Native Headmen Of Ceylon

Native headmen system was an integral part of the administration of the island of Ceylon (now known as Sri Lanka) under the successive European colonial powers, namely the Portuguese Empire, the Dutch East India Company and the British Empire. Native headmen or leaders were appointed by the European colonial administrators to function as intermediates between the Europeans and the native populous. During different periods through this system these headmen functioned in military, policing, administrative and ceremonial capacities. They served as translators, revenue collectors and wielded quasi-judicial powers. Much of the system evolved and changed over time until some of the last vestiges of it were removed in the post-independent Ceylon. The members of this group formed a unique social group called the Sri Lankan Mudaliyars and associated with older Radala caste.

History

Origins

Mudaliyar is a South Indian and Tamil name for ‘first’ and a person endowed with wealth. It was created in the 17th century by the Portuguese function as a link between the colonial administration and the local populous, as they had done in South India. They received payment in form of land grants and use of tenured service (Rajakariya) of the local population which they extracted for their own estates.

British period

With the on set of British rule, Governor North restructured the native headmen system. The system was transformed into a salaried system with land grants and tenured service abolished. They became the second tier of the civil administration of the island with appointments made by the Governor. Over the next century, the headmen grew to be a powerful and affluent class consolidating economic power through land ownership and marriage. Gradually functions of headmen were transferred to various departments that were established by the British administration.

Every district is subdivided into Pattus or Korales. These Pattus are divided into villages, hamlets, etc. Pattus are presided over by Mudaliyars and Muhandirams in low country districts, Ratemahattayas and Korales in the Kandyan provinces, Maniyars and Udayars in the Tamil districts. The villages and hamlets are in the charge of Arachchies, Peace Officers and Vidanes

Following the Uva Rebellion in 1818 and changes to the administrative divisions of the island with the creation of Districts, British Government Agents (GA) took over the duties of the Dissava (with the remaining and newly appointed Dissavas being mere honorary titles), with Rate Mahatmaya becoming a subordinate to the local Government Agents and Assistant Government Agents. In the same way, after 1818 the position of the remaining and newly appointed Adigar became a mere honorary title.

The Headman Commission of 1922 states that “under the existing system each village or group of small villages is placed under the supervision of minor headman known as Gam Arachchi in Kandyan areas and police vidane or police headman in low country. The positions above those headmen were Korala in Kandyan districts; Uddaiyar in Tamil districts Vidane Arachchi in districts of low country. The top rank above all officials was represented by Rate Mahatmaya,and Adigars in Kandyyan districts, Maniyagars and Vanniyars in Tamil Districts and Mudliers in southern provinces".

For purposes of general administration, the Island is divided into nine provinces and nineteen Revenue (which are also electoral) Districts. The provinces are under Government Agents, most of whom are aided by Assistant Government Agents, the latter residing at the headquarters of districts which are not the headquarters of provinces. The districts are divided into chief headmen’s divisions, of which there are 110; these contain some 613 subdivisions under superior headmen, and the subdivisions include about 4,000 villages and hamlets each under a village headman. The chief, superior and village headmen are known by different titles in the Kandyan, Low-Country Sinhalese and Tamil districts.

During the British colonial administration of Ceylon, when uniformed policing by the Ceylon Police Force in rural areas of the island was limited, the Government Agent of the Province would appoint Headmen as Peace Officers with police powers to keep the peace. "Peace Officer" includes police officers and headmen appointed by a Government Agent in writing to perform police duties.

