naduvazhi

Naduvazhi ( IAST:''nātuvāḻi''; ) refers to feudal elites, ruling chieftains and descendants of royal kingdoms in various regions that are now administrative parts of Kerala, India. They constituted the aristocratic class within the Hindu caste system and were either kings themselves or nobility in the service of the kings of Kerala.

Function

Prior to the British reorganisation of the area now known as Kerala, it was divided into around ten feudal states. Each of these was governed by a ''rajah'' (king) and was subdivided into organisational units known as ''nads''. In turn, the ''nads'' were divided into ''dēsams'', which anthropologist Kathleen Gough considers to be villages. However, the early 20th-century historian Kavalam Panikkar states that the ''dēsams'' were themselves divided into ''amsas'', and that these were the villages. He believes that generally only the ''amsas'' survived the reorganisation.

The person who governed the ''nad'' was known as the ''naduvazhi''. It was an inherited role, originally bestowed by a king, and of a lower ritual rank than the royal lineages. Although Nair families, they generally used the title of ''Samantan'' and were treated as vassals. However, some ''naduvazhi'' were feudatory chiefs, former kings whose territory had been taken over by, for example, the Zamorins of Calicut. In these instances, although they were obeisant to the ''rajah'' they held a higher ritual rank than the Zamorin as a consequence of their longer history of government; they also had more power than the vassal chiefs. The ''naduvazhi'' families each saw themselves as a distinct caste in the same manner as did the rajahs; they did not recognise other ''naduvazhi'' families as being equal to them. The ''naduvazhi'' maintained criminal and civil order and could demand military service from all Nairs below him. There was usually a permanent force of between 500 and 1000 men available and these were called upon by the ''rajah'' when required. All fighting was usually suspended during the monsoon period of May to September, when movement around the country was almost impossible. Beaten roads and wheeled vehicle transport were rare until mid 18th century.

Titles

Naduvazhis of Kerala used different titles. Common among them are Nambiar, Nayanar, Raja, Achhan, Menon, Pillai, Panicker, Tharakan, Karthavu, Kaimal, Thampan, Kurup, Thirumalpad, Unnithan, Unnithiri, Muppil Nair etc.

Historians, including Robin Jeffry, Faucett and Samuel Mateer, are of the opinion that as with all other Kings of Malabar (Kerala), the Cochin Raja (Perumpadapum Moopil) and Venadu Swarupam was also of Nair origin. Mateer states: "There seems reason to believe that the whole of the kings of Malabar also, notwithstanding the pretensions set up for them of late by their dependents, belong to the same great body, and are homogeneous with the mass of the people called Nairs.Culture and society: a festschrift to Dr. A. Aiyappan
/ref> Sometimes the naduvazhi was given the additional title of ''Prabhu'' by the Raja, if he had a higher than average number of Nairs under his command. He was called ''Ayyayira Prabhu'', if he had 5,000 Nairs, and if he had 10,000 or more, then he was called a ''Pathinayira Prabhu''.{{cite book, author=T. K. Gopal Panikkar, title=Malabar and Its Folk, url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bHaTAsY9_OcC&pg=PA111%3C%2Fref%3E, accessdate=10 June 2011, publisher=Hamlin Press, isbn=978-1-4437-1802-8, page=111

See also

*Feudalism

References

History of the Nair
Feudal states of Kerala