Octav Băncilă (; 4 February 1872 – 3 April 1944) was a Romanian
realist painter and left-wing activist. He was the brother of
Sofia Nădejde
Sofia Nădejde (born Sofia Băncilă; September 14, 1856 – June 11, 1946) was a Romanian novelist, playwright, translator, journalist, women's rights activist and socialist.
Born in Botoșani, her parents were merchant Vasile Băncilă-Gheor ...
, a
feminist
Feminism is a range of socio-political movements and ideologies that aim to define and establish the political, economic, personal, and social equality of the sexes. Feminism incorporates the position that society prioritizes the male po ...
journalist, and the brother-in-law of
Ioan Nădejde
Ioan is a variation on the name John found in Romanian, Bulgarian, Russian, Welsh (), and Sardinian. It is usually masculine. The female equivalent in Romanian and Bulgarian is Ioana. In Russia, the name Ioann is usually reserved for the clerg ...
(an
atheist
Atheism, in the broadest sense, is an absence of belief in the existence of deities. Less broadly, atheism is a rejection of the belief that any deities exist. In an even narrower sense, atheism is specifically the position that there no ...
and socialist thinker, editor of the magazine ''
Contemporanul
''Contemporanul'' (The Contemporary) is a Romanian literary magazine published in Iaşi, Romania from 1881 to 1891. It was sponsored by the socialist circle of the city.
A new magazine ''Contimporanul
''Contimporanul'' (antiquated spelling of ...
'').
Biography
Born in
Botoşani, he remained an orphan at age 4, and was raised in
Iaşi by his much older sister and her husband, who first encouraged Octav's talent and passion for art. After completing primary school, he entered the
Fine Arts School in Iaşi, where he was taught by
Gheorghe Panaiteanu Bardasare
Gheorghe Panaiteanu Bardasare (1816, , Suceava – 1900, Iași) was a Romania
Romania ( ; ro, România ) is a country located at the crossroads of Central Europe, Central, Eastern Europe, Eastern, and Southeast Europe, Southeastern Euro ...
,
Constantin Daniel Stahi
Constantin Daniel Stahi (14 November 1844 – 18 June 1920) was a Romanian painter and gravure artist.
Biography
Born in Dobreni, Neamț County, Stahi attended school first in Piatra Neamț (1850–1854) and then at the Socola Monastery (185 ...
, and
Emanoil Bardasare Emanoil is a Romanian-language masculine given name, and may refer to:
*Emanoil Bacaloglu (1830–1891), Wallachian and Romanian mathematician, physicist, chemist, scubadiver, etc.
*Emanoil Badoi (born 1975), Romanian football full back
*Emanoil B ...
, graduating in 1893. Between 1894 and 1897, he lived and studied abroad on a scholarship: first in Italy and France, and finally in
Germany
Germany,, officially the Federal Republic of Germany, is a country in Central Europe. It is the second most populous country in Europe after Russia, and the most populous member state of the European Union. Germany is situated betwe ...
, where he studied under
Nicholaos Gysis
Nikolaos Gyzis ( el, Νικόλαος Γύζης ; german: Nikolaus Gysis; 1 March 1842 – 4 January 1901) was considered one of Greece's most important 19th century painters. He was most famous for his work ''Eros and the Painter'', his first ...
at the
Akademie der Bildenden Künste in Munich (it is not known whether he ever graduated).
Upon his return, he attempted to open a studio in downtown Iaşi, but financial constraints forced him to settle on the outskirts; it was during that time that Băncilă began exploring his major themes: the lives of peasants, factory workers, impoverished
Jewish
Jews ( he, יְהוּדִים, , ) or Jewish people are an ethnoreligious group and nation originating from the Israelites Israelite origins and kingdom: "The first act in the long drama of Jewish history is the age of the Israelites""The ...
traders and artisans, conscripted soldiers, and of
nomadic Roma people. After 1901, he taught
calligraphy
Calligraphy (from el, link=y, καλλιγραφία) is a visual art related to writing. It is the design and execution of lettering with a pen, ink brush, or other writing instrument. Contemporary calligraphic practice can be defined as "t ...
and art in primary schools in the city. Impressed by the outcome of the
1905 Revolution
The Russian Revolution of 1905,. also known as the First Russian Revolution,. occurred on 22 January 1905, and was a wave of mass political and social unrest that spread through vast areas of the Russian Empire. The mass unrest was directed again ...
in the
Russian Empire
The Russian Empire was an empire and the final period of the Russian monarchy from 1721 to 1917, ruling across large parts of Eurasia. It succeeded the Tsardom of Russia following the Treaty of Nystad, which ended the Great Northern War. ...
, he was soon active in socialist circles, and became an acquaintance of major intellectual figures on the Left, including
Gala Galaction and
Paul Bujor.
In 1907, following the crushing of the
Romanian Peasants' Revolt, Băncilă began traveling the country and attempting to gather evidence of government repression and violence. The result was a series of twelve paintings (not all of them surviving), including his famous figure of an old peasant standing open-armed (titled ''Înainte de 1907'', "Before 1907"), several images of dead bodies piled up in fields (being looked on by soldiers), and the eponymous ''1907'', depicting three ragged peasants running into rifle fire.
