![Russian dialects](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4e/Russian_dialects.png)
The northern Russian dialects make up one of the main groups of the
Russian dialects
Russian dialects are spoken variants of the Russian language.
Russian dialects and territorial varieties are divided in two conceptual chronological and geographic categories: Kamusella, Tomasz. (2018). Russian: A Monocentric or Pluricentric Lan ...
.
Territory
* The territory of the ''primary formation'' (e.g. that consist of "Old" Russia of the 16th century before Eastern conquests by
Ivan IV) is fully or partially modern regions (''oblasts''):
Vologda
Vologda ( rus, Вологда, p=ˈvoləɡdə) is a city and the administrative center of Vologda Oblast, Russia, located on the river Vologda within the watershed of the Northern Dvina. Population:
The city serves as a major transport hu ...
,
Kostroma
Kostroma ( rus, Кострома́, p=kəstrɐˈma) is a historic types of inhabited localities in Russia, city and the administrative center of Kostroma Oblast, Russia. A part of the Golden Ring of Russia, Golden Ring of Russian cities, it is lo ...
,
Yaroslavl
Yaroslavl ( rus, Ярослáвль, p=jɪrɐˈsɫavlʲ) is a city and the administrative center of Yaroslavl Oblast, Russia, located northeast of Moscow. The historic part of the city is a World Heritage Site, and is located at the confluenc ...
,
Novgorod,
Leningrad
Saint Petersburg ( rus, links=no, Санкт-Петербург, a=Ru-Sankt Peterburg Leningrad Petrograd Piter.ogg, r=Sankt-Peterburg, p=ˈsankt pʲɪtʲɪrˈburk), formerly known as Petrograd (1914–1924) and later Leningrad (1924–1991), i ...
,
Nizhny Novgorod
Nizhny Novgorod ( ; rus, links=no, Нижний Новгород, a=Ru-Nizhny Novgorod.ogg, p=ˈnʲiʐnʲɪj ˈnovɡərət ), colloquially shortened to Nizhny, from the 13th to the 17th century Novgorod of the Lower Land, formerly known as Gork ...
,
Arkhangelsk
Arkhangelsk (, ; rus, Арха́нгельск, p=ɐrˈxanɡʲɪlʲsk), also known in English as Archangel and Archangelsk, is a city and the administrative center of Arkhangelsk Oblast, Russia. It lies on both banks of the Northern Dvina near ...
.
* The territory of the ''second formation'' (e.g. where Russians settled after the 16th century) consist of most of the land to the North and North-East of Central Russia, that is
Karelia,
Murmansk
Murmansk (Russian: ''Мурманск'' lit. "Norwegian coast"; Finnish: ''Murmansk'', sometimes ''Muurmanski'', previously ''Muurmanni''; Norwegian: ''Norskekysten;'' Northern Sámi: ''Murmánska;'' Kildin Sámi: ''Мурман ланнҍ'') ...
,
Vyatka,
Perm
Perm or PERM may refer to:
Places
*Perm, Russia, a city in Russia
** Permsky District, the district
**Perm Krai, a federal subject of Russia since 2005
**Perm Oblast, a former federal subject of Russia 1938–2005
**Perm Governorate, an administra ...
,
Komi,
Udmurtia
Udmurtia (russian: Удму́ртия, r=Udmúrtiya, p=ʊˈdmurtʲɪjə; udm, Удмуртия, ''Udmurtija''), or the Udmurt Republic (russian: Удмуртская Республика, udm, Удмурт Республика, Удмурт ...
, and as well as
Siberia
Siberia ( ; rus, Сибирь, r=Sibir', p=sʲɪˈbʲirʲ, a=Ru-Сибирь.ogg) is an extensive region, geographical region, constituting all of North Asia, from the Ural Mountains in the west to the Pacific Ocean in the east. It has been a ...
and
Far East
The ''Far East'' was a European term to refer to the geographical regions that includes East and Southeast Asia as well as the Russian Far East to a lesser extent. South Asia is sometimes also included for economic and cultural reasons.
The ter ...
.
List of sub-dialects
*
Pomor dialects
Pomor dialects are a group of Northern Russian dialects spoken by the Pomors of the former Arkhangelsk Governorate and northern parts of the Olonets and Vologda Governorates. They are heavily influenced by the Old Novgorod dialect and contain a ...
*
Olonets
Olonets (russian: Оло́нец; krl, Anus, olo, Anuksenlinnu; fi, Aunus, Aunuksenkaupunki or Aunuksenlinna) is a town and the administrative center of Olonetsky District of the Republic of Karelia, Russia, located on the Olonka River to t ...
group
*
Novgorod group
*
Vologda
Vologda ( rus, Вологда, p=ˈvoləɡdə) is a city and the administrative center of Vologda Oblast, Russia, located on the river Vologda within the watershed of the Northern Dvina. Population:
The city serves as a major transport hu ...
