A pika ( or ; archaically spelled pica) is a small, mountain-dwelling

mammal Mammals () are a group of vertebrate animals constituting the class Mammalia (), characterized by the presence of mammary glands which in females produce milk for feeding (nursing) their young, a neocortex (a region of the brain), fur or ...

found in Asia and North America. With short limbs, very round body, an even coat of fur, and no external tail, they resemble their close relative, the

rabbit Rabbits, also known as bunnies or bunny rabbits, are small mammals in the family Leporidae (which also contains the hares) of the order Lagomorpha (which also contains the pikas). ''Oryctolagus cuniculus'' includes the European rabbit speci ...

, but with short, rounded ears. The

large-eared pika The large-eared pika (''Ochotona macrotis'') is a species of small mammal in the family Ochotonidae. It is found in mountainous regions of Afghanistan, Tibet, Bhutan, India, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Nepal, Pakistan and Tajikistan where it nests a ...

of the

Himalayas The Himalayas, or Himalaya (; ; ), is a mountain range in Asia, separating the plains of the Indian subcontinent from the Tibetan Plateau. The range has some of the planet's highest peaks, including the very highest, Mount Everest. Over 100 ...

and nearby mountains is found at heights of more than , among the highest of any mammal. Pikas prefer rocky slopes and graze on a range of plants, mostly grasses, flowers and young stems. In the autumn they pull hay, soft twigs and other stores of food into their burrows to eat during the long, cold winter. The pika is also known as the whistling hare because of its high-pitched

alarm call In animal communication, an alarm signal is an antipredator adaptation in the form of signals emitted by social animals in response to danger. Many primates and birds have elaborate alarm calls for warning conspecifics of approaching predators ...

when diving into its burrow. The name ‘pika’ appears to be derived from the

Tungus Tungusic peoples are an ethno-linguistic group formed by the speakers of Tungusic languages (or Manchu–Tungus languages). They are native to Siberia and Northeast Asia. The Tungusic phylum is divided into two main branches, northern (Evenic or ...

''piika'', and the scientific name ''Ochotona'' is from the Mongolian word ''ogutun-a, оготно'', which means pika. It is used for any member of the Ochotonidae, a

family Family (from la, familia) is a Social group, group of people related either by consanguinity (by recognized birth) or Affinity (law), affinity (by marriage or other relationship). The purpose of the family is to maintain the well-being of its ...

within the order of

lagomorph The lagomorphs are the members of the taxonomic order Lagomorpha, of which there are two living families: the Leporidae (hares and rabbits) and the Ochotonidae (pikas). The name of the order is derived from the Ancient Greek ''lagos'' (λαγ� ...

s which also includes the

Leporidae Leporidae is the family of rabbits and hares, containing over 60 species of extant mammals in all. The Latin word ''Leporidae'' means "those that resemble ''lepus''" (hare). Together with the pikas, the Leporidae constitute the mammalian order ...

(rabbits and

hare Hares and jackrabbits are mammals belonging to the genus ''Lepus''. They are herbivores, and live solitarily or in pairs. They nest in slight depressions called forms, and their young are able to fend for themselves shortly after birth. The ge ...

s). Only one

genus Genus ( plural genera ) is a taxonomic rank used in the biological classification of extant taxon, living and fossil organisms as well as Virus classification#ICTV classification, viruses. In the hierarchy of biological classification, genus com ...

, ''Ochotona'', is extant within the family, covering 37 species, though many fossil genera are known. Another species, the

Sardinian pika The Sardinian pika (''Prolagus sardus'') is an extinct species of pika that was endemic to the islands of Sardinia, Corsica and neighbouring Mediterranean islands until its extinction likely in Roman times. Unlike living pikas, which all belong t ...

, belonging to the separate genus ''

Prolagus ''Prolagus'' is an extinct genus of pika within the order Lagomorpha. Over 20 species of ''Prolagus'' have been named, beginning in the Early Miocene in Europe 20 million years ago, where it ranged widely for most of the epoch; by the end of the ...

'', has become extinct within the last 2000 years owing to human activity. The two species found in North America are the

American pika The American pika (''Ochotona princeps''), a diurnality, diurnal species of pika, is found in the mountains of western North America, usually in boulder fields at or above the tree line. They are herbivorous, smaller relatives of rabbits and ha ...