Following the outbreak of
World War I
World War I (28 July 1914 11 November 1918), often abbreviated as WWI, was one of the deadliest global conflicts in history. Belligerents included much of Europe, the Russian Empire, the United States, and the Ottoman Empire, with fightin ...
, he became involved in
pacifist
Pacifism is the opposition or resistance to war, militarism (including conscription and mandatory military service) or violence. Pacifists generally reject theories of Just War. The word ''pacifism'' was coined by the French peace campaign ...
causes, using his work to comment on the results of conflict. In 1916, he was appointed professor at the Fine Arts School in Iaşi (a position he kept until his retirement in 1937). With
Constantin Ion Parhon
Constantin Ion Parhon (; 15 October 1874 – 9 August 1969) was a Romanian neuropsychiatrist, endocrinologist and politician. He was the first head of state of the Romanian People's Republic from 1947 to 1952. Parhon was President of the Physic ...
and Bujor, Băncilă founded, in 1919, the short-lived Laborer Party (''Partidul Muncitor''), soon fused into the
Peasants' Party.
He remained critical of social and political developments inside
Greater Romania
The term Greater Romania ( ro, România Mare) usually refers to the borders of the Kingdom of Romania in the interwar period, achieved after the Great Union. It also refers to a pan-nationalist idea.
As a concept, its main goal is the creation ...
, was supportive of strike actions in the
Jiu Valley
The Jiu Valley ( ro, Valea Jiului ) is a region in southwestern Transylvania, Romania, in Hunedoara county, situated in a valley of the Jiu River between the Retezat Mountains and the Parâng Mountains. The region was heavily industrialised and th ...
, and used his art to attack
anti-Semitic
Antisemitism (also spelled anti-semitism or anti-Semitism) is hostility to, prejudice towards, or discrimination against Jews. A person who holds such positions is called an antisemite. Antisemitism is considered to be a form of racism.
Antis ...
trends in Romanian society. Towards the end of his life, he became to sympathise with
communism
Communism (from Latin la, communis, lit=common, universal, label=none) is a far-left sociopolitical, philosophical, and economic ideology and current within the socialist movement whose goal is the establishment of a communist society, a s ...
(he was not, however, affiliated with the
Communist Party of Romania).
[Frunză, p. 214]
Notes
References
*Maria Epure, ''Octav Băncilă'', Editura de Stat pentru Literatură şi Artă,
Bucharest
Bucharest ( , ; ro, București ) is the capital and largest city of Romania, as well as its cultural, industrial, and financial centre. It is located in the southeast of the country, on the banks of the Dâmbovița River, less than north of ...
, 1956
*Victor Frunză, ''Istoria stalinismului în România'' ("The History of
Stalinism
Stalinism is the means of governing and Marxist-Leninist policies implemented in the Soviet Union from 1927 to 1953 by Joseph Stalin. It included the creation of a one-party totalitarian police state, rapid industrialization, the theory ...
in Romania"), Humanitas, Bucharest, 1990
*Vasile Niculae, Ion Ilincioiu, Stelian Neagoe, ''Doctrina ţărănistă în România. Antologie de texte'' ("Peasant Doctrine in Romania. Collected Texts"), Editura Noua Alternativă, Social Theory Institute of the
Romanian Academy, Bucharest, 1994
Gallery
Vasile, the butler of the Arizan household.jpg, ''Vasile (Basil), the butler of the Arizan household'', 1897
End of Leave by Octav Băncilă 1898.jpg, ''End of Leave'', 1898
Good Deal by Octav Băncilă 1899.jpg, ''Good Deal'', 1899
Rag Picker by Octav Băncilă 1908.jpg, ''Rag Picker'', 1908
Deserter by Octav Băncilă 1908.jpg, ''Deserter'', 1908
Woman Portrait by Octav Băncilă 1908.jpg, ''Woman Portrait'', 1908
Lost in Calculations by Octav Băncilă.jpg, ''Lost in Calculations'', 1909
The Children of the Painter by Octav Băncilă 1914.jpg, ''The Children of the Painter'', 1914
File:Octav Bancila - Autoportret 00.jpg, Self-portrait
File:Octav Bancila - Prevestirea rascoalei.jpg, '' Povestirea (Prevestirea) răscoalei din 1907''
File:Octav Bancila - Inainte de 1907.jpg, ''Înainte de 1907''
File:Octav Bancila - Blestemul.jpg, ''Blestemul''
File:Octav Bancila - 1907.jpg, ''1907''
File:Octav Bancila - Pribeagul.jpg, Pribeagul
File:Octav Bancila - Propagandistul.jpg, Propagandistul
File:Octav Bancila - La sfat.jpg, La Sfat
File:Octav Bancila - Recunoasterea.jpg, Recunoasterea
File:Octav Bancila - Inmormantarea.jpg, Inmormantarea
File:Octav Bancila - Historia.jpg, Historia
External links
Short biography
{{DEFAULTSORT:Bancila, Octav
20th-century Romanian painters
Realist painters
Academic staff of the George Enescu National University of Arts
Romanian activists
Poporanists
Romanian communists
Romanian pacifists
Romanian schoolteachers
People from Botoșani
Academy of Fine Arts, Munich alumni
1872 births
1944 deaths