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The primary languages of
Calabria , population_note = , population_blank1_title = , population_blank1 = , demographics_type1 = , demographics1_footnotes = , demographics1_title1 = , demographics1_info1 = , demographics1_title2 ...
are the
Italian language Italian (''italiano'' or ) is a Romance language of the Indo-European language family that evolved from the Vulgar Latin of the Roman Empire. Together with Sardinian, Italian is the least divergent language from Latin. Spoken by about 85 m ...
as well as regional varieties of the
Neapolitan Neapolitan means of or pertaining to Naples, a city in Italy; or to: Geography and history * Province of Naples, a province in the Campania region of southern Italy that includes the city * Duchy of Naples, in existence during the Early and Hig ...
and
Extreme Southern Italian The Extreme Southern Italian:According to the classification of Giovan Battista Pellegrini, se dialects are a set of dialects spoken in Salento, Calabria, Sicily and southern Cilento with common phonetic and syntactic characteristics such as to ...
, all collectively known as Calabrian ( it, calabrese, link=no). In addition, there are 100,000 speakers of the Arbëresh variety of Albanian, as well as small numbers of
Calabrian Greek The Calabrian dialect of Greek, or Occitan Occitan may refer to: * Something of, from, or related to the Occitania territory in parts of France, Italy, Monaco and Spain. * Something of, from, or related to the Occitania administrative region of France. * Occitan language Occitan (; o ...
.


Calabrian (''Calabrese'')

Calabrian (it: ) refers to the Romance varieties spoken in
Calabria , population_note = , population_blank1_title = , population_blank1 = , demographics_type1 = , demographics1_footnotes = , demographics1_title1 = , demographics1_info1 = , demographics1_title2 ...
,
Italy Italy ( it, Italia ), officially the Italian Republic, ) or the Republic of Italy, is a country in Southern Europe. It is located in the middle of the Mediterranean Sea, and its territory largely coincides with the homonymous geographical re ...
. The varieties of Calabria are part of a strong
dialect continuum A dialect continuum or dialect chain is a series of Variety (linguistics), language varieties spoken across some geographical area such that neighboring varieties are Mutual intelligibility, mutually intelligible, but the differences accumulat ...
that are generally recognizable as Calabrian, but that are usually divided into two different language groups: *In the southern two-thirds of the region, the Calabrian dialects are more closely related to Sicilian, grouped as Central-Southern Calabrian, or simply Calabro, and are usually classified as part of
Extreme Southern Italian The Extreme Southern Italian:According to the classification of Giovan Battista Pellegrini, se dialects are a set of dialects spoken in Salento, Calabria, Sicily and southern Cilento with common phonetic and syntactic characteristics such as to ...
(''Italiano meridionale-estremo'') language group *In the northern one-third of the region, the Calabrian dialects are often classified typologically with
Neapolitan language , altname = , states = Italy , region = Abruzzo, Apulia, Basilicata, Calabria, Campania, Lazio, Marche, Molise , ethnicity = ''Mezzogiorno'' Ethnic Italians , speakers = 5.7 million , date ...
(it: ) and are called Northern Calabrian or just Cosentian. The
Amantea Amantea ( Calabrian: ; ) is a town, former bishopric, ''comune'' (municipality) and Latin Catholic titular see in the province of Cosenza in the Calabria region of southern Italy. It is the twentieth municipality in the region by population, while f ...
- Cirò line is generally considered an approximate demarcation between the Neapolitan and
Extreme Southern Italian The Extreme Southern Italian:According to the classification of Giovan Battista Pellegrini, se dialects are a set of dialects spoken in Salento, Calabria, Sicily and southern Cilento with common phonetic and syntactic characteristics such as to ...
groups. The linguistic division roughly corresponds with the historic administrative division already in place since medieval times: ''Calabria Citeriore'' (or Latin Calabria) and ''Calabria Ulteriore'' (or Greek Calabria). This is a broad generalization and many communities in the more central parts of the region exhibit features of both language groups. The dialects of Calabria have been extensively studied, catalogued and commented upon by German
philologist Philology () is the study of language in oral and written historical sources; it is the intersection of textual criticism, literary criticism, history, and linguistics (with especially strong ties to etymology). Philology is also defined as th ...
Gerhard Rohlfs Gerhard Rohlfs (July 14, 1892 – September 12, 1986) was a German linguist. He taught Romance languages and literature at the universities of Tübingen and Munich. He was described as an "archeologist of words". Biography Rohlfs was born in B ...
. From the mid-1920s to the mid-1970s, he traveled the region extensively and assembled a very extensive, multi-volume dictionary.


