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Naryshkin Baroque, also referred to as Moscow Baroque or Muscovite Baroque, is a particular style of
Baroque architecture Baroque architecture is a highly decorative and theatrical style which appeared in Italy in the early 17th century and gradually spread across Europe. It was originally introduced by the Catholic Church, particularly by the Jesuits, as a means ...
and decoration that was fashionable in
Moscow Moscow ( , US chiefly ; rus, links=no, Москва, r=Moskva, p=mɐskˈva, a=Москва.ogg) is the capital and largest city of Russia. The city stands on the Moskva River in Central Russia, with a population estimated at 13.0 million ...
from the late 17th century into the early 18th century. In the late 17th century, the Western European
Baroque The Baroque (, ; ) is a style of architecture, music, dance, painting, sculpture, poetry, and other arts that flourished in Europe from the early 17th century until the 1750s. In the territories of the Spanish and Portuguese empires including ...
style of architecture combined with traditional
Russian architecture The architecture of Russia refers to the architecture of modern Russia as well as the architecture of both the original Kievan Rus’ state, the Russian principalities, and Imperial Russia. Due to the geographical size of modern and imperial ...
to form this unique style. It is called Muscovite Baroque as it was originally only found within Moscow and the surrounding areas. It is more commonly referred to as Naryshkin Baroque, as the first church designed in this style was built on one of the Naryshkin family's estates.


History

The first church built in the Naryshkin Baroque style was the Church of the Intercession of the Holy Virgin in the village of Fili, that was built on the estate of the Naryshkin family, who were Moscow
boyar A boyar or bolyar was a member of the highest rank of the feudal nobility in many Eastern European states, including Kievan Rus', Bulgaria, Russia, Wallachia and Moldavia, and later Romania, Lithuania and among Baltic Germans. Boyars were ...
s. The member of this family that is most related with this style of architecture is Lev Kirillovich Naryshkin, the uncle of
Peter the Great Peter I ( – ), most commonly known as Peter the Great,) or Pyotr Alekséyevich ( rus, Пётр Алексе́евич, p=ˈpʲɵtr ɐlʲɪˈksʲejɪvʲɪtɕ, , group=pron was a Russian monarch who ruled the Tsardom of Russia from t ...
. Lev Naryshkin erected this first church with the help of an architect, who is presumed to be
Yakov Bukhvostov Yakov Grigorievich Bukhvostov (russian: Яков Григорьевич Бухвостов), a serf of Russian boyar Mikhail Tatishchev, designed the so-called "octagon on cube" churches in the Naryshkin Baroque mode. He was active in the 1690s in ...
. This church became the staple of the Naryshkin Baroque style and inspired the building of other churches in this style within Moscow. Naryshkin Baroque was contrasted with the Petrine Baroque, which was favored by Peter the Great and used widely in St. Petersburg. The contrast of these two styles are exemplified by the color, form, scale, and the materials used. The St. Peter and Paul Cathedral in St. Petersburg, and the
Menshikov Tower Menshikov Tower (russian: Меншикова башня), also known as the Church of Archangel Gabriel, is a Baroque Russian Orthodox Church in Basmanny District of Moscow, within the Boulevard Ring. The church was initially built in 1707 to orde ...
in Moscow, are notable examples of the Petrine Baroque style.


Style

The churches designed in the Naryshkin Baroque style were often built in red brick, which differed them from other buildings of the time. They were also thoroughly decorated with details in white
limestone Limestone ( calcium carbonate ) is a type of carbonate sedimentary rock which is the main source of the material lime. It is composed mostly of the minerals calcite and aragonite, which are different crystal forms of . Limestone forms w ...
. The structure of the building was also different from anything else being built in Russia at the time. This
architectural style An architectural style is a set of characteristics and features that make a building or other structure notable or historically identifiable. It is a sub-class of style in the visual arts generally, and most styles in architecture relate closely ...
was classified as "under the bell" or "under the ring" (Ru. под звоном). Churches that are "under the bell" mean that the bell tower is placed on top of the main volume, instead of next to the building as was common in the 17th century. The
bell tower A bell tower is a tower that contains one or more bells, or that is designed to hold bells even if it has none. Such a tower commonly serves as part of a Christian church, and will contain church bells, but there are also many secular bell tow ...
s were often built in the shape of an octagon, with the main volume of the building being a quadrangle. This octagon on quadrangle shape was a classic Baroque composition for churches. The window trimmings were decorated, as on all Baroque style temples.
Cupola In architecture, a cupola () is a relatively small, most often dome-like, tall structure on top of a building. Often used to provide a lookout or to admit light and air, it usually crowns a larger roof or dome. The word derives, via Italian, f ...
s replaced the tented roof, which was previously widespread in Russian church architecture. These placed upon a high
drum The drum is a member of the percussion group of musical instruments. In the Hornbostel-Sachs classification system, it is a membranophone. Drums consist of at least one membrane, called a drumhead or drum skin, that is stretched over a ...
created feeling of loftiness and impression of a variety of forms. The design for octagon on quadrangle churches was originally believed to have been taken from Ukrainian Baroque architecture, but further research proved that that wasn't true, as the first church built in this style was in Russia. The style spread continually, even to architecture that wasn't
religious architecture Sacral architecture (also known as sacred architecture or religious architecture) is a religious architectural practice concerned with the design and construction of places of worship or sacred or intentional space, such as churches, mosques, ...
. Many monasteries remodeled their walls and buildings in this style, as it was the latest fashion. The most notable examples of these monasteries were the Novodevichy Convent and the Donskoy Monastery in Moscow. There are some examples outside of Moscow as well; Krutitsy, Metochion and Solotcha Cloister are near Riazan. Non-religious architecture adopted this style as well, as could be seen in the Sukharev Tower in Moscow. In the 1730s, the Naryshkin Baroque style ended and it evolved into the Rastrelliesque, or the Elizabethan Baroque style.