, found primarily in the mountains of the western United States and far southwestern Canada, and the

collared pika The collared pika (''Ochotona collaris'') is a species of mammal in the pika family, Ochotonidae, and part of the order Lagomorpha, which comprises rabbits, hares, and pikas. It is a small (about 160 g) alpine lagomorph that lives in bould ...

of northern

British Columbia British Columbia (commonly abbreviated as BC) is the westernmost province of Canada, situated between the Pacific Ocean and the Rocky Mountains. It has a diverse geography, with rugged landscapes that include rocky coastlines, sandy beaches, ...

, the

Yukon Yukon (; ; formerly called Yukon Territory and also referred to as the Yukon) is the smallest and westernmost of Canada's three territories. It also is the second-least populated province or territory in Canada, with a population of 43,964 as ...

, western

Northwest Territories The Northwest Territories (abbreviated ''NT'' or ''NWT''; french: Territoires du Nord-Ouest, formerly ''North-Western Territory'' and ''North-West Territories'' and namely shortened as ''Northwest Territory'') is a federal territory of Canada. ...

and

Alaska Alaska ( ; russian: Аляска, Alyaska; ale, Alax̂sxax̂; ; ems, Alas'kaaq; Yup'ik: ''Alaskaq''; tli, Anáaski) is a state located in the Western United States on the northwest extremity of North America. A semi-exclave of the U.S., ...

Habitat

Pikas are native to cold climates in

Asia Asia (, ) is one of the world's most notable geographical regions, which is either considered a continent in its own right or a subcontinent of Eurasia, which shares the continental landmass of Afro-Eurasia with Africa. Asia covers an area ...

and

North America North America is a continent in the Northern Hemisphere and almost entirely within the Western Hemisphere. It is bordered to the north by the Arctic Ocean, to the east by the Atlantic Ocean, to the southeast by South America and the Car ...

. Most species live on rocky mountainsides, where numerous crevices are available for their shelter, although some pikas also construct crude burrows. A few burrowing species are native to open

steppe In physical geography, a steppe () is an ecoregion characterized by grassland plains without trees apart from those near rivers and lakes. Steppe biomes may include: * the montane grasslands and shrublands biome * the temperate grasslands, ...

land. In the mountains of

Eurasia Eurasia (, ) is the largest continental area on Earth, comprising all of Europe and Asia. Primarily in the Northern and Eastern Hemispheres, it spans from the British Isles and the Iberian Peninsula in the west to the Japanese archipelago a ...

pikas often share their burrows with

snowfinch Snowfinches are a group of small passerine birds in the sparrow family Passeridae. At one time all eight species were placed in the genus ''Montifringilla'' but they are now divided into three genera: * ''Montifringilla'' (3 species) ** In Europe, ...

es, which build their nests there. Pikas require cold temperatures to live, and can die if exposed to temperatures above . Changing temperatures have forced some pika populations to restrict their ranges to even higher elevations.

Characteristics

Pikas are small mammals, with short limbs and rounded ears. They are about in body length and weigh between , depending on species. Like rabbits, after eating they initially produce soft green

feces Feces ( or faeces), known colloquially and in slang as poo and poop, are the solid or semi-solid remains of food that was not digested in the small intestine, and has been broken down by bacteria in the large intestine. Feces contain a relati ...

, which they eat again to take in further nutrition before producing the final solid fecal pellets. Collared pikas have been known to store dead birds in their burrows for food during winter and eat the feces of other animals. These animals are

herbivore A herbivore is an animal anatomically and physiologically adapted to eating plant material, for example foliage or marine algae, for the main component of its diet. As a result of their plant diet, herbivorous animals typically have mouthpart ...

s and feed on a wide variety of plant matter, including

forb A forb or phorb is an herbaceous flowering plant that is not a graminoid (grass, sedge, or rush). The term is used in biology and in vegetation ecology, especially in relation to grasslands and understory. Typically these are dicots without woo ...

grasses Poaceae () or Gramineae () is a large and nearly ubiquitous family of monocotyledonous flowering plants commonly known as grasses. It includes the cereal grasses, bamboos and the grasses of natural grassland and species cultivated in lawns and ...

sedge The Cyperaceae are a family of graminoid (grass-like), monocotyledonous flowering plants known as sedges. The family is large, with some 5,500 known species described in about 90 genera, the largest being the "true sedges" genus ''Carex'' wit ...

s, shrub twigs, moss and lichens. As with other lagomorphs, pikas have gnawing

incisor Incisors (from Latin ''incidere'', "to cut") are the front teeth present in most mammals. They are located in the premaxilla above and on the mandible below. Humans have a total of eight (two on each side, top and bottom). Opossums have 18, whe ...

