''Nyctemera'' is a
genus
Genus ( plural genera ) is a taxonomic rank used in the biological classification of extant taxon, living and fossil organisms as well as Virus classification#ICTV classification, viruses. In the hierarchy of biological classification, genus com ...
of
tiger moth
The de Havilland DH.82 Tiger Moth is a 1930s British biplane designed by Geoffrey de Havilland and built by the de Havilland Aircraft Company. It was operated by the Royal Air Force (RAF) and other operators as a primary trainer aircraft. ...
s in the family
Erebidae
The Erebidae are a family of moths in the superfamily Noctuoidea. The family is among the largest families of moths by species count and contains a wide variety of well-known macromoth groups. The family includes the underwings ('' Catocala'') ...
first described by
Jacob Hübner
Jacob Hübner (20 June 1761 – 13 September 1826, in Augsburg) was a German entomologist. He was the author of ''Sammlung Europäischer Schmetterlinge'' (1796–1805), a founding work of entomology.
Scientific career
Hübner was the author of '' ...
in 1820. The genus includes the species ''
Nyctemera annulata
''Nyctemera annulata'', the magpie moth, is a moth of the family Erebidae. The species was first described by Jean Baptiste Boisduval in 1832. It is endemic to New Zealand and found in all parts of the country.
Description
The magpie moth's " ...
'' and ''
Nyctemera amica
''Nyctemera amicus'', the senecio moth, magpie moth or cineraria moth, is a moth of the family Erebidae. The species was first described by Adam White in 1841. It is found in South-east Asia, Oceania, and most of Australia. It can also be fou ...
'', which are closely related and are able to
interbreed
In biology, a hybrid is the offspring resulting from combining the qualities of two organisms of different breeds, varieties, species or genera through sexual reproduction. Hybrids are not always intermediates between their parents (such as in ...
.
Description
They are medium-sized
moth
Moths are a paraphyletic group of insects that includes all members of the order Lepidoptera that are not butterflies, with moths making up the vast majority of the order. There are thought to be approximately 160,000 species of moth, many of w ...
s, the adults having a wingspan of . The wings are usually dark with lighter patches, while the body is often
aposematic
Aposematism is the advertising by an animal to potential predators that it is not worth attacking or eating. This unprofitability may consist of any defences which make the prey difficult to kill and eat, such as toxicity, venom, foul taste or ...
ally coloured to discourage birds and other visual predators from eating them.
Palpi porrectly upturned. Antennae bipectinate in both sexes, where branches short in females. Forewing with vein 3 from before the angle of cell, vein 5 from above it and vein 6 from upper angle. Vein 7 and 10 from short areole which is formed by the anastomosis of veins 8 and 9. Hindwings with vein 3 from before end of cell and vein 5 from angle or from above it. Veins 6 and 7 stalked or from upper angle. Vein 8 from before middle of all.
Ecology
The slow-flying moths can often be seen feeding at
flower
A flower, sometimes known as a bloom or blossom, is the reproductive structure found in flowering plants (plants of the division Angiospermae). The biological function of a flower is to facilitate reproduction, usually by providing a mechani ...
s; it is common around its preferred food plants of the
daisy family, for example
groundsel Groundsel is a common name for several plants and may refer to:
*Members of the genus ''Senecio''
**Creeping groundsel, ''Senecio angulatus''
**Common groundsel, ''Senecio vulgaris''
**Welsh groundsel, '' Senecio cambrensis''
**York radiate grounds ...
(and other ''
Senecio
''Senecio'' is a genus of flowering plants in the daisy family (Asteraceae) that includes ragworts and groundsels.
Variously circumscribed taxonomically, the genus ''Senecio'' is one of the largest genera of flowering plants.
Description
Morp ...
'' spp.), ragworts and ''
Cineraria
''Cineraria'' is a genus of flowering plants in the sunflower family, native primarily to southern Africa with a few species farther north. The genus includes herbaceous plants and small subshrubs.
In the past, the genus was commonly viewed ...
''. The colourful hairy
larva
A larva (; plural larvae ) is a distinct juvenile form many animals undergo before metamorphosis into adults. Animals with indirect development such as insects, amphibians, or cnidarians typically have a larval phase of their life cycle.
