were officials of the

Tokugawa shogunate The Tokugawa shogunate (, Japanese 徳川幕府 ''Tokugawa bakufu''), also known as the , was the military government of Japan during the Edo period from 1603 to 1868. Nussbaum, Louis-Frédéric. (2005)"''Tokugawa-jidai''"in ''Japan Encyclopedia ...

Edo period The or is the period between 1603 and 1867 in the history of Japan, when Japan was under the rule of the Tokugawa shogunate and the country's 300 regional '' daimyo''. Emerging from the chaos of the Sengoku period, the Edo period was character ...

Japan. Appointments to this prominent office were usually '' fudai'' ''

daimyō were powerful Japanese magnates, feudal lords who, from the 10th century to the early Meiji period in the middle 19th century, ruled most of Japan from their vast, hereditary land holdings. They were subordinate to the shogun and nominall ...

s'', but this was amongst the senior administrative posts open to those who were not ''daimyōs''.Beasley, William G. (1955). ''Select Documents on Japanese Foreign Policy, 1853–1868'', p. 326. Conventional interpretations have construed these Japanese titles as "commissioner", "overseer" or "governor".

Responsibilities

This ''

bakufu , officially , was the title of the military dictators of Japan during most of the period spanning from 1185 to 1868. Nominally appointed by the Emperor, shoguns were usually the de facto rulers of the country, though during part of the Kamakura ...

'' title identifies an official responsible for administration of the port of

Nagasaki is the capital and the largest city of Nagasaki Prefecture on the island of Kyushu in Japan. It became the sole port used for trade with the Portuguese and Dutch during the 16th through 19th centuries. The Hidden Christian Sites in the ...

, including the Chinese and Dutch settlements located there. This ''bugyō'' was also responsible for overseeing the port's commercial activities. The numbers of men holding the title concurrently would vary during the years of this period. At any given time, one would normally be in residence at Nagasaki, and the other would be in Edo as part of an alternating pattern. Other duties of the Nagasaki ''bugyō'' included monitoring news and scientific developments in the West as information became available in the course of trade. For example, the Nagasaki City Museum preserves letters from the Dutch ''

opperhoofd ''Opperhoofd'' is a Dutch word (plural ''opperhoofden'') that literally translates to "upper-head", meaning "supreme headman". The Danish equivalent ''overhoved'', which is derived from a Danish pronunciation of the Dutch or Low German word, is a ...

'' to the Nagasaki ''bugyō'' about the two-year-long sales negotiations and the purchase price of a portable Dutch astronomical quadrant imported into Japan in 1792, implying that the instrument was seen as important by both the Japanese and the Dutch. The details of the instrument, along with some elaborate drawings, were provided in the ''Kansei Rekisho'' (Compendium of the ''

Kansei was a after '' Tenmei'' and before '' Kyōwa''. This period spanned the years from January 1789 through February 1801. The reigning emperor was . Change of era * 1789 : The new era name of '' Kansei'' (meaning "Tolerant Government" or "Broad-m ...

'' Calendar), which was completed around 1844. The compendium records the names of the instrument’s manufacturers, as inscribed on the telescope and on the pendulum box—G. Hulst van Keulen and J. Marten Kleman (1758–1845). Although that instrument once owned by the Astronomical Office of the shogunal government is now lost, drawings of a quadrant equipped with a telescope (''Gensho Kansei-kyo zu'') have been reported by the

National Astronomical Observatory of Japan The (NAOJ) is an astronomical research organisation comprising several facilities in Japan, as well as an observatory in Hawaii and Chile. It was established in 1988 as an amalgamation of three existing research organizations - the Tokyo Astro ...

.Nakamura, Tsuko
Imported Dutch astronomical instrument (1792), p. 3.
IAU/Prague (2006).

Shogunal city

During this period, Nagasaki was designated a "shogunal city". The number of such cities rose from three to eleven under Tokugawa administration.

List of Nagasaki ''bugyō''

: * Ogasawara Tamemune (1603–1604) * Hasegawa Shigeyoshi (1604–1605)Nussbaum, Louis-Frédéric. (2005). "Hasegawa Fujihiro" in *

Hasegawa Fujihiro Hasegawa (written: 長谷川 literally "long valley river") is a Japanese surname. Hasegawa may refer to: People A * Akiko Hasegawa, Japanese voice actress and singer * Ariajasuru Hasegawa (born 1988), Japanese-Iranian footballer B * ...

(1605–1614) * Hasegawa Fujimasa (1605–1614) *

Takenaka Umene Takenaka may refer to: *Takenaka Corporation, Japanese architecture and construction company People with the surname *, Japanese economist and former Minister of Internal Affairs and Communications *, better known as Char, Japanese musician *, Jap ...

