Nunivak Island (
Central Alaskan Yup'ik: ;
Nunivak Cup'ig: ''Nuniwar''; russian: Нунивак, Nunivak) is a
permafrost-covered
volcanic
A volcano is a rupture in the crust of a planetary-mass object, such as Earth, that allows hot lava, volcanic ash, and gases to escape from a magma chamber below the surface.
On Earth, volcanoes are most often found where tectonic plates a ...
island
An island (or isle) is an isolated piece of habitat that is surrounded by a dramatically different habitat, such as water. Very small islands such as emergent land features on atolls can be called islets, skerries, cays or keys. An island ...
lying about offshore from the delta of the
Yukon
Yukon (; ; formerly called Yukon Territory and also referred to as the Yukon) is the smallest and westernmost of Canada's three territories. It also is the second-least populated province or territory in Canada, with a population of 43,964 as ...
and
Kuskokwim
The Kuskokwim River or Kusko River (Yup'ik: ''Kusquqvak''; Deg Xinag: ''Digenegh''; Upper Kuskokwim: ''Dichinanek' ''; russian: Кускоквим (''Kuskokvim'')) is a river, long, in Southwest Alaska in the United States. It is the ninth la ...
rivers in the US state of
Alaska
Alaska ( ; russian: Аляска, Alyaska; ale, Alax̂sxax̂; ; ems, Alas'kaaq; Yup'ik: ''Alaskaq''; tli, Anáaski) is a state located in the Western United States on the northwest extremity of North America. A semi-exclave of the U.S. ...
, at a latitude of about
60°N. The island is in area, making it the second-largest island in the
Bering Sea and
eighth-largest island in the United States. It is long and wide. It has a population of 191 persons as of the
2010 census, down from 210 in 2000. The island's entire population lives in the north coast city of
Mekoryuk.
[Block 1038 thru Block 1044, Block Group 1, Census Tract 1, Bethel Census Area](_blank)
United States Census Bureau
People
![Edward S](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4a/Edward_S._Curtis_Collection_People_009.jpg)
Nunivak has only one permanent settlement,
Mekoryuk, on the north shore, with about 200 residents. In the 1880
United States Census,
Ivan Petrof recorded 702 residents in nine villages on the island. An epidemic in 1900 decimated the population of the island.
Emigration
Emigration is the act of leaving a resident country or place of residence with the intent to settle elsewhere (to permanently leave a country). Conversely, immigration describes the movement of people into one country from another (to permanent ...
keeps the population small. Noted persons who have visited Nunivak include journalist
Jon Lee Anderson
Jon Lee Anderson (born January 15, 1957) is an American biographer, author, investigative reporter, war correspondent, and staff writer for ''The New Yorker'', reporting from war zones such as Afghanistan, Iraq, Uganda, Palestine, El Salvador, Ir ...
, photographer
Edward S. Curtis
Edward Sherriff Curtis (February 19, 1868 – October 19, 1952) was an American photographer and ethnologist whose work focused on the American West and on Native American people. Sometimes referred to as the "Shadow Catcher", Curtis travele ...
, Anne Makepeace, anthropologist Margaret Lantis, and the artist Muriel Hannah. Noted conservationist and outdoorsman
Steven Rinella aired an episode of his television show ''Meat Eater'' in 2015 where he experienced a muskox hunt and explored the history and culture of the island and its people.
![Nunivak maskette](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/cb/Nunivak_maskette.jpg)
Nearly all the permanent residents of Nunivak are
Cup'it Eskimo, whose traditional language is a dialect of
Central Alaskan Yup'ik known as Cup'ig or
Nunivak Cup'ig. Cup'ig is the first language for many older islanders and is enjoying a dedicated revival among younger islanders as well, although nearly all ''Nuniwarmiut'' (Nunivak people) speak English. The people of Nunivak Island still depend to a large degree on subsistence hunting, and also commercial fishing and industrial work on the mainland.