Reforms and abolition

Following the formation of the State Council of Ceylon in 1931, one of its members, H. W. Amarasuriya, called for an inquiry into the headman system. A commission was formed made up of retired civil servants and lawyers headed by H.M. Wedderburn. The commission reported on reforming the headman system or replacing it with a transferable appointment. Based on the recommendations of the Wedderburn commission report, the government closed the native department in 1937, thus abolishing the posts of district headmen and replacing these with that of transferable District Revenue Officer (DRO). Serving headmen were given the option of early retirement on the basis of abolition of office or to continue in their jurisdiction as the DRO. The titles of Mudaliyar (Mudali - මුදලි) and Muhandiram were retained by government to be awarded as honors. This practice remained until suspension of Ceylonese honors in 1956 by S. W. R. D. Bandaranaike. The minor headman positions remained until these were replaced with the transferable post of Grama Sevaka in May 1963 as part of the public administration reforms carried out by Minister Felix Dias Bandaranaike in the Sirimavo Bandaranaike government. All serving village headman were re-designated as Grama Sevakas under the ''Village Headmen (Change of Designation) Act, No. 6 of 1964''. The designation modeled on that of public servant was later changed to grama niladhari which translated to village leader.

Classes of headmen

The Headman Commission of 1922 states that “under the existing system each village or group of small village is placed under the supervision of minor headman known as Gam Arachchi in Kandyan areas and police vidane or police headman in low country. The positions above those headmen were Korala in Kandyan districts; Uddaiyar in Tamil districts Vidane Arachchi in districts of low country. The top rank above all officials was represented by “Rate Mahatmaya,and Adigars in Kandyyan districts, Maniyagars and Vanniyars in Tamil Districts and Mudliers in southern provinces.

Classes of headmen in the low country

The headmen system in the costal and low country, evolved over time under the colonial administration of the Portuguese, the Dutch and then the British.

* Maha Mudaliyar - (Head Mudaliyar or මහ මුදලි) - head of the low country native headmen and native aide-de-camp to the Governor of Ceylon.
* Mudaliyar (Mudali - මුදලි) - Mudaliyar had several Muhandiram's under his supervision, as well as an honorary appointment
* Muhandiram (මුහන්දිරම්) - Muhandiram had several Vidane Arachchi's under his supervision
*Vidane Arachchi (ආරච්චි) - Vidane Arachchi had several Vidanes under his supervision
*Vidane - Vidane had a village or group of small villages placed under his administration

Classes of headmen in the Kandyan areas

Following the Uva Rebellion in 1818 and changes to the administrative divisions of the island with the creation of Districts, British Government Agents (GA) took over the duties of the Dissava (with the remaining and newly appointed Dissavas being mere honorary titles), with Rate Mahatmaya becoming a subordinate to the local Government Agents and Assistant Government Agents. In the same way, after 1818 the position of the remaining and newly appointed Adigar (Maha Adigar or 1st Adigar) became mere honorary titles.

* Adigar - honorary appointment
* Dissava - British Government Agent of the Province took over the duties of a Dissava (with the remaining and newly appointed Dissavas being mere honorary appointments) in 1818. Rate Mahatmayas under his supervision
* Rate Mahatmaya - Rate Mahatmaya had several Korales under his supervision
*Korale Mahaththaya or Korale - Korale had several Gram Arachchi under his supervision
*Gan Arachchi (ආරච්චි) 4] - Gan Arachchi had a village or group of small villages placed under his Administration

Classes of headmen in Tamil areas

The Northern Province, Sri Lanka, Northern and Eastern provinces had the following classes of native headmen:
* Atikar or Adhikari

* Vanniyar - Vanniyar had several Maniyagar under his supervision
* Maniyagar - Maniyagar had several Udayar's under his supervision
* Udayar - Udayar had several Vidane's under his supervision
*Vidane - Vidane had a village or group of small villages placed under his Administration

See also

*Kachcheri
*Walauwa
*Grama Niladhari
*Kandyan Convention
* Great Rebellion of 1817–18
* Matale rebellion
*Maldivian Annual Tribute

References

External links

*

Twentieth Century Impressions of Ceylon

The British Colonial Library

The Mudaliyars Explained

Pasgama: Step into Remoteness

{{British Ceylon period topics

Defunct government positions in Sri Lanka
Transitional period of Sri Lanka
Kandyan period
British Ceylon period