s and no canines, although they have fewer

molars The molars or molar teeth are large, flat teeth at the back of the mouth. They are more developed in mammals. They are used primarily to grind food during chewing. The name ''molar'' derives from Latin, ''molaris dens'', meaning "millstone to ...

than rabbits; they have a

dental formula Dentition pertains to the development of teeth and their arrangement in the mouth. In particular, it is the characteristic arrangement, kind, and number of teeth in a given species at a given age. That is, the number, type, and morpho-physiolo ...

of: . Another similarity that pikas share with other lagomorphs is that the bottom of their paws are covered with fur and therefore lack paw pads. Rock-dwelling pikas have small litters of fewer than five young, whilst the burrowing species tend to give birth to more young and to breed more frequently, possibly owing to a greater availability of resources in their native habitats. The young are born after a

gestation Gestation is the period of development during the carrying of an embryo, and later fetus, inside viviparous animals (the embryo develops within the parent). It is typical for mammals, but also occurs for some non-mammals. Mammals during pregna ...

period of between 25 and 30 days.

Activity

Pikas are active during daylight ( diurnal) or twilight hours (

crepuscular In zoology, a crepuscular animal is one that is active primarily during the twilight period, being matutinal, vespertine, or both. This is distinguished from diurnal and nocturnal behavior, where an animal is active during the hours of daylig ...

), with higher-elevation species generally being more active during the daytime. They show their peak activity just before the winter season. Pikas do not

hibernate Hibernation is a state of minimal activity and metabolic depression undergone by some animal species. Hibernation is a seasonal heterothermy characterized by low body-temperature, slow breathing and heart-rate, and low metabolic rate. It most ...

so they generally spend time during the summer collecting and storing food for the winter. Each rock-dwelling pika stores its own ‘haypile’ of dried vegetation, whilst burrowing species often share food stores with their burrow mates. Haying behavior is more prominent at higher elevations. Many of the vocalizations and social behaviors that pikas exhibit are related to haypile defense. The impact of human activity on the

tundra In physical geography, tundra () is a type of biome where tree growth is hindered by frigid temperatures and short growing seasons. The term ''tundra'' comes through Russian (') from the Kildin Sámi word (') meaning "uplands", "treeless moun ...

ecosystems where pikas live has been recorded dating back to the 1970s. Rather than hibernate during winter, pikas forage for grasses and other forms of plant matter and stash these findings in protected dens in a process called 'haying' which they sustain themselves with during winter seasons. Sometimes pikas think that humans are predators, so they sometimes respond to humans as they do to other species that may actually be preying on the pikas. Such interactions with humans have been linked to pikas having reduced amounts of foraging time, consequentially limiting the amount of food they can stockpile for winter months. Pikas are unable to withstand surrounding temperatures above so they must spend their time in shaded regions and out of direct sunlight when temperatures are high. A link has also been found between temperature increases and lost foraging time, where for every increase of 1°C to the ambient temperature in alpine landscapes home to pikas those pikas lose 3% of their foraging time. Eurasian pikas commonly live in family groups and share duties of gathering food and keeping watch. Some species are territorial. North American pikas ('' O. princeps'' and '' O. collaris'') are

asocial Asociality refers to the lack of motivation to engage in Social relation, social interaction, or a preference for solitary activities. Asociality may be associated with avolition, but it can, moreover, be a manifestation of limited opportunities ...

, leading solitary lives outside the breeding season.

Dialects

Pikas have distinct calls, which vary in duration. The call can be short and quick, a little longer and more drawn out or long songs. The short calls are an example of geographic variation. The pikas determine the appropriate time to make short calls by listening for cues for sound localization. The calls are used for individual recognition, predator warning signals, territory defense, or as a way to attract the opposite sex. There are also different calls depending on the season. In the spring the songs become more frequent during the breeding season. In late summer the vocalizations become short calls. Through various studies, the acoustic characteristics of the vocalizations can be a useful taxonomic tool.

Lifespan

The average lifespan of pikas in the wild is roughly seven years. A pika's age may be determined by the number of adhesion lines on the periosteal bone on the lower jaw. The lifespan does not differ between the sexes.

Species

The 34 species currently recognized are: * Order Lagomorpha ** Family Ochotonidae: pikas *** Genus ''Ochotona'' **** Subgenus ''Conothoa'': mountain pikas ***** Chinese red pika, ''O. erythrotis'' *****

Forrest's pika The Forrest's pika (''Ochotona forresti'') is a species of mammal in the pika family, Ochotonidae. It is found in Bhutan, China, India, and Myanmar. The summer dorsal pelage and ventral pelage are dark rufous or blackish brown, and the winter d ...

