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The Nuclei Armati Rivoluzionari ( en, Armed Revolutionary Nuclei), abbreviated NAR, was an
Italian Italian(s) may refer to: * Anything of, from, or related to the people of Italy over the centuries ** Italians, an ethnic group or simply a citizen of the Italian Republic or Italian Kingdom ** Italian language, a Romance language *** Regional Ita ...
terrorist Terrorism, in its broadest sense, is the use of criminal violence to provoke a state of terror or fear, mostly with the intention to achieve political or religious aims. The term is used in this regard primarily to refer to intentional violen ...
neo-fascist Neo-fascism is a post-World War II far-right ideology that includes significant elements of fascism. Neo-fascism usually includes ultranationalism, racial supremacy, populism, authoritarianism, nativism, xenophobia, and anti-immigration s ...
militant organization active during the Years of Lead from 1977 to November 1981. It committed 33 murders in four years, and had planned to assassinate Francesco Cossiga, Gianfranco Fini and
Adolfo Urso Adolfo Urso (born 12 July 1957 in Padua, Veneto) is an Italian politician and journalist. Biography Son of Sicily, Sicilian parents, after studying in Acireale and Catania, Urso graduated in sociology at the Sapienza University of Rome, "La Sa ...
. The group maintained close links with the ''
Banda della Magliana The Banda della Magliana (, ''Magliana Gang'') is an Italian criminal organization based in Rome. It was founded in 1975. Given by the media, the name refers to the original neighborhood, the Magliana, of some of its members. The ''Banda dell ...
'', a Rome-based criminal organization, which provided such logistical support as lodging, false papers, weapons, and bombs to the NAR. In November 1981, it was discovered that the NAR hid weapons in the basements of the Health Ministry. The first trial against them sentenced 53 persons on 2 May 1985 on charges of terrorist activities.


Ideology

The late seventies were a time of political violence in the form of bombings, assassinations, and street warfare between rival militant factions. Young neo-fascists saw the state-sanctioned far-right political party MSI as betraying them, through inaction in the face of attacks by political opponents and the police such as the Acca Larentia killings. Influenced by leftist movements, a large group of far-right youths, including Fioravanti and his close associates, moved from street-fighting to terrorism. Unlike their left-wing counterparts, they emphasised personal qualities like spontaneity and willingness to fight, even in a lost cause, over political objectives. Fioravanti has said, "About defeat we never cared, we are a generation of losers, always on the side of the defeated."


Members

The NAR were directed by former
RAI RAI – Radiotelevisione italiana (; commercially styled as Rai since 2000; known until 1954 as Radio Audizioni Italiane) is the national public broadcasting company of Italy, owned by the Ministry of Economy and Finance. RAI operates many ter ...
child actor The term child actor or child actress is generally applied to a child acting on stage or in film, movies or television. An adult who began their acting career as a child may also be called a child actor, or a "former child actor". Closely associ ...
,
Valerio Fioravanti Giuseppe Valerio "Giusva" Fioravanti (born 28 March 1958) is an Italian former terrorist and actor, journalist and human rights activist, who, with Francesca Mambro, was a leading figure in a far-right terrorist group ''Nuclei Armati Rivoluziona ...
, his brother Cristiano Fioravanti, Dario Pedretti, Francesca Mambro and
Alessandro Alibrandi Alessandro Alibrandi (12 June 1960 – 5 December 1981) was an Italian neofascist terrorist who was active in the organization ''Nuclei Armati Rivoluzionari'' ( Armed Revolutionary Nuclei). He was killed during a firefight with the police in Rom ...
, who were previous militants of the Italian Social Movement (MSI). Other important members included:
Luigi Ciavardini is a fictional character featured in video games and related media released by Nintendo. Created by Japanese video game designer Shigeru Miyamoto, Luigi is portrayed as the younger fraternal twin brother and sidekick of Mario, Nintendo's masc ...
,
Gilberto Cavallini Gilberto is the Iberian and Italian version of the originally Norman-French given name '' Gilbert'', used in Italian, Portuguese and Spanish languages. In Galician, it's spelled Xilberto or Xilberte. ''Gilbert'' is ultimately derived from the Ger ...
, Stefano Soderini, Franco Anselmi,
Giorgio Vale Giorgio may refer to: * Castel Giorgio, ''comune'' in Umbria, Italy * Giorgio (name), an Italian given name and surname * Giorgio Moroder, or Giorgio, Italian record producer ** ''Giorgio'' (album), an album by Giorgio Moroder * "Giorgio" (son ...
,
Massimo Carminati Massimo Carminati (; born 31 May 1958), allegedly nicknamed "the last king of Rome", is an Italian underworld figure and former member of far-right terrorist group Nuclei Armati Rivoluzionari and criminal gang Banda della Magliana, which were at ...
, Claudio Bracci, Stefano Bracci, Mario Corsi a.k.a. "Marione" (''Big Mario''), Stefano Tiraboschi,
Lino Lai Lino may refer to: * Lino, short for linoleum, a common flooring material * Lino, slang for linesman, the former name (still in widespread common use) for an assistant referee in football * Lino, slang for a habitual user of the narcotic cocaine ...
, Paolo Pizzonia,
Patrizio Trochei Patrizio is an Italian language, Italian male personal name. It is the Italian form of Patrick (given name), Patrick. * Patrizio Bertelli (born 1946), Italian businessman * Patrizio Bianchi (born 1952), Italian economist and politician * Patrizio ...
, Walter Sordi, Marco Mario Massimi, Pasquale Belsito,
Fiorenzo Trincanato Fiorenzo is a masculine Italian given name. The feminine derivative is Fiorenza. Notable people with the name include: * Fiorenzo (African saint), 5th-century North African bishop and saint *Fiorenzo Aliverti (born 1957), Italian cyclist *Fiore ...
, Andrea Vian. In 1980, NAR member
Giorgio Vale Giorgio may refer to: * Castel Giorgio, ''comune'' in Umbria, Italy * Giorgio (name), an Italian given name and surname * Giorgio Moroder, or Giorgio, Italian record producer ** ''Giorgio'' (album), an album by Giorgio Moroder * "Giorgio" (son ...
became the leader of ''
Terza Posizione Terza Posizione ( en, Third Position) was a short-lived neo-fascist political movement founded in Rome , established_title = Founded , established_date = 753 BC , founder = King Romulus ( legendary) , image_map ...
'', which was used as a front for the NAR.