Central-Southern Calabrian

The areas where Central–Southern Calabrian (''calabbrìsi'' or ''calavrìsi'', in Sicilian) is spoken corresponds generally to the provinces of
Reggio Calabria Reggio di Calabria ( scn, label= Southern Calabrian, Riggiu; el, label= Calabrian Greek, Ρήγι, Rìji), usually referred to as Reggio Calabria, or simply Reggio by its inhabitants, is the largest city in Calabria. It has an estimated popul ...
,
Vibo Valentia Vibo Valentia (; Monteleone before 1861; Monteleone di Calabria from 1861 to 1928; scn, label= Calabrian, Vibbu Valenzia or ) is a city and ''comune'' (municipality) in the Calabria region of southern Italy, near the Tyrrhenian Sea. It is the ca ...
,
Catanzaro Catanzaro (, or ; scn, label= Catanzarese, Catanzaru ; , or , ''Katastaríoi Lokrói''; ; la, Catacium), also known as the "City of the two Seas", is an Italian city of 86,183 inhabitants (2020), the capital of the Calabria region and of its p ...
, the southern part of Crotone ( Crotone,
Isola di Capo Rizzuto Isola di Capo Rizzuto is a ''comune'' (municipality) in the province of Crotone, Calabria, Italy. The population of the town is around 15,000. Overview Despite the name ''Isola'' (island), the town is entirely on the mainland. There are several ...
,
Cutro Cutro ( Calabrian: ) is a town and ''comune'' in the province of Crotone, Calabria region, Italy. It's called "City of chess". It is the place of birth of Vincenzo Iaquinta, World Cup-winning footballer who played for Serie A club Juventus. Histor ...
and vicinity) and southern Cilento. The term ''Sicilian-Calabrian'' is also used to distinguish the group from the Northern Calabrian group. It comprises Central Calabrian and Southern Calabrian. The primary roots of the dialects is
Latin Latin (, or , ) is a classical language belonging to the Italic branch of the Indo-European languages. Latin was originally a dialect spoken in the lower Tiber area (then known as Latium) around present-day Rome, but through the power of the ...
. Southern and Central Calabrian dialects are strongly influenced by a
Greek Greek may refer to: Greece Anything of, from, or related to Greece, a country in Southern Europe: *Greeks, an ethnic group. *Greek language, a branch of the Indo-European language family. **Proto-Greek language, the assumed last common ancestor ...
substratum In linguistics, a stratum (Latin for "layer") or strate is a language that influences or is influenced by another through contact. A substratum or substrate is a language that has lower power or prestige than another, while a superstratum or sup ...
and ensuing levels of Latin influence and other external Southern Italian superstrata, in part hindered by geography, resulted in the many local variations found between the idioms of Calabria. Nonetheless, the dialects have some influence from other languages, thanks to the periodic rule and influx of other cultures. As a result, French,
Occitan Occitan may refer to: * Something of, from, or related to the Occitania territory in parts of France, Italy, Monaco and Spain. * Something of, from, or related to the Occitania administrative region of France. * Occitan language Occitan (; o ...
and
Spanish Spanish might refer to: * Items from or related to Spain: **Spaniards are a nation and ethnic group indigenous to Spain **Spanish language, spoken in Spain and many Latin American countries **Spanish cuisine Other places * Spanish, Ontario, Can ...
have left an imprint. French and
Norman Norman or Normans may refer to: Ethnic and cultural identity * The Normans, a people partly descended from Norse Vikings who settled in the territory of Normandy in France in the 10th and 11th centuries ** People or things connected with the Norm ...
vocabulary entered the region via the kingdoms of the
Normans The Normans (Norman language, Norman: ''Normaunds''; french: Normands; la, Nortmanni/Normanni) were a population arising in the medieval Duchy of Normandy from the intermingling between Norsemen, Norse Viking settlers and indigenous West Fran ...
and the Angevins in Calabria. Other words derived from
Spanish Spanish might refer to: * Items from or related to Spain: **Spaniards are a nation and ethnic group indigenous to Spain **Spanish language, spoken in Spain and many Latin American countries **Spanish cuisine Other places * Spanish, Ontario, Can ...
,
Catalan Catalan may refer to: Catalonia From, or related to Catalonia: * Catalan language, a Romance language * Catalans, an ethnic group formed by the people from, or with origins in, Northern or southern Catalonia Places * 13178 Catalan, asteroid #1 ...
, and
Occitan Occitan may refer to: * Something of, from, or related to the Occitania territory in parts of France, Italy, Monaco and Spain. * Something of, from, or related to the Occitania administrative region of France. * Occitan language Occitan (; o ...
: *capezza – cabeza (Spanish) – head *cucchiàra – cuchara (Spanish) – spoon *palumba – paloma (Spanish) – dove *scupetta – escopeta (Spanish) – rifle *muccatùri – mocador (Catalan) – tissue *prèscia – pressa (Catalan) – precipitation *timpa – timba (Catalan) – abrupt *addhumàri – allumar (Occitan, French, Provençal) – light up *truppicari – trompicar (Spanish) – trip


Conjugations


Êssiri (to be)


Aìri (to have)


Dialects

*Reggino dialect ("''u 'rriggitànu''" in Reggino): the dialect with the most speakers, and cites
Reggio Calabria Reggio di Calabria ( scn, label= Southern Calabrian, Riggiu; el, label= Calabrian Greek, Ρήγι, Rìji), usually referred to as Reggio Calabria, or simply Reggio by its inhabitants, is the largest city in Calabria. It has an estimated popul ...
as its cultural centre. This dialect is very similar to the dialect of
Messina Messina (, also , ) is a harbour city and the capital of the Italian Metropolitan City of Messina. It is the third largest city on the island of Sicily, and the 13th largest city in Italy, with a population of more than 219,000 inhabitants in ...
in Sicily. *Dialects of the Chjàna: spoken in the plains of
Gioia Tauro Gioia Tauro () is a ''comune'' (municipality) in the Metropolitan City of Reggio Calabria (Italy), on the Tyrrhenian coast. It has an important port, situated along the route connecting Suez to Gibraltar, one of the busiest maritime corridors in t ...
(Piana di Gioia Tauro), a micro-region situated north of
Aspromonte The Aspromonte is a mountain massif in the Metropolitan City of Reggio Calabria ( Calabria, southern Italy). The literal translation of the name means "rough mountain". But for others the name more likely is related to the Greek word Aspros ( Ά ...
. *Locride dialects: spoken on the east coast of the Province of Reggio Calabria. *
Catanzaro Catanzaro (, or ; scn, label= Catanzarese, Catanzaru ; , or , ''Katastaríoi Lokrói''; ; la, Catacium), also known as the "City of the two Seas", is an Italian city of 86,183 inhabitants (2020), the capital of the Calabria region and of its p ...
dialect. *Dialects of the Alto-Jonica: used in the area of the
Gulf of Squillace The Gulf of Squillace ( it, Golfo di Squillace; Latin: Scylleticus Sinus or Scyllaceus Sinus; Greek: ) is a body of water, an inlet of the Ionian Sea along the Calabrian coast of Italy. The gulf is part of the Ionian Sea and makes up part of the e ...
, similar to the dialect spoken in Catanzaro.