, ''O. forresti'' ******

Gaoligong pika The Gaoligong pika (''Ochotona gaoligongensis'') is a species of mammal in the family Ochotonidae. It is endemic to China. Many of the general physical characteristics of the pika species, are shared by Gaoligong pikas. However, the Gaoligong pik ...

(''O. gaoligongensis'') and

black pika The black pika or silver pika (''Ochotona nigritia'') is a species of mammal in the family Ochotonidae. It was thought to be common to the Yunnan Province of China where it was first discovered in 2000, it is only known from four specimens. The ...

(''O. nigritia'') are now thought to be conspecific with ''O. forresti'' *****

Glover's pika Glover's pika (''Ochotona gloveri'') is a species of mammal in the family Ochotonidae. It was first described in 1922, by Michael Rogers Oldfield Thomas. The summer dorsal pelage is grayish rufous, grayish brown, or tea brown in colour. The win ...

, ''O. gloveri'' ******

Muli pika The Muli pika (''Ochotona muliensis'') is a species of mammal in the family Ochotonidae. It is endemic to China. Its natural habitat is temperate grassland. It is threatened by habitat loss. It is a rarely found, one of the six pika species ...

(''O. muliensis'') is now thought to be conspecific with ''O. gloveri'' *****

Ili pika The Ili pika (''Ochotona iliensis'') is a species of mammal in the family Ochotonidae, endemic to northwest China. After its discovery in 1983, it was not documented again until 2002. Increased temperatures, likely from global warming, and incr ...

, ''O. iliensis'' *****

Koslov's pika Koslov's pika or Kozlov's pika (''Ochotona koslowi'') is a species of mammal in the family Ochotonidae. It is endemic to China. Its natural habitat is tundra. It is threatened by habitat loss. Kozlov's pika are herbivores, they are known as "eco ...

, ''O. koslowi'' *****

Ladak pika The Ladak pika (''Ochotona ladacensis''), also known as the Ladakh pika, is a species of mammal in the family Ochotonidae found in China, India, and Pakistan. Prior to identification as a separate species, specimens were thought to be of the ...

, ''O. ladacensis'' *****

Large-eared pika The large-eared pika (''Ochotona macrotis'') is a species of small mammal in the family Ochotonidae. It is found in mountainous regions of Afghanistan, Tibet, Bhutan, India, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Nepal, Pakistan and Tajikistan where it nests a ...

, ''O. macrotis'' *****

Royle's pika Royle's pika (''Ochotona roylei''), also called the Himalayan mouse hare or hui shutu, is a species of pika. It is found in Bhutan, China, India, Nepal, and Pakistan. Description The most common pika species in the Himalayas, it has a length of ...

, ''O. roylei'' ******

Himalayan pika The Himalayan pika (''Ochotona himalayana'') is a species of small mammal in the pika family (''Ochotonidae''). It is found at high altitudes in remote areas of Ladakh, Uttarakhand and possibly also in Nepal &Tibet. The IUCN has listed this spe ...

(''O. himalayana'') is now thought to be conspecific with ''O. roylei'' *****

Turkestan red pika The Turkestani red pika (''Ochotona rutila'') is a species of mammal in the family Ochotonidae. The summer fur at its back is bright rufous and the ventral fur is white or ochraceous. The winter dorsal fur is pale brown and the ventral fur is ...

, ''O. rutila'' ****Subgenus ''Alienauroa'' ***** Yellow pika, ''O. huanglongensis'' *****

Sacred pika Sacred describes something that is dedicated or set apart for the service or worship of a deity; is considered worthy of spiritual respect or devotion; or inspires awe or reverence among believers. The property is often ascribed to objects (a ...

, ''O. sacraria'' ***** Flat-headed pika, ''O. flatcalvariam'' ****Subgenus ''Ochotona'': shrub-steppe pikas *****

Gansu pika The Gansu pika (''Ochotona cansus'') or gray pika is a species of mammal in the pika family, Ochotonidae. It is endemic to China. References External links

* Pikas Mammals of China Endemic fauna of China Mammals described in 1907 Taxa ...

or gray pika, ''O. cansus'' *****

Plateau pika The plateau pika (''Ochotona curzoniae''), also known as the black-lipped pika, is a species of mammal in the pika family, Ochotonidae. It is a small diurnal and non-hibernating mammal weighing about 140 g when fully grown. The animals are ...

or black-lipped pika, ''O. curzoniae'' *****

Daurian pika The Daurian pika (''Ochotona dauurica'') is a small relative of rabbits and hares in the order Lagomorpha. It is well known for its “barking” alarm call, and for its peculiar habit of making hay to help survive the winter. There are 4 recogn ...

