician who served as the ninth prime minister of Israel from 1996 to 1999 and again from 2009 to 2021. He is currently serving as Leader of the Opposition and Chairman of ...
and Sudan's General al-Burhan in early 2020, according to ''
Middle East Eye
Middle East Eye (MEE) is a London-based news website covering events in the Middle East and North Africa. MEE describes itself as an "independently funded online news organization that was founded in April 2014." MEE seeks to be the primary porta ...
'', in which Prime Minister Abdallah Hamdok was absent.
International reactions
* Chinese foreign ministry spokesman Wang Wenbin on Monday said Beijing called on “relevant parties in Sudan to resolve differences through dialogue and maintain national peace and stability." “China will closely follow the developments and take necessary measures to ensure the safety and security of Chinese institutions and people in Sudan,” Wang said.
* Egypt "urged all parties to work to ensure 'stability and security'" and to "give priority to the higher interest of the country and national consensus."
* Saudi Arabia called for "restraint" and for "Sudanese factions to unify and 'preserve the political and economic gains that
adbeen achieved."
* The United Arab Emirates called for "stability."
* Bahrain expressed "confidence" that Sudanese would "overcome the crisis through dialogue and understanding."
* Russia stated that "outside powers" had interfered in Sudan. Foreign Minister
Sergey Lavrov
Sergey Viktorovich Lavrov (russian: Сергей Викторович Лавров, ; born 21 March 1950) is a Russian diplomat and politician who has served as the Minister of Foreign Affairs (Russia), Foreign Minister of Russia since 2004.
...
said that the coup "appeared to be rooted in the shortcomings of the transitional government."
Opposition to the coup
States and intergovernmental organizations
The coup, as well as the killings of civilian protestors, was denounced by some members of the
international community
The international community is an imprecise phrase used in geopolitics and international relations to refer to a broad group of people and governments of the world.
As a rhetorical term
Aside from its use as a general descriptor, the term is ...
.
* The United States condemned the coup and called upon the Sudanese military to immediately release the civilian officials, halt violence against protestors, and restore the transitional government. President Biden condemned the actions of the military and demanded the restoration of the civilian government, stating "Together, our message to Sudan's military authorities is overwhelming and clear: The Sudanese people must be allowed to protest peacefully, and the civilian-led transitional government must be restored." The US froze $700 million in economic aid to Sudan's government. The coup was also condemned by the governments of France, Germany, and the United Kingdom.
* French President Emmanuel Macron condemned the coup attempt in Sudan and called for the immediate release of the Sudanese Prime Minister and civilian members of the government. “France condemns in the strongest terms the attempted coup d’état," he said, adding that France supports the transitional government that had been tasked with steering Sudan towards democratic elections.
* Foreign Office minister
Vicky Ford
Victoria Grace Ford (née Pollock, 21 September 1967) is a British Conservative Party politician who served as Minister of State for Development from 6 September to 25 October 2022. She has served as the Member of Parliament (MP) for Chelmsfor ...
condemned the coup, saying "The acts of the military today represent an unacceptable betrayal of the Sudanese people and their journey to democracy."
The United Nations (UN) Security Council met in an emergency session to discuss the unfolding crisis in Sudan. But the five permanent members failed to agree on a joint statement after China and Russia refused to threaten sanctions against the coup leaders, should they refuse to comply with demands aimed at de-escalating the situation. "All states have their own interests and ideas about Sudan," Volker Perthes, the Special Representative of the UN Secretary-General for Sudan, told German broadcaster Deutschlandfunk."Yesterday, we saw that the analysis of, for example, Russia on the one hand and the US and Western states on the other hand, are still far apart," Perthes said.
*
European Union
The European Union (EU) is a supranational political and economic union of member states that are located primarily in Europe. The union has a total area of and an estimated total population of about 447million. The EU has often been des ...
: The European Union
foreign affairs chief Josep Borrell
Josep Borrell Fontelles (; born 24 April 1947) is a Spanish politician serving as High Representative of the Union for Foreign Affairs and Security Policy since 1 December 2019. A member of the Spanish Socialist Workers' Party (PSOE), he served ...
and
Secretary General
Secretary is a title often used in organizations to indicate a person having a certain amount of authority, power, or importance in the organization. Secretaries announce important events and communicate to the organization. The term is derived ...
of the
Arab League
The Arab League ( ar, الجامعة العربية, ' ), formally the League of Arab States ( ar, جامعة الدول العربية, '), is a regional organization in the Arab world, which is located in Northern Africa, Western Africa, E ...
Ahmed Aboul Gheit
Ahmed Aboul Gheit ( ar, أحمد أبو الغيط , also: Abu al-Ghayt, Abu El Gheyt, etc.) (born 12 June 1942) is an Egyptian politician and diplomat who has been Secretary-General of the Arab League since July 2016. He was reappointed for a s ...
expressed concern.