Notable architects

The most important architects that worked in the Naryshkin Baroque style were
Yakov Bukhvostov Yakov Grigorievich Bukhvostov (russian: Яков Григорьевич Бухвостов), a serf of Russian boyar Mikhail Tatishchev, designed the so-called "octagon on cube" churches in the Naryshkin Baroque mode. He was active in the 1690s in ...
and Pyotr Potapov.


Yakov Bukhvostov

Yakov Grigorievich Buhvostov was born in the mid 17th-century, as a serf to Mikhail Tatishchev. The Tatishchev family were influential Boyars in Nikolskoe. Little is known about the early life of Bukhvostov, only that he was granted his freedom in the 1690s, when he was recognized as a great architect. The most notable example of his work as an architect is the Church of the Savior in Ubory.


Pyotr Potapov

Pyotr Potapov is the hypothetical architect of the Church of the Assumption of the Holy Virgin on Pokrovka. Nothing is known about his life, or if he was even a real person. His name is known exclusively by the inscription on the Assumption Church, which reads "The summer of 7204 (1699) October 25 is the work of human hands, the work of Pyotr Potapov" (russian: лета 7204 699октября 25 дня дело рук человеческих, делом именем Петрушка Потапов). From this inscription it is unclear whether he was the architect or the stone carver, but it is believed that he was the architect.


Examples


}) , 1690–1693 ,
Yakov Bukhvostov Yakov Grigorievich Bukhvostov (russian: Яков Григорьевич Бухвостов), a serf of Russian boyar Mikhail Tatishchev, designed the so-called "octagon on cube" churches in the Naryshkin Baroque mode. He was active in the 1690s in ...
(presumed) , , , - , Church of the Savior in Ubory (russian: Церковь Спаса Нерукотворного Образа в Уборах) , 1690–1697 ,
Yakov Bukhvostov Yakov Grigorievich Bukhvostov (russian: Яков Григорьевич Бухвостов), a serf of Russian boyar Mikhail Tatishchev, designed the so-called "octagon on cube" churches in the Naryshkin Baroque mode. He was active in the 1690s in ...
, , , - , Saratov Holy Trinity Cathedral (russian: Свято-Троицкий собор в Саратове) , 1689–1695 , (?) , , , - , Church of the Sign of the Blessed Virgin on Sheremetev Courtyard (russian: Церковь Знамения Пресвятой Богородицы на Шереметевом дворе) , 1691 , (?) , , , - , Church of the Holy Apostles Peter and Paul in Petrovsko-Razumovsky (russian: Церковь Святых Апостолов Петра и Павла в Петровско-Разумовском) , 1691 , (?) , , The Church of Peter and Paul was demolished in 1934 due to the creation of a railway through its location. , - , Church of Our Lady of Vladimir at the Vladimirskiye Gates (russian: Церковь Иконы Божией Матери Владимирская у Владимирских ворот) , 1691–1694 , (?) , , The church was demolished in 1934 during the demolition of Kitay-gorod city wall. , - , Church of the Trinity in Troitskoye-Lykovo (russian: Церковь Троицы Живоначальной в Троицком-Лыково) , 1694–1697 ,
Yakov Bukhvostov Yakov Grigorievich Bukhvostov (russian: Яков Григорьевич Бухвостов), a serf of Russian boyar Mikhail Tatishchev, designed the so-called "octagon on cube" churches in the Naryshkin Baroque mode. He was active in the 1690s in ...
, , The dates that this church was built has also been stated as 1690-1695 and 1698-1703. , - , Epiphany Cathedral (Baptism of the Lord) (russian: Богоявленский Собор (Крещения Господня)) , 1693–1696 , (?) , , , - , Church of the Assumption of the Holy Virgin on Pokrovka (russian: Церковь Успения Пресвятой Богородицы на Покровке) , 1696–1699 , Peter Potapov , , The Church of the Assumption of the Holy Virgin was demolished in 1936, on the pretext of the sidewalk being expanded. , - , Sukharev Tower (russian: Сухарева башня) , 1692–1701 , Mikhail Choglokov , , Suharev Tower was demolished in 1934 by order of Lazar Kaganovich, Secretary of the Moscow City Committee. It took place during reconstruction of the city ordered by Joseph Stalin, that gave birth to Stalinist architecture. It was said that the tower blocked traffic.


Further reading

* William Craft Brumfield. ''A History of Russian Architecture'' (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1993) (See Chapter Seven: "The Seventeenth Century: From Ornamentalism to the New Age")


See also

* Octagon on Cube *
Siberian Baroque Siberian Baroque is an architectural style common for ambitious structures in 18th-century Siberia, where 115 stone churches in Siberia were recorded in 1803, most of which were built in this provincial variant of the Russian Baroque, influenced ...
*
Russian architecture The architecture of Russia refers to the architecture of modern Russia as well as the architecture of both the original Kievan Rus’ state, the Russian principalities, and Imperial Russia. Due to the geographical size of modern and imperial ...


References


External links


Naryshkin-Stroganov Baroque
{{Baroque architecture by country Baroque architectural styles Architecture in Russia by period or style Architectural styles Architecture in Russia