Norman Fitzroy Maclean (December 23, 1902August 2, 1990) was a
Scottish-American
Scottish Americans or Scots Americans (Scottish Gaelic: ''Ameireaganaich Albannach''; sco, Scots-American) are Americans whose ancestry originates wholly or partly in Scotland. Scottish Americans are closely related to Scotch-Irish Americans, de ...
professor at the
University of Chicago
The University of Chicago (UChicago, Chicago, U of C, or UChi) is a private university, private research university in Chicago, Illinois. Its main campus is located in Chicago's Hyde Park, Chicago, Hyde Park neighborhood. The University of Chic ...
who became, following his retirement, a major figure in
American literature. Maclean is best known for his collection of
novella
A novella is a narrative prose fiction whose length is shorter than most novels, but longer than most short stories. The English word ''novella'' derives from the Italian ''novella'' meaning a short story related to true (or apparently so) fact ...
s ''
A River Runs Through It and Other Stories ''A River Runs Through It'' can refer to:
* ''A River Runs Through It'' (novel), or ''A River Runs Through It and Other Stories'', a collection of stories by Norman Maclean
* ''A River Runs Through It'' (film), a 1992 film based on the book
...
'' (1976) and the
creative nonfiction
Creative nonfiction (also known as literary nonfiction or narrative nonfiction or literary journalism or verfabula) is a genre of writing that uses literary styles and techniques to create factually accurate narratives. Creative nonfiction contra ...
book ''
Young Men and Fire'' (1992).
Family origins
In his
novella
A novella is a narrative prose fiction whose length is shorter than most novels, but longer than most short stories. The English word ''novella'' derives from the Italian ''novella'' meaning a short story related to true (or apparently so) fact ...
, ''A River Runs Through It'', Norman Maclean alleged that his paternal ancestors were from the
Isle of Mull, in the
Inner Hebrides
The Inner Hebrides (; Scottish Gaelic: ''Na h-Eileanan a-staigh'', "the inner isles") is an archipelago off the west coast of mainland Scotland, to the south east of the Outer Hebrides. Together these two island chains form the Hebrides, whic ...
of Scotland. According to his son, however, their paternal ancestors were
Gaelic speaking Presbyterian
Presbyterianism is a part of the Reformed tradition within Protestantism that broke from the Roman Catholic Church in Scotland by John Knox, who was a priest at St. Giles Cathedral (Church of Scotland). Presbyterian churches derive their na ...
s and from the
Isle of Coll, which is "located about seven miles west of the
Clan MacLean stronghold, the
Isle of Mull".
The author's great-grandfather, Laughlan Maclean, was a carpenter by trade and emigrated to
Cape Breton, Nova Scotia in 1821, before settling on a homestead in
Pictou County
Pictou County is a county in the province of Nova Scotia, Canada. It was established in 1835, and was formerly a part of Halifax County from 1759 to 1835. It had a population of 43,657 people in 2021, a decline of 0.2 percent from 2016. Furthermo ...
. Laughlan Maclean was accompanied by his wife, Elizabeth Campbell.
Norman's father, Rev.
John Norman Maclean, was born to Laughlan's son Norman and his wife Mary MacDonald on the family farm in the
Canadian Gaelic
Canadian Gaelic or Cape Breton Gaelic ( gd, Gàidhlig Chanada, or ), often known in Canadian English simply as Gaelic, is a collective term for the dialects of Scottish Gaelic spoken in Atlantic Canada.
Scottish Gaels were settled in Nova Scot ...
-speaking community of
Marshy Hope, Pictou County,
Nova Scotia
Nova Scotia ( ; ; ) is one of the thirteen provinces and territories of Canada. It is one of the three Maritime provinces and one of the four Atlantic provinces. Nova Scotia is Latin for "New Scotland".
Most of the population are native En ...
on July 28, 1862.