, ''O. dauurica'' ***** Nubra pika, ''O. nubrica'' *****

Steppe pika The steppe pika (''Ochotona pusilla'') is a small mammal of the pika family, Ochotonidae. It is found in the steppes of southern Russia and northern Kazakhstan. General description Ochotonidae includes only one genus - ''Ochotona'', formed by ...

, ''O. pusilla'' *****

Qionglai pika Qionglai could refer to the following locations in Sichuan Province, China: *Qionglai City (邛崃市), county-level city under the administration of Chengdu *Qionglai Mountains Qionglai Mountains () is a mountain range in the Sichuan Province o ...

, ''O. qionglaiensis'' *****

Afghan pika The Afghan pika (''Ochotona rufescens'') is a species of small mammal in the pika family, Ochotonidae. It is found in Afghanistan, Iran, Pakistan and Turkmenistan and the IUCN lists it as being of "least concern". Taxonomy The Afghan pika was ...

, ''O. rufescens'' ***** Sijin pika, ''O. sikimaria'' *****

Tsing-ling pika The Tsing-ling pika (''Ochotona syrinx'') is a species of pika endemic to the mountains in Central China. It inhabits mountainous forests and shrublands. It is a poorly known species. It is a rarely found, one of the six pika species Endemism, e ...

, ''O. syrinx'' ***** Moupin pika, ''O. thibetana'' ***** Thomas's pika, ''O. thomasi'' ****Subgenus ''Pika'': northern pikas *****

Alpine pika The alpine pika (''Ochotona alpina'') is a species of small mammal in the pika family, Ochotonidae. The summer pelage of different subspecies varies drastically but, in general, it is dark or cinnamon brown, turning to grey with a yellowish tin ...

or Altai pika, ''O. alpina'' ***** Helan Shan pika or silver pika, ''O. argentata'' *****

Collared pika The collared pika (''Ochotona collaris'') is a species of mammal in the pika family, Ochotonidae, and part of the order Lagomorpha, which comprises rabbits, hares, and pikas. It is a small (about 160 g) alpine lagomorph that lives in bould ...

, ''O. collaris'' *****

Korean pika Korean may refer to: People and culture * Koreans, ethnic group originating in the Korean Peninsula * Korean cuisine * Korean culture * Korean language **Korean alphabet, known as Hangul or Chosŏn'gŭl **Korean dialects and the Jeju language ** ...

, ''O. coreana'' *****

Hoffmann's pika Hoffmann's pika (''Ochotona hoffmanni'') is a species of mammal in the pika family, Ochotonidae, that is endemic to Mongolia. It is currently listed as endangered by the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN). Etymology The word � ...

, ''O. hoffmanni'' *****

Northern pika The northern pika (''Ochotona hyperborea'') is a species of pika found across mountainous regions of northern Asia, from the Ural Mountains to northern Japan and south through Mongolia, Manchuria and northern Korea. An adult northern pika has a b ...

or Siberian pika, ''O. hyperborea'' *****

Manchurian pika Manchurian may refer to: * Manchuria, a region in Northeast Asia ** Manchurian people, a Tungusic people who originated in Manchuria (today's Northeastern China) ** Manchurian language, a Tungusic language spoken in Northeast China * Manchurian ( ...

, ''O. mantchurica'' *****

Kazakh pika Kazakh, Qazaq or Kazakhstani may refer to: * Someone or something related to Kazakhstan *Kazakhs, an ethnic group *Kazakh language *The Kazakh Khanate *Kazakh cuisine *Qazakh Rayon, Azerbaijan *Qazax, Azerbaijan *Kazakh Uyezd, administrative distr ...

, ''O. opaca'' *****

Pallas's pika Pallas's pika (''Ochotona pallasi''), also known as the Mongolian pika, is a species of small mammals in the pika family, Ochotonidae. It is found mainly in the mountains of western Mongolia. Description Pallas's pika can range from anywhere be ...

, ''O. pallasii'' *****

, ''O. princeps'' ***** Turuchan pika, ''O. turuchanensis''

Extinct species

Many fossil forms of ''Ochotona'' are described in the literature, from the

Miocene The Miocene ( ) is the first geological epoch of the Neogene Period and extends from about (Ma). The Miocene was named by Scottish geologist Charles Lyell; the name comes from the Greek words (', "less") and (', "new") and means "less recen ...

epoch to the early

Holocene The Holocene ( ) is the current geological epoch. It began approximately 11,650 cal years Before Present (), after the Last Glacial Period, which concluded with the Holocene glacial retreat. The Holocene and the preceding Pleistocene togethe ...