Geology and natural history
![NashHarborNunivakCurtisLOC3c07326v](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f5/NashHarborNunivakCurtisLOC3c07326v.jpg)
Nunivak Island is volcanic in origin; most of the island is dominated by
volcanic plateau
A volcanic plateau is a plateau produced by volcanic activity. There are two main types: lava plateaus and pyroclastic plateaus.
Lava plateau
Lava plateaus are formed by highly fluid basaltic lava during numerous successive eruptions throu ...
500 ft (160 m) or more above sea level. The island is dotted with about 60
cinder cones
A cinder cone (or scoria cone) is a steep conical hill of loose pyroclastic fragments, such as volcanic clinkers, volcanic ash, or scoria that has been built around a volcanic vent. The pyroclastic fragments are formed by explosive eruptions ...
and four
maars. Much of its surface consists of widespread, thin flows of
pahoehoe lava from small
shield volcanoes, which spread over
sedimentary rock
Sedimentary rocks are types of rock that are formed by the accumulation or deposition of mineral or organic particles at Earth's surface, followed by cementation. Sedimentation is the collective name for processes that cause these particles ...
of the
Cretaceous
The Cretaceous ( ) is a geological period that lasted from about 145 to 66 million years ago (Mya). It is the third and final period of the Mesozoic Era, as well as the longest. At around 79 million years, it is the longest geological period of ...
period. Volcanic eruptions took place during 5 periods of activity beginning 6.1 million years ago. Most of the volcanic field was formed during the two most recent eruptive periods during the
Pleistocene
The Pleistocene ( , often referred to as the ''Ice age'') is the geological epoch that lasted from about 2,580,000 to 11,700 years ago, spanning the Earth's most recent period of repeated glaciations. Before a change was finally confirmed in ...
ending about 300,000 years ago.
Because of the history of volcanic activity, it is considered part of the
Bering Sea Volcanic Province. The
Ibkilwit Lava Bed is located on Nunivak Island.
Tundra
In physical geography, tundra () is a type of biome where tree growth is hindered by frigid temperatures and short growing seasons. The term ''tundra'' comes through Russian (') from the Kildin Sámi word (') meaning "uplands", "treeless mou ...
is the main landscape feature; the largest trees on Nunivak are dwarf
willow
Willows, also called sallows and osiers, from the genus ''Salix'', comprise around 400 speciesMabberley, D.J. 1997. The Plant Book, Cambridge University Press #2: Cambridge. of typically deciduous trees and shrubs, found primarily on moist so ...
trees, most less than 4 ft (1.2 m) tall. More than 40 rivers drain the tundra upland. Brackish lagoons ring the eastern and southern shores, and steep volcanic cliffs dominate the northwest shores.
At least 89 migratory seabird and waterfowl species have seasonal homes on Nunivak Island, including several endangered and threatened species. Dense summer breeding rookeries are found on all shores of the island and in inland tundra lakes.
Prehistorically, Nunivak was home to a modest herd of
caribou, but these were exterminated after the introduction of firearms in the late 19th or early 20th century. United States Fish and Wildlife introduced
reindeer
Reindeer (in North American English, known as caribou if wild and ''reindeer'' if domesticated) are deer in the genus ''Rangifer''. For the last few decades, reindeer were assigned to one species, ''Rangifer tarandus'', with about 10 sub ...
and
musk ox
Musk ( Persian: مشک, ''Mushk'') is a class of aromatic substances commonly used as base notes in perfumery. They include glandular secretions from animals such as the musk deer, numerous plants emitting similar fragrances, and artificial sub ...
onto the island in the 1930s and 1940s. Large herds of these animals are maintained by the local Native Corporation of
Mekoryuk.
Most of the island is part of the
Yukon Delta National Wildlife Refuge
The Yukon Delta National Wildlife Refuge is a United States National Wildlife Refuge covering about in southwestern Alaska. It is the second-largest National Wildlife Refuge in the country, only slightly smaller than the Arctic National Wildlife R ...