Showing signs of academic promise, John Norman Maclean trained for the ministry first at
Pictou Academy, where academic records refer to him as "J.N. Mclean of
Glenbard", a community famous as the last home and burial place of the
Canadian Gaelic
Canadian Gaelic or Cape Breton Gaelic ( gd, Gàidhlig Chanada, or ), often known in Canadian English simply as Gaelic, is a collective term for the dialects of Scottish Gaelic spoken in Atlantic Canada.
Scottish Gaels were settled in Nova Scot ...
poet
John MacLean, the former Chief Bard ( gd,
Aois-dàna) to the
Chief of Clan MacLean of
Coll
Coll (; gd, Cola; sco, Coll)Mac an Tàilleir (2003) p. 31 is an island located west of the Isle of Mull in the Inner Hebrides of Scotland. Coll is known for its sandy beaches, which rise to form large sand dunes, for its corncrakes, and f ...
, who remains a major figure in
Scottish Gaelic literature
Scottish Gaelic literature refers to literature composed in the Scottish Gaelic language and in the Gàidhealtachd communities where it is and has been spoken. Scottish Gaelic is a member of the Goidelic branch of Celtic languages, along with Iris ...
.
John Maclean completed his education at
Dalhousie College
Dalhousie University (commonly known as Dal) is a large public research university in Nova Scotia, Canada, with three campuses in Halifax, a fourth in Bible Hill, and a second medical school campus in Saint John, New Brunswick. Dalhousie offer ...
in
Halifax and at
Manitoba College Manitoba College was a college that existed in Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada, from 1871 to 1967, when it became one of the University of Winnipeg's founding colleges. It was one of the first institutions of higher learning in the city of Winnipeg an ...
in
Winnipeg
Winnipeg () is the capital and largest city of the province of Manitoba in Canada. It is centred on the confluence of the Red and Assiniboine rivers, near the longitudinal centre of North America. , Winnipeg had a city population of 749 ...
. While riding circuit in the summers among the many small Presbyterian congregations in the pioneer communities of the
Pembina Valley Region of
Manitoba
, image_map = Manitoba in Canada 2.svg
, map_alt = Map showing Manitoba's location in the centre of Southern Canada
, Label_map = yes
, coordinates =
, capital = Win ...
, MacLean met his future wife, an
English-Canadian schoolmarm named Clara Davidson.
Clara's father, John Davidson, was a
Presbyterian
Presbyterianism is a part of the Reformed tradition within Protestantism that broke from the Roman Catholic Church in Scotland by John Knox, who was a priest at St. Giles Cathedral (Church of Scotland). Presbyterian churches derive their na ...
immigrant from Northern England, and had settled first near
Argenteuil
Argenteuil () is a commune in the northwestern suburbs of Paris, France. It is located from the center of Paris. Argenteuil is a sub-prefecture of the Val-d'Oise department, the seat of the arrondissement of Argenteuil.
Argenteuil is the sec ...
,
Laurentides,
Quebec
Quebec ( ; )According to the Government of Canada, Canadian government, ''Québec'' (with the acute accent) is the official name in Canadian French and ''Quebec'' (without the accent) is the province's official name in Canadian English is ...
, where his daughter Clara had been born. Finding the farmland there to be poor, however, John Davidson and his family had moved west by
oxcart
The Lockheed A-12 is a high-altitude, Mach 3+ reconnaissance aircraft built for the United States Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) by Lockheed's Skunk Works, based on the designs of Clarence "Kelly" Johnson. The aircraft was designate ...
and settled on a
homestead at
New Haven
New Haven is a city in the U.S. state of Connecticut. It is located on New Haven Harbor on the northern shore of Long Island Sound in New Haven County, Connecticut and is part of the New York City metropolitan area. With a population of 134,023 ...
, near
Manitou, Manitoba.