The ...
e feed openly on the plants, often stripping off all the leaves. The mature larvae will sometimes wander from the plant to pupate. The loosely spun
cocoon incorporates some of the larval hairs and may also be found amongst leaves.
Taxonomy
Several
species
In biology, a species is the basic unit of classification and a taxonomic rank of an organism, as well as a unit of biodiversity. A species is often defined as the largest group of organisms in which any two individuals of the appropriate s ...
formerly placed here are now assigned to other genera. These include ''
Utetheisa'' (containing ''Atasca'', ''Pitasila'' and ''Raanya'', erstwhile subgenera of ''Nyctemera''), the revalidated ''
Chiromachla'', ''
Podomachla
''Podomachla'' is a genus of tiger moths in the family Erebidae
The Erebidae are a family of moths in the superfamily Noctuoidea. The family is among the largest families of moths by species count and contains a wide variety of well-known ma ...
'' and ''
Xylecata'', and the newly established ''
Afronyctemera
''Afronyctemera'' is a genus of tiger moths in the family Erebidae. The genus was erected by Vladimir Viktorovitch Dubatolov in 2006.
Species
* '' Afronyctemera camerunica''
* '' Afronyctemera itokina'' (Aurivillius, 1904)
* '' Afronyctemera m ...
''.
File:Magpie Moth.jpg, Magpie moth (''Nyctemera secundiana
''Nyctemera baulus'' is a moth of the family Erebidae. It is found from India to Samoa. Records include Queensland, Indonesia and New Guinea.
The wingspan is 45–48 mm. It is a day-flying species.
Larvae have been recorded on ''Brassica
...
'') found in central Queensland, Australia
File:Nyctemera annulata caterpillar.png, Magpie moth (''Nyctemera annulata
''Nyctemera annulata'', the magpie moth, is a moth of the family Erebidae. The species was first described by Jean Baptiste Boisduval in 1832. It is endemic to New Zealand and found in all parts of the country.
Description
The magpie moth's " ...
'') caterpillar feeding on ragwort
''Jacobaea vulgaris'', syn. ''Senecio jacobaea'', is a very common wild flower in the family Asteraceae that is native to northern Eurasia, usually in dry, open places, and has also been widely distributed as a weed elsewhere.
Common names inc ...
in Wellington, New Zealand
File:Magpie_moth_caterpillar-08.jpg, Magpie moth (''Nyctemera annulata
''Nyctemera annulata'', the magpie moth, is a moth of the family Erebidae. The species was first described by Jean Baptiste Boisduval in 1832. It is endemic to New Zealand and found in all parts of the country.
Description
The magpie moth's " ...
'') cocoon
File:Nyctemera_coleta_-_Mindanao,_Philippines.jpg, Marbled white moth (''Nyctemera coleta
''Nyctemera coleta'', the marbled white moth or white tiger moth, is a moth found from India to the Philippines, and from Japan to Papua New Guinea. It is classified under the subgenus ''Coleta'' of the genus ''Nyctemera'' in the family Arctii ...
'') from the Philippines
Species
Subgenus ''Arctata'' Roepke, 1949
*''
Nyctemera angustipenis
''Nyctemera angustipenis'' is a moth of the family Erebidae first described by Yasunori Kishida in 1994. It is found on Luzon in the Philippines
The Philippines (; fil, Pilipinas, links=no), officially the Republic of the Philippines ( ...
''
*''
Nyctemera arctata
''Nyctemera arctata'' is a moth of the family Erebidae. It is found in India, China, Nepal, Bhutan, Myanmar, the Philippines, Taiwan and Indonesia
Indonesia, officially the Republic of Indonesia, is a country in Southeast Asia and Ocean ...
''
*''
Nyctemera montata
''Nyctemera montana'' is a moth of the family Erebidae first described by Jeremy Daniel Holloway in 1976. It is found on Borneo
Borneo (; id, Kalimantan) is the third-largest island in the world and the largest in Asia. At the geographi ...
''
*''
Nyctemera browni
''Nyctemera browni'' is a moth of the family Erebidae first described by Schultze in 1908. It is found in the Philippines and Taiwan
Taiwan, officially the Republic of China (ROC), is a country in East Asia, at the junction of the East ...