-
Kirov group
*
Vladimir
Vladimir may refer to:
Names
* Vladimir (name) for the Bulgarian, Croatian, Czech, Macedonian, Romanian, Russian, Serbian, Slovak and Slovenian spellings of a Slavic name
* Uladzimir for the Belarusian version of the name
* Volodymyr for the Ukr ...
-
Volga
The Volga (; russian: Во́лга, a=Ru-Волга.ogg, p=ˈvoɫɡə) is the longest river in Europe. Situated in Russia, it flows through Central Russia to Southern Russia and into the Caspian Sea. The Volga has a length of , and a catchm ...
group
Phonology
* Lack of
vowel reduction
In phonetics, vowel reduction is any of various changes in the acoustic ''quality'' of vowels as a result of changes in stress, sonority, duration, loudness, articulation, or position in the word (e.g. for the Creek language), and which are per ...
: unstressed does not merge with (
okanye
In the Russian pronunciation, pronunciation of the Russian language, several ways of vowel reduction (and its absence) are distinguished between the standard language and dialects. Russian orthography most often does not reflect vowel reduction, ...
). Unstressed , and after soft consonants also do not typically merge.
* Some dialects have
high or
diphthongal (in the
Novgorod subgroup even ) as a reflex of .
* In the eastern part of the group the change of every to before hard (
unpalatalized) consonants occurs (in Standard Russian only in stressed syllables). also changes to in these positions but only in stressed syllables.
* Also in the eastern part of the dialect group there is in certain positions instead of Standard Russian .
*
Tsokanye: the merger of Standard Russian and into one consonant whether , or (like in
Pskov and
Ryazan
Ryazan ( rus, Рязань, p=rʲɪˈzanʲ, a=ru-Ryazan.ogg) is the largest city and administrative center of Ryazan Oblast, Russia. The city is located on the banks of the Oka River in Central Russia, southeast of Moscow. As of the 2010 Cens ...
Southern Russian dialects).
* In the
Vologda
Vologda ( rus, Вологда, p=ˈvoləɡdə) is a city and the administrative center of Vologda Oblast, Russia, located on the river Vologda within the watershed of the Northern Dvina. Population:
The city serves as a major transport hu ...
region, final hard is replaced by a semivowel .
* , , are like in Standard Russian (differs from
Southern Russian). Nevertheless, in some sub-dialects , can also be replaced with
semivowel like in
Southern Russian.
* In some dialects traces of unreduced , which normally reduced to in all of
East Slavic: "the
sound
In physics, sound is a vibration that propagates as an acoustic wave, through a transmission medium such as a gas, liquid or solid.
In human physiology and psychology, sound is the ''reception'' of such waves and their ''perception'' b ...
between
Lake Pskov and
Lake Chud
Lake Peipus ( et, Peipsi-Pihkva järv; russian: Чудско-Псковское озеро, Псковско-Чудское озеро, Chudsko-Pskovskoye ozero, Pskovsko-Chudskoye ozero); is the largest trans-boundary lake in Europe, lying on ...
" (instead of expected ), from earlier "reread (past tense)" (instead of standard ). In these examples the groups *''tl, dl''
dissimilated to , instead of reducing to . Some (
Shakhmatov,
Durnovo) see this as an indication of possible
West Slavic admixture in those areas, while others (
Trubetzkoy,
Lehr-Spławiński) treat it as an archaism from Proto-Slavic times.
Morphology
* A suffixed definite article ''-to, -ta, -te'' similarly existing in Bulgarian and Macedonian.
* 3rd person verbal ending with non-palatalized ''-t'' as in Standard Russian.
Vocabulary
Northern dialects are characterized by a number of words like, ('log hut'), , ('winter crop'), ('to bark'), , ('to plough'), ('rye'), ('gathering'), ('very much'), ('beautiful') and others. They also have about 200 words of
Uralic
The Uralic languages (; sometimes called Uralian languages ) form a language family of 38 languages spoken by approximately 25million people, predominantly in Northern Eurasia. The Uralic languages with the most native speakers are Hungarian (w ...
origin.
Notes
References
*
*
*
External links
* Michael Daniel, Nina Dobrushina, Ruprecht von Waldenfels
The language of the Ustja river basin. A corpus of North Russian dialectal speech 2013–2018. Bern, Moscow.
See also
*
Central Russian dialects
*
Southern Russian dialects
*
Old Novgorod dialect
Old Novgorod dialect (russian: древненовгородский диалект, translit=drevnenovgorodskij dialekt; also translated as Old Novgorodian or Ancient Novgorod dialect) is a term introduced by Andrey Zaliznyak to describe the dia ...
*
Boris Shergin – a writer of the Pomor dialect
*
Vowel reduction in Russian
In the pronunciation of the Russian language, several ways of vowel reduction (and its absence) are distinguished between the standard language and dialects. Russian orthography most often does not reflect vowel reduction, which can confuse f ...
Russian dialects
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