Native American Renaissance

The Native American Renaissance is a term originally coined by critic Kenneth Lincoln in the 1983 book ''Native American Renaissance'' to categorise the significant increase in production of literary works by Native Americans in the United States in the late 1960s and onwards. A. Robert Lee and Alan Velie note that the book's title "quickly gained currency as a term to describe the efflorescence on literary works that followed the publication of N. Scott Momaday's ''House Made of Dawn'' in 1968". Momaday's novel garnered critical acclaim, including the Pulitzer Prize for Fiction in 1969.

Earlier works by Native American authors

Prior to the publication of ''House Made of Dawn,'' few Native American authors had published works of fiction that reached wide readership. Writers such as William Apess, John Rollin Ridge and Simon Pokagon published works to little fanfare in the nineteenth century. Prior to the onset of World War II, Mourning Dove, John Milton Oskison, John Joseph Mathews, Zitkala-Sa, Charles Eastman and D'Arcy McNickle published literary works, although these works were relatively few in number.

The Renaissance

Literary renaissance

In the work ''Native American Literatures: An Introduction,'' author Suzanne Lundquist suggests the Native American Renaissance has three elements:

*Reclamation of heritage through literary expression;
*Discovery and reevaluation of early texts by Native American authors; and
*Renewed interest in customary tribal artistic expression (i.e. mythology, ceremonialism, ritual, and the oral tradition of narrative transmission).

Lincoln points out that in the late 1960s and early 1970s, a generation of Native Americans were coming of age who were the first of their respective tribal communities to receive a substantial English-language education, particularly outside Indian boarding schools, and with more graduating from colleges and universities. Conditions for Native people, while still very harsh during this period, had moved beyond the survival conditions of the early half of the century.

A period of historical revisionism was underway, as historians were more willing to look at difficulties in the history of the invasion and colonization of the North American continent. As they explored the colonial and "Wild West" eras, some historians were more careful to represent events from the Native American perspective. This work inspired public interest in Native cultures and within Native American communities themselves; it was also a period of activism within Native American communities to achieve greater sovereignty and civil rights.

The ferment also inspired a group of young Native American writers, who emerged in the fields of poetry and novel-writing. In the span of a few years, these writers worked to expand the Native American literary canon.

By the 1980s, the rapid increase in materials and the development of Native American Studies departments and programs at several universities, such as the University of California, Los Angeles; Dartmouth College, and Eastern Washington University, led to the founding of scholarly journals, such as ''SAIL (Studies in American Indian Literature)'' and '' Wíčazo Ša Review'' (1985). With the heightened interest in Native American writing, publishers established specialized imprints, such as Harper and Row's Native American Publishing Programme, which had the goal of promoting new voices and publication opportunities.

Other meanings

Although the primary use of the term has been literary, it has been used in a wider sense to describe "an increasing prosperity and sense of achievement among Indians ..a widespread economic and cultural rebirth." For example, Joan Nagel applies the term to the totality of "the resurgence of American Indian ethnic identification and the renascence of tribal cultures during the 1970s and 1980s."

Writers

Writers typically considered to be part of the Native American Renaissance include:

*N. Scott Momaday (Kiowa), ''House Made of Dawn'' (1968)
* Duane Niatum ( Klallam), ''Ascending Red Cedar Moon'' (1974)
* Leslie Marmon Silko ( Laguna), ''Ceremony'' (1977)
* Gerald Vizenor ( Chippewa), ''Darkness in Saint Louis Bearheart'' (1978)
* James Welch (Blackfeet and A'aninin), '' Winter in the Blood'' (1974)
*Joy Harjo (Muscogee

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