The Republic of North Peru was one of the three constituent Republics of the short-lived

Peru–Bolivian Confederation The Peru–Bolivian Confederation was a short-lived state that existed in South America between 1836 and 1839. The country was a loose confederation between the states of Peru, divided into the Republic of North Peru and the Republic of South Pe ...

of 1836–1839. North Peru was formed from the division of the Republic of Peru into the Republic of North Peru and the

Republic of South Peru The Republic of South Peru ( es, República Sud-Peruana) was one of the three constituent Republics of the short-lived Peru–Bolivian Confederation of 1836–39. South Peru was formed from the division of the Republic of Peru into the Republic ...

. These two Republics were founded in 1836 to be (with the Republic of Bolivia) constituent Republics of the Peru-Bolivian Confederation. The Confederation came to an end three years later after continuous border wars with Argentina and Chile in the

War of the Confederation The War of the Confederation ( es, Guerra de la Confederación) was a military confrontation waged by Chile, along with Peruvian dissidents, and the Argentine Confederation against the Peru–Bolivian Confederation between 1836 and 1839. As ...

, and after a chaotic civil conflict between north and south Peruvians. In August 1839,

Agustín Gamarra Agustín Gamarra Messia (August 27, 1785 – November 18, 1841) was a Peruvian soldier and politician, who served as the 4th and 7th President of Peru. Gamarra was a Mestizo, being of mixed Spanish and Quechua descent.Larned, Smith, Seymour, She ...

declared the Confederation dissolved; as a result, South Peru and North Peru reverted to being a unified Republic of Peru.

Background

The Peru-Bolivian Confederation was a plan that attempted to reunite the ''Alto Perú'' ("Upper Peru", now Bolivia) and ''Bajo Perú'' ("Lower Peru", now simply Peru) into a single political and economic entity. Marshal

Andrés de Santa Cruz Andrés de Santa Cruz y Calahumana (; 30 November 1792 – 25 September 1865) was a Bolivian general and politician who served as interim president of Peru in 1827, the interim president of Peru from 1836 to 1838 and the sixth president of B ...

promoted an ambitious project to reunite these two territories on the basis of a confederacy. This integration was based not only on historical, cultural and ethnic reasons but also on sound economic motives. The union was trying to restore the ancient commercial routes and promote a policy of open markets. As

President of Bolivia The president of Bolivia ( es, Presidente de Bolivia), officially known as the president of the Plurinational State of Bolivia ( es, Presidente del Estado Plurinacional de Bolivia), is head of state and head of government of Bolivia and the ca ...

, Santa Cruz instigated several failed plots to achieve a political union with Peru, taking advantage of that country's chronic political unrest. His best opportunity came in 1835 when the

Peruvian President The president of Peru ( es, link=no, presidente del Perú), officially called the president of the Republic of Peru ( es, link=no, presidente de la República del Perú), is the head of state and head of government of Peru. The president is th ...

General

Luis José de Orbegoso Luis José de Orbegoso y Moncada-Galindo, de Burutarán y Morales (August 25, 1795 – February 5, 1847), an aristocratic Peruvian soldier and politician, served as the 5th President of Peru as well as the first President of North Peru. Thi ...

requested his assistance to fight the rebel armies of Generals

and

Felipe Santiago Salaverry Felipe Santiago de Salaverry (1805 in Lima, Peru – February 19, 1836 in Arequipa, Peru) was a Peruvian soldier and politician who served as the 6th President of Peru. He studied in the College of San Carlos in Lima. When José de San Martí ...

. Santa Cruz defeated Gamarra at the Battle of Yanacocha on and Salaverry at the Battle of Socabaya on . With Bolivian help, General Orbegoso quickly regained his leadership throughout the country and had Salaverry summarily executed. In retribution to the support he received from Santa Cruz, he acceded to the formation of the new

. Santa Cruz assumed the Supreme Protectorship of the confederation and Orbegoso maintained only the presidency of the newly created Republic of North Peru.

Creation

At the instigation of Santa Cruz, a Congress of the Peruvian northern departments ( Amazonas, Junín, La Libertad, and

Lima Lima ( ; ), originally founded as Ciudad de Los Reyes (City of The Kings) is the capital and the largest city of Peru. It is located in the valleys of the Chillón River, Chillón, Rímac River, Rímac and Lurín Rivers, in the desert zone of t ...