Comparison of the Central-Southern Calabrian Dialects

*
Universal Declaration of Human Rights The Universal Declaration of Human Rights (UDHR) is an international document adopted by the United Nations General Assembly that enshrines the Human rights, rights and freedoms of all human beings. Drafted by a UN Drafting of the Universal De ...
in English: All human beings are born free and equal in dignity and rights. They are endowed with reason and conscience and should act towards one another in a spirit of brotherhood. *In
Italian Italian(s) may refer to: * Anything of, from, or related to the people of Italy over the centuries ** Italians, an ethnic group or simply a citizen of the Italian Republic or Italian Kingdom ** Italian language, a Romance language *** Regional Ita ...
: ''Tutti gli esseri umani nascono liberi ed eguali in dignità e diritti. Essi sono dotati di ragione e di coscienza e devono agire gli uni verso gli altri in spirito di fratellanza.''


Northern Calabrian (Cosentian)

The Northern Calabrian dialects are largely found in the
Province of Cosenza The province of Cosenza ( it, provincia di Cosenza) is a Provinces of Italy, province in the Calabria region of southern Italy. Its capital is the city of Cosenza. It contains 150 ''comuni'', listed at list of communes of the Province of Cosenza ...
and are similar to the
Neapolitan language , altname = , states = Italy , region = Abruzzo, Apulia, Basilicata, Calabria, Campania, Lazio, Marche, Molise , ethnicity = ''Mezzogiorno'' Ethnic Italians , speakers = 5.7 million , date ...
. The northern fringes are an area of transitional dialects which give way to
Campania Campania (, also , , , ) is an administrative Regions of Italy, region of Italy; most of it is in the south-western portion of the Italian peninsula (with the Tyrrhenian Sea to its west), but it also includes the small Phlegraean Islands and the i ...
n and Lucanian dialects. The map shows the Cosentian dialects (Ve) and transitional dialects (Vd) occurring in Cosenza province.


Conjugations


Êsse (to be)


Avì (to have)


Comparison of Central-Southern and Northern Calabrian

*
Universal Declaration of Human Rights The Universal Declaration of Human Rights (UDHR) is an international document adopted by the United Nations General Assembly that enshrines the Human rights, rights and freedoms of all human beings. Drafted by a UN Drafting of the Universal De ...
in English: All human beings are born free and equal in dignity and rights. They are endowed with reason and conscience and should act towards one another in a spirit of brotherhood. *In
Italian Italian(s) may refer to: * Anything of, from, or related to the people of Italy over the centuries ** Italians, an ethnic group or simply a citizen of the Italian Republic or Italian Kingdom ** Italian language, a Romance language *** Regional Ita ...
: ''Tutti gli esseri umani nascono liberi ed eguali in dignità e diritti. Essi sono dotati di ragione e di coscienza e devono agire gli uni verso gli altri in spirito di fratellanza.'' * In Reggino (Central-Southern Calabrian) and Cosentian (Northern Calabrian):


Bibliography

*
Gerhard Rohlfs Gerhard Rohlfs (July 14, 1892 – September 12, 1986) was a German linguist. He taught Romance languages and literature at the universities of Tübingen and Munich. He was described as an "archeologist of words". Biography Rohlfs was born in B ...
, Nuovo Dizionario Dialettale della Calabria, Longo, Ravenna, 1990; *Gerhard Rohlfs, Dizionario dei Cognomi e Soprannomi in Calabria, Longo, Ravenna, 1979; *Gerhard Rohlfs, Dizionario toponomastico ed Onomastico della Calabria, Longo, Ravenna, 1990; *Giuseppe Pensabene, Cognomi e Toponimi in Calabria, Gangemi, Reggio Calabria, 1987; *G. Amiotti – M. Vittoria Antico Gallina – L. Giardino, I Greci nel sud dell'Italia, Amilcare Pizzi, Milan, 1995; * Domenico Caruso, Storia e Folklore Calabrese, Centro Studi S. Martino, 1988;