(1626–1631) * Mizuno Morinobu (1626–1629) * Takenaka Shigeyoshi (1629–1634) *

Imamura Masanaga Imamura (, ''kanji'' characters for "now" and "village") is a Japanese surname. Notable people with the surname include: *, Japanese seismologist * Ayaka Imamura (born 1993), Japanese voice actress * Fumihiko Imamura (born 1961), Japanese academic, ...

(1633–1634) *

Sakakibara Motonao is a Japanese surname. Notable people with the surname include: *, a Japanese samurai and martial artist * Nobuyuki Sakakibara, a Japanese businessman and mixed martial arts promoter *Seito Sakakibara, alias of the perpetrator of the Kobe child mu ...

(1634–1640) *

Kamio Motokatsu Kamio (written: 神尾 lit. "god tail") is a Japanese surname. Notable people with the surname include: *, Japanese writer *, Japanese violinist *, Japanese Imperial Army general *, Japanese actress *, Japanese manga artist and writer *, Japanese t ...

(1634–1638) * Ōkōchi Masakatsu (1638–1640) *

Tsuge Masatoki Tsuge may refer to: * '' Buxus microphylla'' (Japanese Box or Littleleaf Box), a tree called in Japanese. * , a village located in Yamabe District, Nara Prefecture, Japan. * was a town located in Ayama District, Mie Prefecture, Japan. * , a ...

(1640–1642) *

Baba Toshishige Baba and similar words may refer to: Places * Baba mountain range, also known as ''Koh-i-Baba'', in the Hindu Kush of Afghanistan * Baba Canton, a canton in Los Ríos Province, Ecuador * Baba, Iran, a village in Kurdistan Province * Baba, Ko ...

(1642–1650) *

Yamazaki Masanobu Yamazaki or Yamasaki (written: lit. "mountain promontory") is the 22nd most common Japanese surname. Less common variants are and . Notable people with the surname include: *Amy Yamazaki, British actress * Arturo Yamasaki, Peruvian-Mexican foo ...

(1642–1650) *

Kurokawa Masanao Kurokawa may refer to: Places * Kurokawa, Niigata * Kurokawa District, Miyagi * Kurokawa Domain Other uses * Kurokawa (surname) * , a manga publisher in France * Siege of Kurokawa * Kurokawa Station (disambiguation) * 10365 Kurokawa * Kurokawa Dam ...

(1650–1665) *

Kaijō Masanobu Kaesong (, ) is a special city in the southern part of North Korea (formerly in North Hwanghae Province), and the capital of Korea during the Taebong kingdom and subsequent Goryeo dynasty. The city is near the Kaesong Industrial Region close to ...

(1651–1660) *

Ushigome Chūzaemon Shigenori is the name of a neighborhood in Shinjuku, Tokyo, and a former ward (牛込区 ''Ushigome-ku'') in the now-defunct Tokyo City. In 1947, when the 35 wards of Tokyo were reorganized into 23, it was merged with Yotsuya ward of Tokyo City and Yodo ...

(1671–1681). * Yamaoka Kagesuke (1687–1694) * Miyagi Masazumi (1687–1696) * Niwa Nagamori (1699–1702) * Ōshima Yoshinari (1699–1703) * Sakuma Nobunari (1703–1713) * Hisamatsu Sadamochi (1710–1715) * Ōoka Kiyosuke (1711–1717) * Ōmori Tokinaga (1732–1734) * Hagiwara Yoshimasa (1736–1743) * Matsunami Heizaemon (1744) *

Kondō Jūzō Kondō, Kondo or Kondou (近藤 "near wisteria") is a surname prominent in Japanese culture, although it also occurs in other countries. Notable people with the surname include: * , Japanese ballet dancer * Dorinne K. Kondo, anthropologist * Kond ...

(1747).

* Ōoka Tadayori (1763–1764) * Kurihara Morisada (1773–1775) *

Kuze Hirotami (1737–1800), also known as , was a Japanese politician during late 18th-century '' Nagasaki bugyō'' or governor of Nagasaki port, located on southwestern shore of Kyūshū island in the Japanese archipelago.Screech, Timon. (2006). ''Secret Mem ...

(1775–1784). * Tsuge Masakore (1781-17__). * Tsuchiya Morinao (1783–1784). * Tsuchiya Masanobu (1784–1785). * Toda Ujiharu (1784–1786),Screech, p. 221 n43. Also known as Toda Izumo-no-kami Tamitake. * Tsuge Hirotami (1786). * _________________ (1793). *

Matsudaira Yasuhide (July 16, 1830 – July 5, 1904) was a Japanese ''daimyō'' of the late Edo period, who ruled the Tanakura and then Kawagoe Domains. He served as ''gaikoku bugyō'' and '' rōjū'' in the Tokugawa administration. Biography Matsudaira Yasuhide ...