(

extinct Extinction is the termination of a kind of organism or of a group of kinds (taxon), usually a species. The moment of extinction is generally considered to be the death of the last individual of the species, although the capacity to breed and ...

species) and present (16.4-0 Ma). They lived in Europe, Asia, and North America.Some species listed below are common for Eurasia and North America (''O. gromovi'', ''O. tologoica'', ''O. zazhigini'', and probably ''O. whartoni''). * Eurasia ** large forms *** †'' Ochotona chowmincheni'' (

China China, officially the People's Republic of China (PRC), is a country in East Asia. It is the world's most populous country, with a population exceeding 1.4 billion, slightly ahead of India. China spans the equivalent of five time zones and ...

Baode Baode () is a county in the northwest of Shanxi province, China, bordering Shaanxi province to the west. It is under the administration of Xinzhou city, and is its westernmost county-level division. Baode is known for Jujube Jujube (), ...

area, late Miocene) *** †''

Ochotona gromovi A pika ( or ; archaically spelled pica) is a small, mountain-dwelling mammal found in Asia and North America. With short limbs, very round body, an even coat of fur, and no external tail, they resemble their close relative, the rabbit, but wi ...

'' (

Pliocene The Pliocene ( ; also Pleiocene) is the epoch in the geologic time scale that extends from 5.333 million to 2.58 *** †'' Ochotona gudrunae'' (China:

Shanxi Shanxi (; ; formerly romanised as Shansi) is a landlocked province of the People's Republic of China and is part of the North China region. The capital and largest city of the province is Taiyuan, while its next most populated prefecture-lev ...

, early

Pleistocene The Pleistocene ( , often referred to as the ''Ice age'') is the geological Epoch (geology), epoch that lasted from about 2,580,000 to 11,700 years ago, spanning the Earth's most recent period of repeated glaciations. Before a change was fina ...

) *** †''

Ochotona guizhongensis A pika ( or ; archaically spelled pica) is a small, mountain-dwelling mammal found in Asia and North America. With short limbs, very round body, an even coat of fur, and no external tail, they resemble their close relative, the rabbit, but ...

'' (

Tibet Tibet (; ''Böd''; ) is a region in East Asia, covering much of the Tibetan Plateau and spanning about . It is the traditional homeland of the Tibetan people. Also resident on the plateau are some other ethnic groups such as Monpa people, ...

, late Miocene) *** †'' Ochotona lagreli'' (China:

Inner Mongolia Inner Mongolia, officially the Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region, is an autonomous region of the People's Republic of China. Its border includes most of the length of China's border with the country of Mongolia. Inner Mongolia also accounts for a ...

, late Miocene to late Pliocene) *** †''

Ochotona magna A pika ( or ; archaically spelled pica) is a small, mountain-dwelling mammal found in Asia and North America. With short limbs, very round body, an even coat of fur, and no external tail, they resemble their close relative, the rabbit, but wi ...

'' (China, early Pleistocene) *** †'' Ochotona tologoica'' (

Transbaikal Transbaikal, Trans-Baikal, Transbaikalia ( rus, Забайка́лье, r=Zabaykalye, p=zəbɐjˈkalʲjɪ), or Dauria (, ''Dauriya'') is a mountainous region to the east of or "beyond" (trans-) Lake Baikal in Far Eastern Russia. The steppe and ...

ia, Pliocene, see also North America) *** †''

Ochotona transcaucasica A pika ( or ; archaically spelled pica) is a small, mountain-dwelling mammal found in Asia and North America. With short limbs, very round body, an even coat of fur, and no external tail, they resemble their close relative, the rabbit, but ...

'' (

Transcaucasia The South Caucasus, also known as Transcaucasia or the Transcaucasus, is a geographical region on the border of Eastern Europe and Western Asia, straddling the southern Caucasus Mountains. The South Caucasus roughly corresponds to modern Arme ...

: eastern

Georgia Georgia most commonly refers to: * Georgia (country), a country in the Caucasus region of Eurasia * Georgia (U.S. state), a state in the Southeast United States Georgia may also refer to: Places Historical states and entities * Related to the ...

and

Azerbaijan Azerbaijan (, ; az, Azərbaycan ), officially the Republic of Azerbaijan, , also sometimes officially called the Azerbaijan Republic is a transcontinental country located at the boundary of Eastern Europe and Western Asia. It is a part of th ...