During their courtship, Clara often accompanied John while he was riding circuit. In 1893, John Norman Maclean completed advanced studies at
San Francisco Theological Seminary
The San Francisco Theological Seminary (SFTS) is a seminary in San Anselmo, California with historic ties to the Presbyterian Church (U.S.A.). SFTS became embedded in a new Graduate School of Theology of the University of Redlands in 2019. It w ...
in
San Anselmo, California
San Anselmo () is an incorporated town in Marin County, California, United States. San Anselmo is located west of San Rafael, at an elevation of 46 feet (14 m). It is located about north of San Francisco. The town is bordered by San Rafael t ...
and was ordained as a
Presbyterian minister. John and Clara Maclean were married in
Pembina, Manitoba on August 1, 1893.
Biography
Early life
Norman Maclean was born at
Clarinda,
Iowa
Iowa () is a U.S. state, state in the Midwestern United States, Midwestern region of the United States, bordered by the Mississippi River to the east and the Missouri River and Big Sioux River to the west. It is bordered by six states: Wiscon ...
, on December 23, 1902, and was the son of Clara Evelyn (; 1873–1952) and the Rev. John Norman Maclean (1862–1941). Rev. Maclean
homeschooled
Homeschooling or home schooling, also known as home education or elective home education (EHE), is the education of school-aged children at home or a variety of places other than a school. Usually conducted by a parent, tutor, or an onlin ...
the young Norman and his brother
Paul Davidson MacLean
Paul may refer to:
*Paul (given name), a given name (includes a list of people with that name)
*Paul (surname), a list of people
People
Christianity
*Paul the Apostle (AD c.5–c.64/65), also known as Saul of Tarsus or Saint Paul, early Chris ...
(1906–1938) until 1913. Norman Maclean also grew up with five sisters.
While Maclean was a child in Clarinda, he often witnessed his father working hard to learn
diction
Diction ( la, dictionem (nom. ), "a saying, expression, word"), in its original meaning, is a writer's or speaker's distinctive vocabulary choices and style of expression in a poem or story.Crannell (1997) ''Glossary'', p. 406 In its common meanin ...
and
elocution
Elocution is the study of formal speaking in pronunciation, grammar, style, and tone as well as the idea and practice of effective speech and its forms. It stems from the idea that while communication is symbolic, sounds are final and compelli ...
and to rid his pronunciation of all signs that
Canadian Gaelic
Canadian Gaelic or Cape Breton Gaelic ( gd, Gàidhlig Chanada, or ), often known in Canadian English simply as Gaelic, is a collective term for the dialects of Scottish Gaelic spoken in Atlantic Canada.
Scottish Gaels were settled in Nova Scot ...
, rather than
Canadian English, was his
first language
A first language, native tongue, native language, mother tongue or L1 is the first language or dialect that a person has been exposed to from birth or within the critical period. In some countries, the term ''native language'' or ''mother tong ...
. It was also in Clarinda that Rev. Maclean first developed a passion for the American sport of
fly fishing
Fly fishing is an angling method that uses a light-weight lure—called an artificial fly—to catch fish. The fly is cast using a fly rod, reel, and specialized weighted line. The light weight requires casting techniques significantly diff ...
, which had not previously been practiced by the minister or his forbears in the
Inner Hebrides
The Inner Hebrides (; Scottish Gaelic: ''Na h-Eileanan a-staigh'', "the inner isles") is an archipelago off the west coast of mainland Scotland, to the south east of the Outer Hebrides. Together these two island chains form the Hebrides, whic ...
or in
Nova Scotia
Nova Scotia ( ; ; ) is one of the thirteen provinces and territories of Canada. It is one of the three Maritime provinces and one of the four Atlantic provinces. Nova Scotia is Latin for "New Scotland".
Most of the population are native En ...
. Rev. Maclean successfully passed on his love of fly fishing to both of his sons.
When asked by an interviewer about having been homeschooled by his father, Maclean recalled, "I think the most important thing is that he read aloud to us. He was a minister, and every morning after breakfast we had what was called family worship. We'd all sit with our breakfast chairs pulled back from the table and he would read to us from
the Bible
The Bible (from Koine Greek , , 'the books') is a collection of religious texts or scriptures that are held to be sacred in Christianity, Judaism, Samaritanism, and many other religions. The Bible is an anthologya compilation of texts of a ...
or from some
religious poet. He was a very good reader... that was very good for me because in doing that, he would bring out the rhythms of the Bible. That reading instilled in me this great love of rhythm in language."