''
*''
Nyctemera consobriniformis''
*''
Nyctemera gratia''
*''
Nyctemera hyalina''
*''
Nyctemera kinabaluensis''
*''
Nyctemera kishidai''
*''
Nyctemera lunulata''
*''
Nyctemera luzonensis''
*''
Nyctemera owadai''
*''
Nyctemera palawanica''
*''
Nyctemera robusta''
*''
Nyctemera toxopei''
*''
Nyctemera undulata''
Subgenus ''Coleta'' Roepke, 1949
*''
Nyctemera coleta''
*''
Nyctemera groenendaeli''
Subgenus ''Deilemera'' Hübner,
820
__NOTOC__
Year 820 ( DCCCXX) was a leap year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.
Events
By place Abbasid Caliphate
*Abbasid caliph Al-Ma'mun appointed Isa ibn Yazid al-Juludi as Abbasid gove ...
1816
*''
Nyctemera carissima''
*''
Nyctemera evergista''
*''
Nyctemera gerra''
*''
Nyctemera luzonica''
*''
Nyctemera maculata''
*''
Nyctemera muelleri''
*''
Nyctemera swinhoei''
Subgenus ''Luctuosana'' de Vos, 2010
*''
Nyctemera contrasta''
*''
Nyctemera dentifascia''
*''
Nyctemera herklotsii''
*''
Nyctemera luctuosa''
*''
Nyctemera ludekingii''
*''
Nyctemera simulatrix''
Subgenus ''Nyctemera'' s.str.
*''
Nyctemera amicus
''Nyctemera amicus'', the senecio moth, magpie moth or cineraria moth, is a moth of the family Erebidae. The species was first described by Adam White in 1841. It is found in South-east Asia, Oceania, and most of Australia. It can also be fou ...
''
*''
Nyctemera annulata
''Nyctemera annulata'', the magpie moth, is a moth of the family Erebidae. The species was first described by Jean Baptiste Boisduval in 1832. It is endemic to New Zealand and found in all parts of the country.
Description
The magpie moth's " ...
''
*''
Nyctemera baulus''
*''
Nyctemera cenis''
*''
Nyctemera kala''
*''
Nyctemera kebeae''
*''
Nyctemera lacticinia''
*''
Nyctemera latemarginata''
*''
Nyctemera latistriga''
*''
Nyctemera mastrigti''
*''
Nyctemera obtusa''
*''
Nyctemera pagenstecheri''
*''
Nyctemera pseudokala''
*''
Nyctemera sonticum''
*''
Nyctemera warmasina''
The ''Nyctemera'' (''Nyctemera'') ''clathrata'' species group
*''
Nyctemera clathratum''
*''
Nyctemera dauila''
*''
Nyctemera giloloensis''
*''
Nyctemera latimargo''
*''
Nyctemera leopoldi''
*''
Nyctemera mesolychna''
*''
Nyctemera oninica''
Subgenus ''Orphanos'' Hübner,
825
__NOTOC__
Year 825 ( DCCCXXV) was a common year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.
Events
By place
India
* A group of Persio-Assyrian adherents of the Church of the East, under the leade ...
1816
*''
Nyctemera adversata''
*''
Nyctemera apensis''
*''
Nyctemera calcicola''
*''
Nyctemera clarior''
*''
Nyctemera distincta''
*''
Nyctemera kiauensis''
*''
Nyctemera kinibalina''
*''
Nyctemera lugens''
*''
Nyctemera malaccana''
*''
Nyctemera ploesslo''
*''
Nyctemera popiya''
*''
Nyctemera radiata''
*''
Nyctemera regularis''
*''
Nyctemera sumatrensis''
*''
Nyctemera tenompoka''
*''
Nyctemera tripunctaria''
Subgenus ''Tritomera'' de Vos & Dubatolov, 2010
*''
Nyctemera trita''
Unsorted ''Nyctemera'' species
*''
Nyctemera formosana'' (mostly placed as a synonym of ''Nyctemera carissima'')
*''
Nyctemera genora''
*''
Nyctemera immitans''
*''
Nyctemera quaternarium''
Afrotropical species transferred into ''Afronyctemera'' Dubatolov, 2006
*''
Nyctemera itokina
''Afronyctemera itokina'' is a moth of the family Erebidae first described by Per Olof Christopher Aurivillius in 1904. It is found in Angola, Burundi, Cameroon, the Democratic Republic of the Congo, Kenya, Malawi, Nigeria, Rwanda, Tanzania, U ...