, Transbaikal and probably southern Europe, early to late Pleistocene) *** †''Ochotona ursui'' (Romania, Pliocene) *** †''Ochotona zasuchini'' (Transbaikalia, Pleistocene) *** †''Ochotona zazhigini'' (Asia, Pliocene, see also North America) *** †''Ochotona zhangi'' (China, Pleistocene) **medium-sized forms *** †''Ochotona agadjianiani'' (Asia, Pliocene) *** †''Ochotona antiqua'' (Moldavia, Ukraine, and the Russian Plain, Caucasus, and probably Rhodes, late Miocene to Pliocene) *** †''Ochotona azerica'' (Transcaucasia: Azerbaijan, middle Pliocene) *** †''Ochotona lingtaica'' (Asia, Pliocene) *** †''Ochotona dodogolica'' (Asia: western Transbaikalia, Pleistocene) *** †''Ochotona nihewanica'' (China: Hebei, early Pleistocene) *** †''Ochotona plicodenta'' (Asia, Pliocene) *** †''Ochotona polonica'' (Europe: Poland, Germany, France, Pliocene) ** small-sized forms *** †''Ochotona bazarovi'' (Asia, upper Pliocene) *** †''Ochotona dehmi'' (Germany: Schernfeld, Pleistocene) *** †''Ochotona filippovi'' (Siberia, Pleistocene) *** †''Ochotona gracilis'' (Asia, Pliocene) *** †''Ochotona horaceki'' (Slovakia: Honce, Pleistocene) *** †''Ochotona minor'' (China, late Miocene) *** †''Ochotona sibirica'' (Asia, Pliocene) *** †''Ochotona valerotae'' (France: Valerots site, Pleistocene) *** †''Ochotona youngi'' (Asia, Pliocene)
and others. ** other examples *** †''Ochotona agadzhaniani'' (Transcaucasia: Armenia, Pliocene) *** †''Ochotona alaica'' (Asia: Kyrgyzstan, Pleistocene) *** †Ochotona eximia, ''Ochotona'' (''Proochotona'') ''eximia'' (Moldova, Ukraine, Russia, Kazakhstan, Miocene to Pliocene) *** †Ochotona gigas, ''Ochotona'' (''Proochotona'') ''gigas'' (Ukraine, Pliocene) *** †''Ochotona gureevi'' (Transbaikalia, middle Pliocene) *** †''Ochotona hengduanshanensis'' (China, Pleistocene) *** †''Ochotona intermedia'' (Asia, Pliocene) *** †Ochotona kalfaense, ''Ochotona'' (''Proochotona'') ''kalfaense'' (Europe: Moldova, Miocene) *** †Ochotona kirgisica, ''Ochotona'' (''Proochotona'') ''kirgisica'' (Asia: Kyrgyzstan, Pliocene) *** †''Ochotona kormosi'' (Hungary, Pleistocene) *** †Ochotona kurdjukovi, ''Ochotona'' (''Proochotona'') ''kurdjukovi'' (Asia: Kyrgyzstan, Pliocene) *** †''Ochotona largerli'' (Georgia, Pleistocene) *** †''Ochotona lazari'' (Ukraine, Pleistocene) *** †''Ochotona mediterranensis'' (Turkey, Pliocene) *** †''Ochotona ozansoyi'' (Turkey, Miocene) *** †''Ochotona pseudopusilla'' (Ukraine and Russian Plain, Pleistocene) *** †''Ochotona spelaeus'' (Ukraine, late Pleistocene) *** †''Ochotona tedfordi'' (China: Yushe Basin, late Miocene) *** †''Giant pika, Ochotona cf. whartoni'' (Irkutsk Oblast and Yakutia, Pleistocene, see also North America) *** †''Ochotona zabiensis'' (southern Poland, early Pleistocene) *** †''Ochotona'' sp. (Greece: Maritsa, Pliocene) *** †''Ochotona'' sp. (Hungary: Ostramos, Pleistocene) *** †''Ochotona'' sp. (Siberia, Pleistocene) *** †''Ochotona'' sp. (Yakutia, Pleistocene) * North America ** †''

'' (United States, US: Colorado, Pliocene, see also Eurasia) ** †''Ochotona spanglei'' (US, late Miocene or early Pliocene) ** †'' Ochotona tologoica'' (US: Colorado, Pliocene, see also Eurasia) ** †''Ochotona whartoni'' (giant pika, US, Canada, Pleistocene to early Holocene, see also Eurasia) ** †''Ochotona wheatleyi'' (US:

