The Papuan Tip languages are a branch of the
Western Oceanic languages
The Western Oceanic languages is a linkage of Oceanic languages, proposed and studied by .
Classification
The West Oceanic linkage is made up of three sub-linkages:.
* North New Guinea linkage
* Meso-Melanesian linkage
* Papuan Tip linkage
Th ...
consisting of 60 languages.
Contact
All Papuan Tip languages, except
Nimoa,
Sudest, and the Kilivila languages (all spoken on islands off the coast of mainland
Papua New Guinea
Papua New Guinea (abbreviated PNG; , ; tpi, Papua Niugini; ho, Papua Niu Gini), officially the Independent State of Papua New Guinea ( tpi, Independen Stet bilong Papua Niugini; ho, Independen Stet bilong Papua Niu Gini), is a country i ...
), have
SOV word order due to influences from nearby
Papuan languages
The Papuan languages are the non- Austronesian and non- Australian languages spoken on the western Pacific island of New Guinea in Indonesia and Papua New Guinea, as well as neighbouring islands, by around 4 million people. It is a strictly geogr ...
(Lynch, Ross, & Crowley 2002:104). Universally, this is considered to be a typologically unusual change. Since these non-
Austronesian influences can be reconstructed for Proto-Papuan Tip, they did not simply result from recent contact among individual daughter languages.
Languages
According to Lynch, Ross, & Crowley (2002), the structure of the family is as follows:
*Nuclear Papuan Tip linkage
**Suauic linkage:
Buhutu,
'Auhelawa,
Oya'oya,
Unubahe,
Saliba,
Suau,
Bwanabwana,
Wagawaga
**North Mainland – D'Entrecasteaux linkage
***
Anuki
***
Gumawana
***Bwaidoga:
Bwaidoka,
Diodio (West Goodenough),
Iamalele,
Iduna,
Koluwawa,
Maiadomu
***Dobu–Duau:
Dobu
2,5-Dimethoxy-4-butylamphetamine (DOBU) is a lesser-known psychedelic drug and a substituted Amphetamine. DOBU was first synthesized by Alexander Shulgin. In his book '' PiHKAL (Phenethylamines i Have Known And Loved)'', only low dosages of 2–3 ...
,
Molima,
Bunama,
Boselewa,
Duau,
Galeya,
Mwatebu,
Sewa Bay
***Kakabai:
Dawawa,
Kakabai
***Are–Taupota
****Are:
Are,
Arifama-Miniafia,
Doga,
Gapapaiwa,
Ghayavi,
Kaninuwa,
Ubir
****Taupota:
Gweda,
Haigwai,
Maiwala,
Minaveha,
Taupota
Taupota is an Oceanic language of the Milne Bay Province, Papua New Guinea. It appears to be a dialect chain
A dialect continuum or dialect chain is a series of language varieties spoken across some geographical area such that neighboring ...
,
Tawala,
Wa'ema,
Wedau,
Yakaikeke
*Kilivila–Misima linkage
**Kilivila family:
Budibud,
Kilivila
The Trobriand Islands are a archipelago of coral atolls off the east coast of New Guinea. They are part of the nation of Papua New Guinea and are in Milne Bay Province. Most of the population of 12,000 indigenous inhabitants live on the main isla ...
,
Muyuw
**
Misima language
*Nimoa–Sudest family:
Nimoa,
Sudest
*Central Papuan Tip family
**Oumic: Magoric (
Magori,
Yoba,
Bina),
Ouma
**Sinagoro–Keapara:
Hula
Hula () is a Hawaiian dance form accompanied by chant (oli) or song ( mele). It was developed in the Hawaiian Islands by the Native Hawaiians who originally settled there. The hula dramatizes or portrays the words of the oli or mele in a visua ...
–
Keapara,
Sinaugoro
**West Central Papuan Tip
***
Motu
***
Abadi
***Nuclear West Central Papuan Tip:
Toura
Toura is a town and arrondissement in the Alibori Department of northern Benin. It is an administrative division under the jurisdiction of the commune of Banikoara. According to the population census conducted by the Institut National de la Statis ...
,
Kuni,
Mekeo,
Lala
Lala may refer to:
Geography
* Lala language (disambiguation) Places
* Lala (Naples Metro), an underground metro station in Naples, Italy
* Lala, Assam, a town in Assam, India
* Lala, Ilam, a village in Ilam Province, Iran
* Lala, Lanao del ...
,
Waima
Maisin is difficult to classify, but its Austronesian component likely belongs with Nuclear Papuan Tip.
Yele has recently been tentatively classified as closest to Nimoa–Sudest, while others classify it as a
Papuan language.
References
{{Austronesian languages
Western Oceanic languages
Languages of Papua New Guinea