Other languages in Calabria

*
Calabrian Greek The Calabrian dialect of Greek, or Greek Greek may refer to: Greece Anything of, from, or related to Greece, a country in Southern Europe: *Greeks, an ethnic group. *Greek language, a branch of the Indo-European language family. **Proto-Greek language, the assumed last common ancestor ...
spoken in Calabria. Native Italian Greek varieties are classified as the
Griko dialect Griko, sometimes spelled Grico, is the dialect of Italiot Greek spoken by Griko people in Salento (province of Lecce) and (also called Grecanic) in Calabria. Some Greek linguists consider it to be a Modern Greek dialect and often call it ( el, ...
of
modern Greek Modern Greek (, , or , ''Kiní Neoellinikí Glóssa''), generally referred to by speakers simply as Greek (, ), refers collectively to the dialects of the Greek language spoken in the modern era, including the official standardized form of the ...
. * Gardiol, a variety of
Occitan Occitan may refer to: * Something of, from, or related to the Occitania territory in parts of France, Italy, Monaco and Spain. * Something of, from, or related to the Occitania administrative region of France. * Occitan language Occitan (; o ...
spoken in
Guardia Piemontese Guardia Piemontese (Occitan language, Occitan: ''La Gàrdia'') is a town and ''comune'' in the province of Cosenza and the region of Calabria in southern Italy. Location and language Guardia Piemontese is located about 55 km northwest ...
. * Arbëresh, a dialect of the
Albanian language Albanian ( endonym: or ) is an Indo-European language and an independent branch of that family of languages. It is spoken by the Albanians in the Balkans and by the Albanian diaspora, which is generally concentrated in the Americas, Europ ...
.