) gathered at Huaura founded the Republic of North Peru on . Then, together with

South Peru The Republic of South Peru ( es, República Sud-Peruana) was one of the three constituent Republics of the short-lived Peru–Bolivian Confederation of 1836–39. South Peru was formed from the division of the Republic of Peru into the Republic ...

, they recognized Santa Cruz as

Supreme Protector Protector, sometimes spelled protecter, is used as a title or part of various historical titles of heads of state and others in authority. The word literally means ''one who protects''. Political and administrative Heads of state Iran ''Wakil a ...

with extensive powers that enabled him to create the Peru-Bolivian Confederation on 28 October. Santa Cruz then summoned to the city of

Tacna Tacna was known for its mining industry; it had significant deposits of sodium nitrate and other resources. Its economic prosperity attracted a wave of immigrants from Italy. Today, their Italian Peruvian descendants live in the city and many of t ...

representatives of both legislatures together with those of the Bolivian Congress assembled at

Tapacarí Tapacarí, Thapa Qhari is a town and the capital of Tapacarí Province in Cochabamba Department, Bolivia. It is located at an elevation of 2,997 m. At the time of census 2001 it had a population of 411. Most of the population lives either in adjac ...

, to establish a Constitution for the new state. Under his direction, they signed a pact on which named him

for a ten-year period.

Structure of the republic

There was, from 1837 until the dissolution, a ''provisional president'' and a congress, both with limited powers and under the control of Marshal

who was styled the ''supreme protector''. * First president: General Luis Orbegoso (21 August 1837 – 30 July 1838). He declared secession of the Republic of North Peru from the Peru-Bolivian Confederation on but continued as Provisional President until * Second president: General

José de la Riva Agüero José Mariano de la Cruz de la Riva Agüero y Sánchez Boquete, Marquess of Montealegre de Aulestia (3 May 1783 – 21 May 1858) was a soldier, politician, and historian who served as the 1st President of Peru and 2nd President of North P ...

(11 August 1838 – 24 January 1839)

Development and dissolution

Invested with considerable powers, Santa Cruz endeavoured to establish in Peru the same type of authoritarian order he had imposed in Bolivia. He issued civil code, a penal code, a trade regulation, customs regulation and reorganized tax collection procedures allowing an increase in state revenues while restraining expenditures. However, the Confederation generated resistance among several groups in both countries, which resented the dilution of national identities, and also among neighbouring countries. An important number of Peruvian politicians opposed to the idea of the Confederation fled to Chile where they received support and this led to the

. Chile declared war on 28 December 1836 and Argentina followed suit on . The Chilean military expedition against Santa Cruz, led by Admiral

Manuel Blanco Encalada Manuel José Blanco y Calvo de Encalada (; April 21, 1790 – September 5, 1876) was a vice-admiral in the Chilean Navy, a political figure, and Chile's first President (Provisional) (1826). Biography Born in Buenos Aires which was the capital ...

failed, and he had to submit to signing the Treaty of Paucarpata, on . The Chilean government then organized a second expedition, which defeated the Supreme Protector at the

Battle of Yungay The Battle of Yungay (or Yungai) was the final battle of the War of the Confederation, fought on January 20, 1839, near Yungay, Peru. The United Restorer Army, led by Chilean General Manuel Bulnes, consisting mainly of Chileans and 600 North ...

on and forced the dissolution of the Confederation. On 25 August 1839 General

after assuming as president of Peru, officially declared the dissolution of the Confederation and of the merging of the Northern and Southern Peruvian Republics into one to be called again Peru and separated from Bolivia.

References

{{DEFAULTSORT:North Peru, Republic of Former countries in South America Peru–Bolivian Confederation War of the Confederation States and territories established in 1836 States and territories disestablished in 1839 1836 establishments in South America 1839 disestablishments in South America

North Peru The Republic of North Peru was one of the three constituent Republics of the short-lived Peru–Bolivian Confederation of 1836–1839. North Peru was formed from the division of the Republic of Peru into the Republic of North Peru and the Rep ...

Background

Creation

Structure of the republic

Development and dissolution

See also

References