The Northern Adelbert or Pihom–Isumrud languages are a

family Family (from la, familia) is a Social group, group of people related either by consanguinity (by recognized birth) or Affinity (law), affinity (by marriage or other relationship). The purpose of the family is to maintain the well-being of its ...

of two dozen languages in the

Madang Madang (old German name: ''Friedrich-Wilhelmshafen'') is the capital of Madang Province and is a town with a population of 27,420 (in 2005) on the north coast of Papua New Guinea. It was first settled by the Germans in the 19th century. Histor ...

stock of New Guinea. The occupy the coastal northern

Adelbert Range Adelbert Range is a mountain range in Madang Province, north-central Papua New Guinea. The highest point of the mountains is at . The Northern Adelbert languages and Southern Adelbert languages are spoken in the region. Fauna and flora As with ...

of mountains, vs. the Southern Adelbert languages, another branch of Madang. Malcolm Ross posited a "

linkage Linkage may refer to: * ''Linkage'' (album), by J-pop singer Mami Kawada, released in 2010 *Linkage (graph theory), the maximum min-degree of any of its subgraphs *Linkage (horse), an American Thoroughbred racehorse * Linkage (hierarchical cluster ...

" connecting the Northern Adelbert languages with the

Mabuso languages The Mabuso languages are a small family of closely related languages in New Guinea. They were linked with the Rai Coast languages in 1951 by Arthur Capell in his Madang family, which Wurm (1975) included in his Trans–New Guinea (TNG) phylum. ...

, and named this group Croisilles , as the two families bracket

Cape Croisilles Cape Croisilles is a cape in Madang Province, Papua New Guinea. Cape Croisillesin Geonames.org (cc-by) post updated 2014-09-06; database downloaded 2015-06-22 The Croisilles languages are named after the cape. See also *Croisilles languages Th ...

(Northern Adelbert to the north, Mabuso to the south). However, Ross never claimed Croisilles was an actual language family, and other researchers have rejected the connection.

Languages

Croisilles was first posited by Malcolm Ross (1995), not as an actual language family, but as a

. It was a merger of Wurm's Pihom-Isumrud-Mugil and Mabuso stocks, each of which contained 25–30 languages. Pick (2017) and Usher reject the merger, and provisionally the inclusion of Mugil (Bargam), though Pick retains the name. Usher disambiguates the (non-Mabuso) family as 'Adelbert Range'.

Usher (2020)

Timothy Usher classifies the languages as follows.Adelbert Range – Isumrud Strait
(NewGuineaWorld) ;Adelbert Range – Isumrud Strait * Kowan (Isumrud Strait): Waskia, Korak (Amako) *(North) Adelbert Range ** Yamben **Omosan (Omosa River):

Pal Phase Alternating Line (PAL) is a colour encoding system for analogue television. It was one of three major analogue colour television standards, the others being NTSC and SECAM. In most countries it was broadcast at 625 lines, 50 fields (25 ...

(Abasakur),

Kobol "Kobol's Last Gleaming" is the two-part first-season finale of the reimagined ''Battlestar Galactica'' television series. In the first part, the human fleet discovers the abandoned planet Kobol, the mythical birthplace of humanity, who left here ...

(Koguman) ** Gilagil River (old Isumrud proper) *** Dimir (Gavak) ***

Brem Brem is traditional fermented food or fermented beverage from Indonesia. There are two types of brem, brem cake (solid) that is usually eaten as snack from Madiun and Wonogiri, and brem beverage (liquid) made of rice wine from Bali and Nusa T ...

(Bunabun), Malas (Manep) **Northwest Adelbert Range ( Mount Pihom) ***

Kaukombar River The Kaukomba River (Kaukomba, Kokumba, Kukumba) is a small river of Madang Province in Papua New Guinea. It joins Jabab Creek to form the Toto River, which enters the ocean just east of the village of Asuramba. It is located 600 km from Port Mo ...

: Mala (Pay), Miani (Maiani, Tani),

Maia Maia (; Ancient Greek: Μαῖα; also spelled Maie, ; la, Maia), in ancient Greek religion and mythology, is one of the Pleiades and the mother of Hermes, one of the major Greek gods, by Zeus, the king of Olympus. Family Maia is the daugh ...

(Pila, Saki) ***Kumil–Timper ****

Kumil River The Kumil River is a river in northern Papua New Guinea. Kumil Riverin Geonames.org (cc-by) post updated 2012-01-17; database downloaded 2015-06-22 See also *List of rivers of Papua New Guinea This is a list of rivers of Papua New Guinea. In al ...

: Bepour, Mauwake (Ulingan),

Moere Moere is a small village located within the municipality of Gistel in West Flanders, Belgium. The village gained some fame when American singer Marvin Gaye moved there for several months in the early 1980s. During his stay, the singer composed h ...

****

Tiboran River The Timper River is a river in northern Papua New Guinea.Timper Riverin Geonames.org (cc-by) post updated 2011-07-09; database downloaded 2015-06-22 See also *List of rivers of Papua New Guinea This is a list of rivers of Papua New Guinea. In a ...

(

Timper River The Timper River is a river in northern Papua New Guinea. Timper Riverin Geonames.org (cc-by) post updated 2011-07-09; database downloaded 2015-06-22 See also *List of rivers of Papua New Guinea This is a list of rivers of Papua New Guinea. In ...

): Musar; Wanambre; Kowaki, Mawak, Pamosu (Hinihon) **Mabulap–Numugen *** '' Amaimon'' (Mabulap) isolate *** Numugen River (see)

Pick (2017)

A quite similar internal classification was worked out independently by Pick (2017).
video
Pick could not establish regular sound correspondences with Kobol–Pal (Omosan) or Amaimon (Mabulap), and thus leaves them out of the family. ;Northern Adelbert *Kumil–Tibor (*t- > s, *p- > f, *ŋ > zero) **Tibor -n > zero, *a > e *** Mokati (Wanambre) ***(*k- > h, *C- > ��voice Kowaki, Mawak, Pamosu, Hember Avu (Musar) ** Kumil k- *t- > , *C- > [−voice *-k > zero">��voice.html" ;"title="k- *t- > , *C- > [−voice">k- *t- > , *C- > [−voice *-k > zero Bepour, Mauwake,

* Kaukombar [*k- *ŋ *-n > zero">Kaukombar languages">Kaukombar [*k- *ŋ *-n > zero Mala, Miani, Maiani language">Maiani,

*Manep–Barem [*-ŋ > n, *-g > ŋ, *wV > u] **Manep language, Manep (Malas) **Barem language, Barem (Brem) *Gabak language, Gabak (Dimir) *Numugen languages, Numugen (*ŋ > n, 6 languages) *Kowan languages, Amako–Waskia: Waskia, Korak Pick notes that Barem and Malas share pronominal markers on the verbs 'to teach' and 'to show' that are unique to those two verbs.

Phonology

Pick reconstructs the phonemes of Proto-Croisilles as, with five vowels *a *e *i *o *u.

References

External links