Bibliography

Italian bibliography: * Autori Vari, ''Storia e Civiltà dei Greci'', Bompiani, IV edizione 2000; * Autori Vari, ''Storia della Calabria'', Gangemi,
Reggio Calabria Reggio di Calabria ( scn, label= Southern Calabrian, Riggiu; el, label= Calabrian Greek, Ρήγι, Rìji), usually referred to as Reggio Calabria, or simply Reggio by its inhabitants, is the largest city in Calabria. It has an estimated popul ...
, 1988/1999. * Luigi Accattatis, Vocabolario del dialetto calabrese: opera in 3 volumi, Casa del libro, 1963; *Alessio, G. 1931-2, Rec. a G. Rohlfs, Etymologisches Wörterbuch der unteritalienischen Gräzität, «Archivio Storico per la Calabria e Lucania», I-II, 1-56; 261–273. *Alessio, G. 1934. Il sostrato Latino nel lessico e nell'epotoponomastica dell'Italia meridionale, in «L’Italia Dialettale» X 1934, 111–190. Alessio, G. 1936. Note etimologiche, «L’Italia Dialettale» XII, 59–81. *Alessio, G. 1936a, Ricerche etimologiche, «AGI» XXVIII, 151–171. Alessio, G. 1937. Ricerche etimologiche (continuazione), «AGI» XXIX, 120–137. *Alessio, G. 1937–8. Deformazione ed etimologia popolare nei dialetti dell'Italia meridionale, «Rendiconti dell'Istituto Lombardo di Scienze e Lettere. Classe di Lettere e scienze morali e storiche» 71, 357–407. *Alessio, G. 1938 sgg. Nuovo contributo al problema della grecità nell'Italia meridionale, «RIL» LXII, 109–137; 137–172; LXXIV, 1940–1, 631–706, LXXVII, 1943–44, 617–706; LXXIV, 1940–1, 631–706; LXXVII, 1943–4, 617–706; 137–172; LXXIX, 1945–46, 65–92. *Alessio, G. 1939a. Gli imprestiti dal Latino nei relitti bizantini dei dialetti dell'Italia meridionale, in Atti del V Congr. int. di studi bizantini, I, Roma («Studi bizantini e neoellenici» V, 1939), 341–90. *Alessio, G. 1940 sgg. Nuovi grecismi nei dialetti del Mezzogiorno d’Italia, «RFIC» 68, 256–263; 70, 1942, 47–53. *Alessio, G. 1941. Due problemi etimologici italiani meridionali, «AR» 25, 201–206. *Alessio G. 1942. Americanismi in Calabria, "Lingua Nostra" IV 1942, 41. *Alessio, G. 1942 a. Ricerche etimologiche (continuazione), "AGI" XXXIV, 23–35. *Alessio, G. 1942–3. L'elemento Latino e quello greco nei dialetti del Cilento, "RIL" LXXVI, 341–360. *Alessio, G. 1942-3 a. Problemi di etimologia romanza, "RIL" LXXVI, 161-172 (Parte I); 173-187 (Parte II). *Alessio, G. 1943–4. Nuove indagini sulla grecità dell'Italia meridionale, "RIL" 77, 27-106. *Alessio, G. 1946–7. Sulla latinità della Sicilia, "Atti della Accademia di Scienze, Lettere e Arti di Palermo" S. IV, vol. VII (Parte seconda: Lettere), anno acc. 1946–7, Palermo, 287–510. *Alessio, G. 1948. Sulla latinità della Sicilia, "Atti della Accademia di Scienze, Lettere e Arti di Palermo" S. IV, vol. VIII (1947-8), 1–309. *Alessio, G. 1953. Calchi linguistici greco-latini nell'antico territorio della Magna Grecia, Atti dell'VIII Congresso intern. di studi bizantini (Palermo 3-10 aprile 1951), 237–299. Roma. *Alessio, G. 1954. La stratificazione linguistica nel Bruzio, in Atti del I Congresso Storico Calabrese (Cosenza, 15-19 settembre 1954), Roma, 305–355. *Alessio, G. 1954a, Concordanze lessicali tra i dialetti rumeni e quelli calabresi, "Annali della Fac. di Lett. e Fil. di Bari" I, 3-53. *Alessio, G. 1956. La Calabria preistorica e storica alla luce dei suoi aspetti linguistici, Napoli, pp. 96. *Alessio, G. 1958. Miscellanea di etimologie romanze, in Omagiu ... Iordan, 5-14. *Alessio, G. 1959. Nuove etimologie latine e romanze, in Raccolta di studi linguistici in onore di G. D. Serra, Napoli, 53-104. * G. Amiotti – M. Vittoria Antico Gallina – L. Giardino, ''I Greci nel sud dell'Italia'' (Collana: I popoli dell'Italia Antica), Amilcare Pizzi,
Milan Milan ( , , Lombard: ; it, Milano ) is a city in northern Italy, capital of Lombardy, and the second-most populous city proper in Italy after Rome. The city proper has a population of about 1.4 million, while its metropolitan city h ...
, 1995; * P. A. Carè, ''Vocabolario dei Dialetti del Poro'', Lambda,
Nicotera Nicotera ( Calabrian: ; grc, Νικόπτερα, translit=Nikóptera) is a ''comune'' (municipality) in the province of Vibo Valentia, Calabria, southern Italy. History The origins of Nicòtera lie with the ancient Greek city of Medma, which ...
(VV), 2000; *Falcone, G. 1969. Indagini esplorative e delimitazioni areali nella Calabria reggina, «Bollettino della Carta dei Dialetti Italiani» 4, 1-9 + due cartine. *Falcone, G. 1971. Ricerche fonetiche e socio-linguistiche in Calabria, «Studi Linguistici Salentini» 4, 7-19. Falcone, G. 1971a. Ricerche romaiche e romanze in Calabria, «Studi Linguistici Salentini» 4, 53–98. *Falcone, G. 1971b. I risultati delle nuove ricerche romaiche in Calabria e la teoria parlangeliana. «Studi Linguistici Salentini», 5, 111–123; *Falcone, G. 1973. Lingua e dialetto nella Calabria reggina, in Bilinguismo e diglossia in Italia (C.N.R. - Centro di studio per la dialettologia italiana, 1) Pisa, Pacini, 97-108. *Falcone, G. 1974. Innovazione e conservazione nei dialetti calabresi, in Dal dialetto alla lingua. Atti del IX Convegno del C.S.D.I. (Lecce, 28 sett.-1 ott. 1972), Pisa, Pacini. *Falcone, G. 1976. Calabria (CNR, Centro di Studio per la Dialettologia Italiana, 5. "Profilo dei dialetti italiani" a cura di M. Cortelazzo, 18), Pisa, Pacini. *Falcone, G. 1976a. I riflessi antroponimici della Grecità bizantina e metabizantina nella Calabria reggina, in Italia nuova ed antica, vol. I, Galatina, Congedo ed., 301–318. *Falcone, G. 1978–9. Extralinguismo e stratificazione del lessico calabrese, "Studi Linguistici Salentini" 10, 137–154. *Falcone, G. 1979. Postille all'EWUG2 e all'NDDC, in Etimologia e lessico dialettale. Atti del XII Conv. per gli Studi Dialettali Italiani (Macerata, 10 13 aprile 1979), Pisa 1981, pp. 447–463. *Falcone, G. 1979 a. Racconti popolari calabresi, Casa del libro, Reggio Calabria. Falcone, G. 1981. Postille all'EWUG2 e all'NDDC, in Etimologia e lessico dialettale. Atti del XII * L. Galasso, ''Vocabolario Calabro-Italiano'', Edizioni Proposte,
Nicotera Nicotera ( Calabrian: ; grc, Νικόπτερα, translit=Nikóptera) is a ''comune'' (municipality) in the province of Vibo Valentia, Calabria, southern Italy. History The origins of Nicòtera lie with the ancient Greek city of Medma, which ...