At the invitation of the elders of the Presbyterian church there, the Maclean family relocated to
Missoula, Montana
Missoula ( ; fla, label= Séliš, Nłʔay, lit=Place of the Small Bull Trout, script=Latn; kut, Tuhuⱡnana, script=Latn) is a city in the U.S. state of Montana; it is the county seat of Missoula County. It is located along the Clark Fork Ri ...
in 1909. The following years considerably influenced and inspired Norman's writings, appearing prominently in the short story ''The Woods, Books, and Truant Officers'' (1977) and the semi-autobiographical novella ''
A River Runs Through It and Other Stories ''A River Runs Through It'' can refer to:
* ''A River Runs Through It'' (novel), or ''A River Runs Through It and Other Stories'', a collection of stories by Norman Maclean
* ''A River Runs Through It'' (film), a 1992 film based on the book
...
'' (1976).
Forest Service
Maclean was only 14 years old and was too young to enlist in the
American Expeditionary Force during
World War I
World War I (28 July 1914 11 November 1918), often abbreviated as WWI, was List of wars and anthropogenic disasters by death toll, one of the deadliest global conflicts in history. Belligerents included much of Europe, the Russian Empire, ...
, so he instead found work for the
United States Forest Service
The United States Forest Service (USFS) is an agency of the U.S. Department of Agriculture that administers the nation's 154 national forests and 20 national grasslands. The Forest Service manages of land. Major divisions of the agency inc ...
in what is now the
Bitterroot National Forest
Bitterroot National Forest comprises 1.587 million acres (6,423 km²) in west-central Montana and eastern Idaho, of the United States. It is located primarily in Ravalli County, Montana (70.26% of the forest), but also has acreage in Idah ...
of northwestern
Montana
Montana () is a U.S. state, state in the Mountain states, Mountain West List of regions of the United States#Census Bureau-designated regions and divisions, division of the Western United States. It is bordered by Idaho to the west, North ...
. The novella ''USFS 1919: The Ranger, the Cook, and a Hole in the Sky'' and the story "Black Ghost" in ''
Young Men and Fire'' (1992) are semi-fictionalized accounts of these experiences.
Dartmouth
Maclean later attended
Dartmouth College
Dartmouth College (; ) is a private research university in Hanover, New Hampshire. Established in 1769 by Eleazar Wheelock, it is one of the nine colonial colleges chartered before the American Revolution. Although founded to educate Native ...
, where he served as editor-in-chief of the humor magazine the ''
Dartmouth Jack-O-Lantern
''The Dartmouth Jack-O-Lantern'' (also known as ''the Jacko'') is a college humor magazine, founded at Dartmouth College in 1908.
History
One of the magazine's oldest traditions is "Stockman's Dogs". In the October 1934 issue, F.C. Stockman (c ...
''; the editor-in-chief to follow him was Theodor Geisel, better known as
Dr. Seuss and who, according to Maclean, was “the craziest guy I ever met.” He was also a member of the
Sphinx
A sphinx ( , grc, σφίγξ , Boeotian: , plural sphinxes or sphinges) is a mythical creature with the head of a human, the body of a lion, and the wings of a falcon.
In Greek tradition, the sphinx has the head of a woman, the haunches o ...
and
Beta Theta Pi
Beta Theta Pi (), commonly known as Beta, is a North American social fraternity that was founded in 1839 at Miami University in Oxford, Ohio. One of North America's oldest fraternities, as of 2022 it consists of 144 active chapters in the Un ...
.
During a 1986 interview, Maclean described the enormous gratitude he felt for having been able to attend creative writing classes taught at Dartmouth by the poet
Robert Frost
Robert Lee Frost (March26, 1874January29, 1963) was an American poet. His work was initially published in England before it was published in the United States. Known for his realistic depictions of rural life and his command of American collo ...