, administered by the
U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service
The United States Fish and Wildlife Service (USFWS or FWS) is an agency within the United States Department of the Interior dedicated to the management of fish, wildlife, and natural habitats. The mission of the agency is "working with othe ...
.
Culture
The art of Nunivak Island has its roots in the ancient past. The oldest known sculpture is thousands of years old.
In the ancient times masks were made to sell or trade for goods needed to survive. Later masks were intended for festivities,
dances
Dance is a performing art form consisting of sequences of movement, either improvised or purposefully selected. This movement has aesthetic and often symbolic value. Dance can be categorized and described by its choreography, by its reperto ...
, and traditional healing.
This type of mask (there are many types of masks carved today) represents the life surrounding Nunivak Island. The walrus is what the loon depends on for survival. And, in turn, man depends on the loon and the walrus for survival. These are two of the traditional animals that were hunted by the men of the village in order to provide for their families.
The walrus is what the Nunivak peoples depended on to survive. It held much of the necessities of living in the Bering Sea. The skin of the walrus was used for waterproofing kayaks, the soles of mukluks (
Cup'ig boots), and the intestine was used as waterproof rain gear that were of great necessity in earlier times. The bones were used as tools, the ivory for spear heads, and harpoon heads and carvings were made for trade. Also the loon pelts were transformed into beautiful winter coats that were also waterproof.
Demographics
Nunivak Island first reported on the 1880 U.S. Census as an unincorporated island, with 400 Yupik residents.
[http://www2.census.gov/prod2/decennial/documents/1880a_v1-17.pdf ] In 1890, the villages on the island reported separately. It next reported in 1910 for the entire island through to 1940. Since 1950, any settlements on the island have reported separately again, though all residents now reside in Mekoryuk as of 2000 and 2010.
See also
*
Nunathloogagamiutbingoi Dunes
Notes
Further reading
Nunivak EskimoMargaret Lantis in ''Handbook of North American Indians v5 Arctic'' pp 209–223. Government Printing Office, Washington. Copyright 1984 Smithsonian institution.
Nunivak Island Eskimo (Yuit) technology and material culture (1989) VanStone, James W; Field Museum of Natural History. Fieldiana: Anthropology, new series, no.12 Chicago, Ill.: Field Museum of Natural History. In copyright, digitized with the permission of the Chicago Field Museum. This is VanStone's write-up of Margaret Lantis's material culture collection and notes.
The social culture of the Nunivak Eskimo Margaret Lantis. Transactions, American Philosophical Society (vol. 35, Part 3, 1946)
Charles C. Hughes. Review of "Eskimo Childhood and Interpersonal Relationships: Nunivak Biographies and Genealogies" by Margaret LantisAmerican Anthropologist, New Series, Vol. 63, No. 5, Part 1 (Oct., 1961), pp. 1133–1135 (3-page review; good summary).
Fish and Wildlife Resources of Nunivak Island, Part 1, Fisheries– March 21, 1966 Jerry Hout, U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. Subsistence fishing. Maps, photos.
External links
Summer Field Science Camp UAF Kuskokwim CampusNunivak Photos from the 50sHistoric Nunivak PhotosNuniwarmiut Piciryarata Tamaryalkuti 'Nunivak Cultural ProgramsNunivak island spirit masks and other art carvingsPaul Souders. Ellikarrmiut Economy. Animal Resource Use at Nash Harbor (49-NI-003), Nunivak Island, Alaska Archaeology at Nash Harbor; bibliography.
Burges Smith diary concerning Nunivak Island Musk Ox Expeditionat Dartmouth College Library
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Islands of Bethel Census Area, Alaska
Landforms of Bethel Census Area, Alaska
Islands of the Bering Sea
Islands of Alaska
Volcanoes of Alaska
Maars of Alaska
Volcanoes of the Pacific Ocean
Volcanoes of Unorganized Borough, Alaska
Cinder cones of the United States
Islands of Unorganized Borough, Alaska
Pleistocene shield volcanoes
Shield volcanoes of the United States