(VV), 1995. * Gregorino cav. Capano, Vocabolario dialettale San Sostene-Davoli (CZ), edito dalla Sudgrafica di Davoli Marina (CZ), settembre 2007. * Gregorino cav. Capano, Dizionario delle Cinque Calabrie + due, edito dalla Sudgrafica di Davoli Marina (CZ), novembre 2009. *Martino, P. 1978. Calabrese `ndrànghita, greco andragathía, in Opuscula I, vol. 8 della «Biblioteca di ricerche linguistiche e filologiche» dell'Istituto di Glottologia dell'Università di Roma, pp. 37–55. *Martino, P. 1980. L'isola grecanica dell'Aspromonte. Aspetti sociolinguistici, in «Atti dell'XI Congr. intern. SLI», vol.I, pp. 305–341, Roma, Bulzoni. *Martino, P. 1988. Per la storia della 'ndrànghita, vol. 25,1 del Dipartimento di Studi glottoantropologici dell'Università di Roma "La Sapienza" (Opuscula III,1), Roma. *Martino, P. 1990. 'Ndrànghita, in «Storia e Dossier» V, n. 41, giugno. *Martino, P. 1990a. Due esiti di un grecismo bizantino in Calabria, in «L'Italia Dialettale. Rivista di dialettologia italiana», vol. LIII (Nuova Serie XXX). *Martino, P. 1990b. Prefazione a G. Misitano, Vocabolario del dialetto di Sinopoli, Vibo Valentia, Qualecultura -Jaca Book, pp. 6–8. *Martino, P. 1991. L'"area Lausberg". Isolamento e arcaicità, vol. 31 della «Biblioteca di ricerche linguistiche e filologiche» del Dipartimento di Studi glottoantropologici dell'Università di Roma "La Sapienza", Roma, pp. 144 + 8 tavv. *Martino, P. 1993. Riflessi lessicali di una concezione precristiana della morte, in Ethnos, lingua e cultura. Scritti in memoria di G. R. Cardona, 143–154. Roma, Il Calamo. Martino, P. 1994. Siciliano e calabrese (ac)cattïari ‘spiare, sbirciare’, in Miscellanea di studi linguistici in onore di Walter Belardi, vol. II, pp. 629–665, Roma, Il Calamo. *Martino, P. 1997. Vicende di americanismi nei dialetti, in «Lingua Nostra» LVIII, fasc. 3–4, 109–110. *Martino, P. 1999. Questioni di lessicologia calabrese: i conflitti omonimici, Atti del Convegno di Studi sul tema I dialetti dell'Italia centro-meridionale con particolare riferimento a quelli della Calabria (Cassano Jonio 25-27 ott. 1996), in «Linguistica Italiana Meridionale», IV-V, 1996–97, Bari, Laterza. *Martino, P. 2001. Il lessico della Divina Commedia di G. Blasi. Nota linguistica, in La Divina Commedia di Dante Alighieri tradotta nel dialetto calabrese di Laureana (R.C.), a cura di Umberto Distilo, Cosenza, Pellegrini Ed., 627–782. *Martino, P. 2002. Il dialetto di Melicuccà, in Melicuccà e i suoi poeti, a c. di V. Borgia, Villa S. Giovanni, Ed. Officina Grafica, 29–46. *Martino, P. 2004. Sulla traduzione, Postfazione al Cantico dei cantici, Traduzione in dialetto calabrese di S. Augruso, Vibo Valentia, Qualecultura. *Martino, P. 2008. Calabro-grecismi non bovesi, in I dialetti meridionali tra arcaismo e interferenza. Atti del Convegno Internazionale di Dialettologia (Messina, 4-6 giugno 2008), a cura di Alessandro De Angelis. Palermo, Centro di Studi Filologici e Linguistici Siciliani, pp. 63–84. *Martino, P. 2008a. L'affaire Bovesìa. Un singolare irredentismo, in Alloglossie e comunità alloglotte nell'Italia contemporanea, Atti del XLI Congresso Internazionale di Studi della Società di Linguistica Italiana (Pescara), in stampa. *Martino, P. 1978. Calabrese `ndrànghita, greco andragathía, in Opuscula I, vol. 8 della "Biblioteca di ricerche linguistiche e filologiche" dell'Istituto di Glottologia dell'Università di Roma, pp. 37–55. * Giuseppe Antonio Martino, ''Dizionario dei dialetti della Calabria Meridionale'', Qualecultura,
Vibo Valentia Vibo Valentia (; Monteleone before 1861; Monteleone di Calabria from 1861 to 1928; scn, label= Calabrian, Vibbu Valenzia or ) is a city and ''comune'' (municipality) in the Calabria region of southern Italy, near the Tyrrhenian Sea. It is the ca ...
2010. *Martino, P. 1980. L'isola grecanica dell'Aspromonte. Aspetti sociolinguistici, in «Atti dell'XI Congr. intern. SLI», vol.I, pp. 305–341, Roma, Bulzoni. *Martino, P. 1988. Per la storia della 'ndrànghita, vol. 25,1 del Dipartimento di Studi glottoantropologici dell'Università di Roma "La Sapienza" (Opuscula III,1), Roma. *Martino, P. 1990. 'Ndrànghita, in «Storia e Dossier» V, n. 41, giugno. Martino, P. 1990a. Due esiti di un grecismo bizantino in Calabria, in «L'Italia Dialettale. Rivista di dialettologia italiana», vol. LIII (Nuova Serie XXX). *Martino, P. 1990b. Prefazione a G. Misitano, Vocabolario del dialetto di Sinopoli, Vibo Valentia, Qualecultura -Jaca Book, pp. 6–8. *Martino, P. 1991. L'"area Lausberg". Isolamento e arcaicità, vol. 31 della «Biblioteca di ricerche linguistiche e filologiche» del Dipartimento di Studi glottoantropologici dell'Università di Roma "La Sapienza", Roma, pp. 144 + 8 tavv. *Martino, P. 1993. Riflessi lessicali di una concezione precristiana della morte, in Ethnos, lingua e cultura. Scritti in memoria di G. R. Cardona, 143–154. Roma, Il Calamo. *Martino, P. 1994. Siciliano e calabrese (ac)cattïari ‘spiare, sbirciare’, in Miscellanea di studi linguistici in onore di Walter Belardi, vol. II, pp. 629–665, Roma, Il Calamo. *Martino, P. 1997. Vicende di americanismi nei dialetti, in «Lingua Nostra» LVIII, fasc. 3–4, 109–110. *Martino, P. 1999. Questioni di lessicologia calabrese: i conflitti omonimici, Atti del Convegno di Studi sul tema I dialetti dell'Italia centro-meridionale con particolare riferimento a quelli della Calabria (Cassano Jonio 25-27 ott. 1996), in «Linguistica Italiana Meridionale», IV-V, 1996–97, Bari, Laterza. *Martino, P. 2001. Il lessico della Divina Commedia di G. Blasi. Nota linguistica, in La Divina Commedia di Dante Alighieri tradotta nel dialetto calabrese di Laureana (R.C.), a cura di Umberto Distilo, Cosenza, Pellegrini Ed., 627–782. *Martino, P. 2002. Il dialetto di Melicuccà, in Melicuccà e i suoi poeti, a c. di V. Borgia, Villa S. Giovanni, Ed. Officina Grafica, 29–46. Martino, P. 2004. Sulla traduzione, Postfazione al Cantico dei cantici, Traduzione in dialetto calabrese di S. Augruso, Vibo Valentia, Qualecultura. *Martino, P. 2008. Calabro-grecismi non bovesi, in I dialetti meridionali tra arcaismo e interferenza. Atti del Convegno Internazionale di Dialettologia (Messina, 4-6 giugno 2008), a cura di Alessandro De Angelis. Palermo, Centro di Studi Filologici e Linguistici Siciliani, pp. 63–84. *Martino, P. 2008a. L'affaire Bovesìa. Un singolare irredentismo, in Alloglossie e comunità alloglotte nell'Italia contemporanea, Atti del XLI Congresso Internazionale di Studi della Società di Linguistica Italiana (Pescara), in stampa. Rohlfs, G. 1919–20. Span. judìa, kalabr. suraka 'Bohne', in "ZRPh" 40, p. 340. * F. Mosino, ''Dal Greco antico al Greco moderno in Calabria e Basilicata'', G. Pontari,