Borrell called for "the security forces to immediately release those they have unlawfully detained."
*
United Nations
The United Nations (UN) is an intergovernmental organization whose stated purposes are to maintain international peace and international security, security, develop friendly relations among nations, achieve international cooperation, and be ...
: The United Nations
Secretary-General
Secretary is a title often used in organizations to indicate a person having a certain amount of authority, power, or importance in the organization. Secretaries announce important events and communicate to the organization. The term is derived ...
António Guterres
António Manuel de Oliveira Guterres ( , ; born 30 April 1949) is a Portuguese politician and diplomat. Since 2017, he has served as secretary-general of the United Nations, the ninth person to hold this title. A member of the Portuguese Socia ...
condemned the coup, calling for the prime minister to be released. He added that the UN would "continue to stand" with the Sudanese people and that "there must be full respect for the constitutional charter to protect the hard-won political transition."
Volker Perthes, the
Special Representative
Diplomatic rank is a system of professional and social rank used in the world of diplomacy and international relations. A diplomat's rank determines many ceremonial details, such as the order of precedence at official processions, table seating ...
of the
Secretary-General of the United Nations
The secretary-general of the United Nations (UNSG or SG) is the chief administrative officer of the United Nations and head of the United Nations Secretariat, one of the six principal organs of the United Nations.
The role of the secretary-g ...
(SRSG) for Sudan
and the
African Union
The African Union (AU) is a continental union consisting of 55 member states located on the continent of Africa. The AU was announced in the Sirte Declaration in Sirte, Libya, on 9 September 1999, calling for the establishment of the Africa ...
(AU) issued similar statements.
*
African Union
The African Union (AU) is a continental union consisting of 55 member states located on the continent of Africa. The AU was announced in the Sirte Declaration in Sirte, Libya, on 9 September 1999, calling for the establishment of the Africa ...
: On 26 October, the African Union suspended Sudan's membership. The condition for restoring full membership of the AU is "the effective restoration" of the
transitional government
A provisional government, also called an interim government, an emergency government, or a transitional government, is an emergency governmental authority set up to manage a political transition generally in the cases of a newly formed state or f ...
.
The World Bank suspended its aid to Sudan following the military coup.
On 27 October, representatives of the
European Union
The European Union (EU) is a supranational political and economic union of member states that are located primarily in Europe. The union has a total area of and an estimated total population of about 447million. The EU has often been des ...
, Norway, Switzerland, the United States and the United Kingdom declared that their countries "continue to recognize the Prime Minister
amdokand his cabinet as the constitutional leaders of the transitional government." They stated that the ambassadors in Khartoum had to be given access to communicate with and visit Hamdok and called for the political detainees to be released.
Citizens' associations
Edmund Yakani, leader of Community Empowerment for Progress Organization, a
South Sudan
South Sudan (; din, Paguot Thudän), officially the Republic of South Sudan ( din, Paankɔc Cuëny Thudän), is a landlocked country in East Africa. It is bordered by Ethiopia, Sudan, Central African Republic, Democratic Republic of the C ...
ese
NGO
A non-governmental organization (NGO) or non-governmental organisation (see spelling differences) is an organization that generally is formed independent from government. They are typically nonprofit entities, and many of them are active in h ...
, condemned the arrest of Hamdok.
He said that the arrest of Hamdok, the chair of the
Intergovernmental Authority on Development
The Intergovernmental Authority on Development (IGAD) is an eight-country trade bloc in Africa. It includes governments from the Horn of Africa, Nile Valley and the African Great Lakes. It is headquartered in Djibouti.
Member states
;Horn of Af ...
(IGAD), an eight-country regional
trade bloc
A trade bloc is a type of intergovernmental agreement, often part of a regional intergovernmental organization, where barriers to trade (tariffs and others) are reduced or eliminated among the participating states.
Trade blocs can be stand-alon ...
, was "the first time in the continent that a sitting chair of a regional economic body like IGAD
asunder detention." Yakani stated that Hamdok's arrest put at risk both the
Sudanese peace process
The Sudanese peace process consists of peace process, meetings, written agreements and actions that aim to resolve the War in Darfur, the Sudanese conflict in South Kordofan and Blue Nile (the ''Two Areas''), and armed conflicts in central, north ...
and the South Sudanese peace process, in which each country provided mediation for the other country's internal conflicts.
References
{{DEFAULTSORT:Sudanese coup d'etat, October 2021
2021 in Sudan
2020s coups d'état and coup attempts
21st century in Khartoum
Conflicts in 2021
Military coups in Sudan
October 2021 events in Africa
October 2021 coup d'état
October 2021 coup d'etat