, Pliocene, late Pleistocene) ** †''Ochotona zazhigini'' (US: Colorado, Pleistocene, see also Eurasia) ** extinct small pikas similar to the ''Steppe pika, O. pusilla'' group (Pleistocene) Paleontologists have also described multiple forms of pika not referred to specific species (''Ochotona'' indet.) or not certainly identified (''O.'' cf. ''antiqua'', ''O.'' cf. ''cansus'', ''O.'' cf. ''daurica'', ''O.'' cf. ''eximia'', ''O.'' cf. ''gromovi'', ''O.'' cf. ''intermedia'', ''O.'' cf. ''koslowi'', ''O.'' cf. ''lagrelii'', ''O.'' cf. ''nihewanica''). The statuses of ''Ochotona'' (''Proochotona'') ''kirgisica'' and ''O. spelaeus'' are uncertain. The "''pusilla''" group of pikas is characterized by archaic (Symplesiomorphy, plesiomorphic) cheek teeth and small size. The North American species migrated from Eurasia. They invaded the New World twice: * ''O. spanglei'' during the latest Miocene or early Pliocene, followed by a roughly three-million-year-long gap in the known North American pikas record *''O. whartoni'' (giant pika) and small pikas via the Beringia, Bering Land Bridge during the earliest Pleistocene ''Ochotona'' cf. ''whartoni'' and small pikas of the ''O. pusilla'' group are also known from Siberia. The extant, endemic North American species appeared in the Pleistocene. The North American collared pika (''O. collaris'') and

(''O. princeps'') have been suggested to have descended from the same ancestor as the steppe pika (''O. pusilla''). The range of ''Ochotona'' was larger in the past, with both extinct and extant species inhabiting Western Europe and Eastern North America, areas that are currently free of pikas. Pleistocene fossils of the extant steppe pika ''O. pusilla'' currently native to Asia have been found also in many countries of Europe from the United Kingdom to Russia and from Italy to Poland, and the Asiatic extant northern pika ''O. hyperborea'' in one location in the middle Pleistocene United States. Pika Ochotona sp

Other Genus, genera of ochotonids (currently living only Ochotonidae) include except ''Ochotona'' (pika) extinct †''Albertona'', †''Alloptox'', †''Amphilagus'', †''Australagomys'', †''Austrolagomys'', †''Bellatona'', †''Bellatonoides'', †''Bohlinotona'', †''Cuyamalagus'', †''Desmatolagus'', †''Eurolagus'', †''Gripholagomys'', †''Gymnesicolagus'', †''Hesperolagomys'', †''Heterolagus'', †''Kenyalagomys'', †''Lagopsis (animal), Lagopsis'', †''Marcuinomys'', †''Ochotonoides'', †''Ochotonoma'', †''Oklahomalagus'', †''Oreolagus'', †''Paludotona'', †''Piezodus'', †''Plicalagus'', †''Pliolagomys'', †''

'', †''Proochotona'' (Synonym (taxonomy), syn. ''Ochotona''), †''Pseudobellatona'', †''Ptychoprolagus'', †''Russellagus'', †''Sinolagomys'' and †''Titanomys''. The earliest one is ''Desmatolagus'' (middle Eocene to Miocene, 42.5–14.8 Ma), usually included in the Ochotonidae, sometimes in

or in neither ochotonid nor leporid stem-Lagomorpha, lagomorphs. Ochotonids appeared in Asia between the late Eocene and the early Oligocene, and continued to develop along with increased distribution of C3 carbon fixation, C₃ grasses in previously forest dominated areas under the "climatic optimum" from the late Oligocene to middle Miocene. They thrived in Eurasia, North America, and even Africa. The peak of their diversity occurred during the period from the early Miocene to middle Miocene, most of them became extinct during the transition from the Miocene to Pliocene, what was accompanied by diversity increase in the ''Leporidae, leporids''. It has been proposed that this switch between ochotonids and larger leporids was caused by expansion of C4 carbon fixation, C₄ plants (particularly the Poaceae) related to global cooling in the late Miocene, since extant pikas reveal a strong preference for C3 carbon fixation, C₃ plants (Asteraceae, Rosaceae, and Fabaceae, many of them C₃). Replacement of large areas of forests by open grassland first started probably in North America and is called sometimes "nature's green revolution".

Notes

References

Additional references of the Paleobiology Database

External links

The trek of the pika
by Michael Morris, Parks Canada, Mount Revelstoke and Glacier National Parks. (includes sound file) {{Authority control Extant Burdigalian first appearances Pikas,

Habitat

Characteristics

Activity

Dialects

Lifespan

Species

Extinct species

Notes

References

Additional references of the Paleobiology Database

Further reading

External links