Reggio Calabria Reggio di Calabria ( scn, label= Southern Calabrian, Riggiu; el, label= Calabrian Greek, Ρήγι, Rìji), usually referred to as Reggio Calabria, or simply Reggio by its inhabitants, is the largest city in Calabria. It has an estimated popul ...
, 1995; * Giuseppe Pensabene, ''Cognomi e Toponimi in Calabria'', Gangemi,
Reggio Calabria Reggio di Calabria ( scn, label= Southern Calabrian, Riggiu; el, label= Calabrian Greek, Ρήγι, Rìji), usually referred to as Reggio Calabria, or simply Reggio by its inhabitants, is the largest city in Calabria. It has an estimated popul ...
, 1987; *Rohlfs, G. 1922. Lat. ut 'wie' im heutigen Kalabrien, "ZRPh" 42, 210–211. Rohlfs, G. 1922 a, Apul. ku, kalabr. mu und der Verlust des Infinitivs in Unteritalien, "ZRPh" 42, 211–233. *Rohlfs, G. 1923. Zum Worte nasida, "Byzantinische-neugriechische Jahrbücher", 4, 17. Rohlfs, G. 1925 . Der Stand der Mundartenforschung in Unteritalien (bis zum Jahre 1923), in RLiR I, 278 323. Rohlfs, G. 1925 a. Dorische Sprachtrümmer in Unteritalien, "Byzantinische-neugriechische Jahrbücher", 4, 1–4. *Rohlfs, G. 1926. Romani e Romaici nell'Italia meridionale, "AGI", XX, 72–96. Rohlfs, G. 1928. Autochtone Griechen oder byzantinische Gräzität?, "Revue de Linguistique Romane", IV, n. 13–14, 118-200 *Rohlfs, G. 1928a. La Grecía italica, "Anthropos", 23, 1021–1028. Rohlfs, G. 1930. Etymologisches Wörterbuch der unteritalienischen Gräzität (= EWUG), Halle; poi: Lexicon Graecanicum Italiae Inferioris (LGII), Tübingen 19642, pp. XXX-629. *Rohlfs, G. 1932. La Grecità in Calabria, "Archivio Storico di Calabria e Lucania" II, 405–425. *Rohlfs, G. 1934. A proposito di Vitreto, (Vitaritu), in "Archivio Storico di Calabria e Lucania" IV, 75–76. Rohlfs, G. 1958. La perdita dell'infinito nelle lingue balcaniche e nell'Italia meridionale, in Omagiu lui Jorgu Jordan, București: Editura Academei R. P. R., 733–744; poi in Rohlfs 1972, 318–332. *Rohlfs, G. 1961. Su alcuni calchi sintattici dal greco nell'Italia meridionale, "Studi Linguistici Italiani", 2, 141-154 ull'uso del periodo ipotetico a Cardeto, Mélito, Ferruzzano, Platì e dintorni di Oppido e Palmi, ecc. *Rohlfs, G. 1964. Lexicon Graecanicum Italiae Inferioris. Etymologisches Wörterbuch der unteritalienischen Gräzität, 2., erweiterte und völlig neubearbeitete Auflage, Tübingen. *Rohlfs, G. 1965. La congiunzione mi (in sostituzione dell'infinito) in Sicilia, in Omagiu Alexandru Rosetti, Bucarest 1965, 775–778; poi in Rohlfs 1972, 1990, 333–338. *Rohlfs, G. 1966, 1968, 1969. Grammatica storica della lingua italiana e dei suoi dialetti, 1. Fonetica, 2. Morfologia, 3. Sintassi e formazione delle parole, Torino (ed. it. di Historische Grammatik der italienischen Sprache und ihres Mundarten, Bern 1949). *Rohlfs, G. 1969, Fra Sila e Aspromonte. Calabria dialettale, in Mélanges de philologie offerts à Alf Lombard (Etudes Romanes de Lund, XVIII), 178–190. Lund. *Rohlfs, G. 1969a. Die Flussnamen im heutigen Kalabrien, "BNF" 4, Heft 2, 114–142. Rohlfs, G. 1972. Studi e ricerche su lingua e dialetti d'Italia, Firenze, Sansoni; rist. con pref. di F. Fanciullo, Firenze, Sansoni, 1990. *Rohlfs, G. 1972a. Nuovi scavi linguistici nell'antica Magna Grecia, Palermo, Ist. di studi biz. e neoellenici, 1972; trad. it. di *Rohlfs 1962. ec. di M.G. Tibiletti Bruno in "Lingua e stile" X,1,1975, 134-7 *Rohlfs, G. 1974. Dizionario toponomastico e onomastico della Calabria. Prontuario filologico-geografico della Calabria, Ravenna, Longo ec. di M. Doria "Incontri Linguistici" 3/2, 1976–7, 199-209 *Rohlfs, G. 1977. Nuovo Dizionario Dialettale della Calabria (con repertorio calabro italiano). Nuova edizione interamente rielaborata, ampliata ed aggiornata. Ravenna, Longo. *Rohlfs, G. 1977a. Grammatica storica dei dialetti italogreci (Calabria, Salento), München, Beck rad. ital. di Rohlfs 1950 a *Rohlfs, G. 1978. Calabria dialettale tra Monte Pollino e Aspromonte (Calabria Latina e Calabria grecanica), in «Forum Italicum» (Buffalo, N.Y.) 12, 3-10. *Rohlfs, G. 1979. Dizionario dei cognomi e dei soprannomi in Calabria. Ravenna, Longo. Rohlfs, G. 1980. Calabria e Salento. Saggi di storia linguistica. Ravenna, Longo. *Rohlfs, G. 1980a. Tipi del periodo ipotetico (condizionale) nell'estremo mezzogiorno d'Italia, in Stimmen der Romania. Festschrift Wilhelm Theodor Elwert zum 70. Geburtstag, a c. di G. Schmidt e M. Tietz, Wiesbaden, Heymann, 625–631. *Rohlfs, G. 1982. Ein archaischer phonetischer Latinismus in nördlichen ('lateinischer') Kalabrien, in "ZRPh" 98, 547–549; poi (in trad. it.: Un arcaismo fonetico di antica latinità nel Bruzio) in Latinità ed ellenismo nel Mezzogiorno d'Italia. Studi e ricerche dalla Magna Grecia alla Grecia italiana, Framasud, Chiaravalle Centrale (Catanzaro) 1985, pp. 73 77. *Rohlfs, G. 1984. Dizionario storico dei cognomi della Sicilia orientale (Centro di Studi Filologici e Linguistici Siciliani), Palermo. Rohlfs, G. 1984a. La Sicilia nei secoli, Palermo, Sellerio; rielaborazione di Historische Sprachschichten im modernen Sizilien, (1975). *
Gerhard Rohlfs Gerhard Rohlfs (July 14, 1892 – September 12, 1986) was a German linguist. He taught Romance languages and literature at the universities of Tübingen and Munich. He was described as an "archeologist of words". Biography Rohlfs was born in B ...
, '' Nuovo Dizionario Dialettale della Calabria'', Longo,
Ravenna Ravenna ( , , also ; rgn, Ravèna) is the capital city of the Province of Ravenna, in the Emilia-Romagna region of Northern Italy. It was the capital city of the Western Roman Empire from 408 until its collapse in 476. It then served as the cap ...
, 1990; * Gerhard Rohlfs, '' Dizionario toponomastico ed Onomastico della Calabria'', Longo,
Ravenna Ravenna ( , , also ; rgn, Ravèna) is the capital city of the Province of Ravenna, in the Emilia-Romagna region of Northern Italy. It was the capital city of the Western Roman Empire from 408 until its collapse in 476. It then served as the cap ...
, 1990; * F. Violi, ''Lessici antropo-toponimici di Bova e Palizzi'', UTE-TEL-B,
Bova Marina Bova Marina (Calabrian Greek: , ''Jalò tu Vunà''; Calabrian: ) is a ''comune'' (municipality) in the Metropolitan City of Reggio Calabria in the Italian region Calabria, located about southwest of Catanzaro and about southeast of Reggio Calabr ...
, 2004.