. Maclean stated that he learned an enormous amount from Frost, which he carried with him for the rest of his life. During the same interview, Maclean recalled that his lifelong admiration for and emulation of the writing style of
Ernest Hemingway
Ernest Miller Hemingway (July 21, 1899 – July 2, 1961) was an American novelist, short-story writer, and journalist. His economical and understated style—which he termed the iceberg theory—had a strong influence on 20th-century fic ...
also began during his time at Dartmouth.
Maclean received his Bachelor of Arts in 1924 and chose to remain in
Hanover, New Hampshire
Hanover is a town located along the Connecticut River in Grafton County, New Hampshire, United States. As of the 2020 census, its population was 11,870. The town is home to the Ivy League university Dartmouth College, the U.S. Army Corps of ...
to serve as an instructor until 1926—a time he recalled in "This Quarter I Am Taking McKeon: A Few Remarks on the Art of Teaching".
Personal life
Maclean's future wife, Jessie Burns (1905–1968), was born in
Butte, Montana
Butte ( ) is a consolidated city-county and the county seat of Silver Bow County, Montana, United States. In 1977, the city and county governments consolidated to form the sole entity of Butte-Silver Bow. The city covers , and, according to th ...
on January 24, 1905. Her father, John Burns, had been born at
Marlborough, Massachusetts
Marlborough is a city in Middlesex County, Massachusetts, United States. The population was 41,793 at the 2020 census. Marlborough became a prosperous industrial town in the 19th century and made the transition to high technology industry in the ...
to
Scots-Irish parents who had recently emigrated from a village near
Belfast
Belfast ( , ; from ga, Béal Feirste , meaning 'mouth of the sand-bank ford') is the capital and largest city of Northern Ireland, standing on the banks of the River Lagan on the east coast. It is the 12th-largest city in the United Kingd ...
. Jesse's mother, Florence MacLeod, was a
Scottish-Canadian immigrant to
Montana
Montana () is a U.S. state, state in the Mountain states, Mountain West List of regions of the United States#Census Bureau-designated regions and divisions, division of the Western United States. It is bordered by Idaho to the west, North ...
. At the time of Jessie's birth, her father ran the general store in
Wolf Creek Wolf Creek may refer to:
Bodies of water Missouri
* Wolf Creek (Beaver Creek tributary)
* Wolf Creek (Cane Creek tributary)
* Wolf Creek (Cave Creek tributary)
* Wolf Creek (Elkhorn Creek tributary)
* Wolf Creek (South Grand River tributary)
* W ...
, where she was raised, in between attending school in Butte.
Jessie Burns had red hair and
freckles and was known in her childhood as a
tomboy
A tomboy is a term for a girl or a young woman with masculine qualities. It can include wearing androgynous or unfeminine clothing and actively engage in physical sports or other activities and behaviors usually associated with boys or men ...
. She first met Norman Maclean during a December party in the Helena valley. They were returning home after the party with another couple in Jessie's car, when a
blizzard
A blizzard is a severe snowstorm characterized by strong sustained winds and low visibility, lasting for a prolonged period of time—typically at least three or four hours. A ground blizzard is a weather condition where snow is not falling ...
descended and the car's radiator froze. MacLean tried pouring water in, only to have the water freeze as well. Maclean then started hiking through the blizzard to seek help, but soon found that the car had caught up with him, as the cold had prevented the engine from overheating. Norman felt foolish, but Jessie always considered him the hero of the blizzard.
Maclean and Burns married on September 24, 1931, and had two children: a daughter Jean (born in 1942), now a lawyer, and a son,
John Norman Maclean (born in 1943).
Following their marriage, Jessie handled the family's finances and wrote all the checks. Norman also gave up typing and wrote almost everything, including his books, "in a cramped longhand that generations of typists at the University and elsewhere prided themselves on learning to decipher."