''
Afrotropical species transferred into ''Chiromachla'' Strand, 1909
*''
Nyctemera chalcosidia''
*''
Nyctemera gracilis''
*''
Nyctemera insulare''
*''
Nyctemera leuconoe''
*''
Nyctemera pallescens''
*''
Nyctemera perspicua''
*''
Nyctemera restrictum''
*''
Nyctemera seychellensis''
*''
Nyctemera torbeni''
*''
Nyctemera transitella''
Afrotropical species transferred into ''Podomachla'' Strand, 1909
*''
Nyctemera acraeina''
*''
Nyctemera antinorii''
*''
Nyctemera apicalis''
*''
Nyctemera arieticornis''
*''
Nyctemera chromis''
*''
Nyctemera insularis''
*''
Nyctemera usambarae''
*''
Nyctemera virgo''
Afrotropical species transferred into ''Xylecata'' Swinhoe, 1904
*''
Nyctemera biformis''
*''
Nyctemera crassiantennata''
*''
Nyctemera druna''
*''
Nyctemera glauce''
*''
Nyctemera hemixantha''
*''
Nyctemera rattrayi''
*''
Nyctemera ugandicola''
*''
Nyctemera uniformis''
*''
Nyctemera xanthura''
Main articles on ''Nyctemera'' taxonomy
* 1994
995
Year 995 ( CMXCV) was a common year starting on Tuesday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.
Events
By place
Japan
* 17 May - Fujiwara no Michitaka (imperial regent) dies.
* 3 June: Fujiwara no Michikane gain ...
''Nyctemera groenendaeli'' spec. nov. from New Guinea (Lepidoptera: Arctiidae, Nyctemerina). ''Nachrichten des Entomologischen Vereins Apollo, N.F.'' 15 (4): 481–489.
* 1995: A revision of ''Nyctemera consobrina'' (Hopffer, 1874) with redescription of three subspecies (Lepidoptera: Arctiidae, Nyctemerinae). ''Nachrichten des Entomologischen Vereins Apollo, N.F.'' 16 (1): 81–93.
* 1996: ''Nyctemera pseudokala'' sp. nov. and ''N. mastrigti'' sp. nov., two new species from Indonesia (Lepidoptera: Arctiidae, Nyctemerinae). ''Nachrichten des Entomologischen Vereins Apollo, N.F.'' 17 (3): 301–311.
* 1997: A revision of ''Nyctemera kebeae'' (Bethune-Baker, 1904) (with descriptions of two new subspecies) and ''N. warmasina'' (Bethune-Baker, 1910) (Lepidoptera: Arctiidae, Nyctemerinae). ''Nachrichten des Entomologischen Vereins Apollo, N.F.'' 18 (1): 1-12.
* 1997: The identity of ''Nyctemera simulatrix'' Walker, 1864 (Lepidoptera: Arctiidae, Nyctemerinae). ''Nachrichten des Entomologischen Vereins Apollo, N.F.'' 18 (2-3): 205–210.
* 2002: Revision of the ''Nyctemera evergista'' group (=subgenus ''Deilemera'' Hübner) (Lepidoptera: Arctiidae, Arctiinae, Nyctemerini). ''Nachrichten des Entomologischen Vereins Apollo, N.F.'' 23 (1/2): 7-32.
* 2007: Revision of the ''Nyctemera clathratum'' complex (Lepidoptera: Arctiidae). ''Tijdschrift voor Entomologie'' 150: 39–54.
* 2007: The ''Utetheisa'' species of the subgenera ''Pitasila, Atasca'' and ''Raanya'' subgen. n. (Insecta, Lepidoptera: Arctiidae). ''Aldrovandia'' 3: 31-120.
*
* 2010: Nyctemerini. ''In'': , Tiger-moths of Eurasia (Lepidoptera, Arctiidae). ''Neue Entomologische Nachrichten'' 65: 11–18.
* 2006: On the generic status of the Afrotropical ''Nyctemera'' species (Lepidoptera, Arctiidae). ''Atalanta'' 37 (1/2): 191–205.
References
External links
*
*
{{Taxonbar , from=Q602790
Nyctemerina
Moth genera