Actions


1980 Bologna massacre

The 1980 bombing of the Bologna main train station, which killed 85 people, was part of the strategy of tension and intended to cast blame on militant leftist groups. NAR members
Valerio Fioravanti Giuseppe Valerio "Giusva" Fioravanti (born 28 March 1958) is an Italian former terrorist and actor, journalist and human rights activist, who, with Francesca Mambro, was a leading figure in a far-right terrorist group ''Nuclei Armati Rivoluziona ...
and Francesca Mambro were convicted of the bombing.


Weapons cache in the Health Ministry

On 25 November 1981, Italian authorities discovered a weapons cache in the basements of the Health Ministry. According to the ''
Banda della Magliana The Banda della Magliana (, ''Magliana Gang'') is an Italian criminal organization based in Rome. It was founded in 1975. Given by the media, the name refers to the original neighborhood, the Magliana, of some of its members. The ''Banda dell ...
'' ''
pentito ''Pentito'' (; lit. "repentant"; plural: ''pentiti'') is used colloquially to designate collaborators of justice in Italian criminal procedure terminology who were formerly part of criminal organizations and decided to collaborate with a public ...
'', Maurizio Abbatino, NAR member
Massimo Carminati Massimo Carminati (; born 31 May 1958), allegedly nicknamed "the last king of Rome", is an Italian underworld figure and former member of far-right terrorist group Nuclei Armati Rivoluzionari and criminal gang Banda della Magliana, which were at ...
was the only one who could freely access the weapons cache. Massimo Carminati not only held close links with the ''Banda della Magliana'', but also with
SISMI Servizio per le Informazioni e la Sicurezza Militare (abbreviated SISMI, ''Military Intelligence and Security Service'') was the military intelligence agency of Italy from 1977–2007. With the reform of the Italian Intelligence Services app ...
secret agents, in particular General
Pietro Musumeci Pietro Musumeci (born 18 May 1920) was a general and deputy director of Italy's military intelligence agency, SISMI. Musumeci was born in Catania on 18 May 1920. A member of ''Propaganda Due'', Musumeci was convicted in 1985, along with other SISMI ...
and Colonel
Giuseppe Belmonte Giuseppe is the Italian form of the given name Joseph, from Latin Iōsēphus from Ancient Greek Ἰωσήφ (Iōsḗph), from Hebrew יוסף. It is the most common name in Italy and is unique (97%) to it. The feminine form of the name is Giusep ...
, a member of the Propaganda Due Masonic lodge.


Assassinations

On 23 June 1980, NAR members and (who was later sentenced to a 30-year prison term in 2007 for his role in the 1980 Bologna bombings) assassinated magistrate
Mario Amato Mario Amato (24 November 1937, in Palermo – 23 June 1980, in Rome) was an Italian magistrate, assassinated in 1980 by NAR (''Nuclei Armati Rivoluzionari'') members and .radical right in Italy after the assassination of judge on 10 July 1976 (Occorsio was shot by Pierluigi Concutelli, leader of the armed groups of the Ordine Nuovo). The two NAR members were also responsible for the earlier slaying of Francesco Evangelista on 28 May 1980.


See also

*
Anni di piombo , partof = the Cold War , image = Stragedibologna-2.jpg , image_size = 300px , caption = Aftermath of the bombing at the Bologna railway station in August 1980 which killed 85 people, the deadliest ev ...
*''
Banda della Magliana The Banda della Magliana (, ''Magliana Gang'') is an Italian criminal organization based in Rome. It was founded in 1975. Given by the media, the name refers to the original neighborhood, the Magliana, of some of its members. The ''Banda dell ...
'' * Strategy of tension *Assassination of
Carmine Pecorelli Carmine "Mino" Pecorelli (; 14 September 1928 – 20 March 1979) was an Italian journalist, shot dead in Rome a year after former prime minister Aldo Moro's 1978 kidnapping and subsequent killing. He was described as a "maverick journalist wit ...
*1980
Bologna massacre The Bologna massacre ( it, strage di Bologna) was a terrorist bombing of the Bologna Centrale railway station in Bologna, Italy, on the morning of 2 August 1980, which killed 85 people and wounded over 200. Several members of the neo-fascist t ...
*
Armed, far-right organizations in Italy In Italy, after the Second World War, many armed, paramilitary, far-right organizations were active, as well as far-left ones. Background The attempt to endorse the neo-fascist Italian Social Movement (MSI) by the Tambroni Cabinet, in 1960, l ...


References

*


Further reading

* * {{authority control Defunct organisations designated as terrorist in Italy Factions of the Years of Lead (Italy) Far-right politics in Italy Neo-fascist organisations in Italy Neo-fascist terrorism Third Position