See also

*
List of Languages of Italy The languages of Italy include Italian, which serves as the country's national language, in its standard and regional forms, as well as numerous local and regional languages, most of which, like Italian, belong to the broader Romance group ...
*
Sicilian language Sicilian ( scn, sicilianu, link=no, ; it, siciliano) is a Romance language that is spoken on the island of Sicily and its satellite islands. A variant, ''Calabro-Sicilian'', is spoken in southern Calabria, where it is called Southern Calabro ...
*
Calabria , population_note = , population_blank1_title = , population_blank1 = , demographics_type1 = , demographics1_footnotes = , demographics1_title1 = , demographics1_info1 = , demographics1_title2 ...
*
Magna Graecia Magna Graecia (, ; , , grc, Μεγάλη Ἑλλάς, ', it, Magna Grecia) was the name given by the Romans to the coastal areas of Southern Italy in the present-day Italian regions of Calabria, Apulia, Basilicata, Campania and Sicily; these re ...
* Theme of Sicily


References


External links


330 Calabrian verbs cross-referenced into English and Italian

Calabrian phrasing (page in Italian)



"Siciliano: Lingua o dialetto?"
in
Italian Italian(s) may refer to: * Anything of, from, or related to the people of Italy over the centuries ** Italians, an ethnic group or simply a citizen of the Italian Republic or Italian Kingdom ** Italian language, a Romance language *** Regional Ita ...
{{DEFAULTSORT:Calabrian Dialects Italo-Dalmatian languages Extreme Southern Italian dialects Articles containing video clips