(1807–1808) * Tōyama Kagekuni (1812–1816) * Matsuyama Naoyoshi (1815–1817) * Kanezawa Chiaki (1816–1818) *

Tsutsui Masanori Tsutsui (written: 筒井 meaning "round well") is a Japanese surname. Notable people with the surname include: *, Japanese artist *, Japanese warrior monk *, Japanese ''daimyō'' *, Japanese ''daimyō'' *, Japanese baseball player *, Japanese voll ...

(1817–1821) * Izawa Masayoshi (1842–1845). * Ido Satohiro (1845–1849). * Mizuno Tadanori (1853–1854, 1857–1858). * Arao Narimasa (1854–1859). * Arao Shigemitsu(1854–1859) * Takahashi Kazunuki (1862). * Sugiura Katsukiyo (1863) * Kyōgoku Takaakira (1863) *

Ōmura Sumihiro was the 12th and final ''daimyō'' of Ōmura Domain in Hizen Province, Kyūshū, Japan. His courtesy title was ''Tango-no-kami''. Biography Sumihiro was born at Kushima Castle, the ancestral Ōmura residence in Hizen, as the 10th son of Ōmur ...

(1863) * Hattori Tsunezumi (1863–1866) * Asagara Masahiro (1864–1866) *

Kawazu Sukekuni Kawazu may refer to: Places *Kawazu, Shizuoka 270px, Kawazu Town Hall 270px, Kawazu sakura is a town located on the east coast of Izu Peninsula in Kamo District, Shizuoka Prefecture, Japan. , the town had an estimated population of 7,20 ...

(1867–1868).Beasley, p. 334.

Notes

References

* Bodart-Bailey, Beatrice. (1999)
''Kaempfer's Japan: Tokugawa Culture Observed''.
Honolulu:

University of Hawaii Press A university () is an institution of higher (or tertiary) education and research which awards academic degrees in several academic disciplines. Universities typically offer both undergraduate and postgraduate programs. In the United States, th ...

. * Beasley, William G. (1972)
''The Meiji Restoration''.
Stanford:

Stanford University Press Stanford University Press (SUP) is the publishing house of Stanford University. It is one of the oldest academic presses in the United States and the first university press to be established on the West Coast. It was among the presses officially ...

. * ____________. (1955)
''Select Documents on Japanese Foreign Policy, 1853–1868''.
London:

Oxford University Press Oxford University Press (OUP) is the university press of the University of Oxford. It is the largest university press in the world, and its printing history dates back to the 1480s. Having been officially granted the legal right to print book ...

. eprinted_by_RoutledgeCurzon,_London,_2001.___(cloth).html" ;"title="RoutledgeCurzon.html" ;"title="eprinted by RoutledgeCurzon">eprinted by RoutledgeCurzon, London, 2001. (cloth)">RoutledgeCurzon.html" ;"title="eprinted by RoutledgeCurzon">eprinted by RoutledgeCurzon, London, 2001. (cloth)* Cullen, Louis M. (2003)
''A History of Japan, 1582–1941: Internal and External Worlds''.
Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. (cloth) – (paper) * Nussbaum, Louis-Frédéric and Käthe Roth. (2005)
''Japan encyclopedia''.
Cambridge:

Harvard University Press Harvard University Press (HUP) is a publishing house established on January 13, 1913, as a division of Harvard University, and focused on academic publishing. It is a member of the Association of American University Presses. After the retir ...

.
OCLC 58053128
* Screech, Timon. (2006). ''Secret Memoirs of the Shoguns:

Isaac Titsingh Isaac Titsingh FRS ( January 1745 – 2 February 1812) was a Dutch diplomat, historian, Japanologist, and merchant.Nussbaum, Louis-Frédéric. (2005). "Isaak Titsingh" in . During a long career in East Asia, Titsingh was a senior official of the ...

and Japan, 1779–1822''. London:

RoutledgeCurzon Routledge () is a British multinational publisher. It was founded in 1836 by George Routledge, and specialises in providing academic books, journals and online resources in the fields of the humanities, behavioural science, education, law, ...

. * Toyama, Mikio. (1988). ''Nagasaki bugyō: edo bakufu no mimi to me'' (Chuko shinsho). Tokyo: Chūō Kōronsha. {{DEFAULTSORT:Nagasaki bugyo Government of feudal Japan Officials of the Tokugawa shogunate History of Nagasaki

Responsibilities

Shogunal city

List of Nagasaki ''bugyō''

See also

Notes

References