Their son, John Maclean, has since written that their family always led two lives. One life was during the summers at the log cabin built by Rev. Maclean near
Seeley Lake, Montana. The other life took place in Chicago during the academic year. In fact, on July 26, 1950, the Maclean family was driving between
Gillette
Gillette is an American brand of safety razors and other personal care products including shaving supplies, owned by the multi-national corporation Procter & Gamble (P&G).
Based in Boston, Massachusetts, United States, it was owned by The ...
and
Sheridan, Wyoming
Sheridan is a town in the U.S. state of Wyoming and the county seat of Sheridan County. The town is located halfway between Yellowstone Park and Mount Rushmore by U.S. Route 14 and 16. It is the principal town of the Sheridan, Wyoming, Micro ...
when they heard over the radio about the outbreak of the
Korean War
{{Infobox military conflict
, conflict = Korean War
, partof = the Cold War and the Korean conflict
, image = Korean War Montage 2.png
, image_size = 300px
, caption = Clockwise from top: ...
. Stunned, Jessie Maclean said, "We're at war; it should feel different." Outside their family's car, however, "nothing moved but heat waves."
At the University of Chicago, Jessie Maclean's "open personality", made her a lot of friends. It was often said of her in later years, "She was the only one who'd talk to the young faculty wives."
During a 1986 interview, Maclean recalled, "I love
Chicago
(''City in a Garden''); I Will
, image_map =
, map_caption = Interactive Map of Chicago
, coordinates =
, coordinates_footnotes =
, subdivision_type = List of sovereign states, Count ...
. My wife was very wonderful in helping me come to feel that. I was very provincial in a lot of ways. She was gay and loved life wherever she lived. She really worked me over in our early years in Chicago. I was insolent and provincial about that city. She made me see how beautiful it was, made me see the geometric and industrial and architectural beauty."
The
neurologist
Neurology (from el, νεῦρον (neûron), "string, nerve" and the suffix -logia, "study of") is the branch of medicine dealing with the diagnosis and treatment of all categories of conditions and disease involving the brain, the spinal ...
Dr.
Sidney Schulman
Sidney may refer to:
People
* Sidney (surname), English surname
* Sidney (given name), including a list of people with the given name
* Sidney (footballer, born 1972), full name Sidney da Silva Souza, Brazilian football defensive midfielder
* Si ...
later said of Jessie Maclean's role at the university, "Jessie knew what was to be said. She said less than she knew, but what she said was enough, and she said it with humor, with
literary allusions, and with simplicity. She came to be a sort of housemother. In being this, she was unaware of it - no self-satisfied awareness that what she was doing was noble. She was not playacting. It was part of her existence."
Jessie Maclean died of
lung cancer
Lung cancer, also known as lung carcinoma (since about 98–99% of all lung cancers are carcinomas), is a malignant lung tumor characterized by uncontrolled cell growth in tissues of the lung. Lung carcinomas derive from transformed, malign ...
, the result of decades of
chain smoking
Chain smoking is the practice of smoking several cigarettes in succession, sometimes using the ember of a finished cigarette to light the next. The term chain smoker often also refers to a person who smokes relatively constantly, though not nec ...
, in 1968.
Their son, John Norman Maclean is now a journalist and author of ''
Fire on the Mountain: The True Story of the South Canyon Fire'' (1999) and two other books, ''Fire & Ashes'' (2003) and ''The Thirtymile Fire: A Chronicle of Bravery and Betrayal'' (2007).
Murder of Paul MacLean
After similarly graduating from Dartmouth, Norman's younger brother,
Paul Davidson MacLean
Paul may refer to:
*Paul (given name), a given name (includes a list of people with that name)
*Paul (surname), a list of people
People
Christianity
*Paul the Apostle (AD c.5–c.64/65), also known as Saul of Tarsus or Saint Paul, early Chris ...
, became well known as an
investigative journalist
Investigative journalism is a form of journalism in which reporters deeply investigate a single topic of interest, such as serious crimes, political corruption, or corporate wrongdoing. An investigative journalist may spend months or years rese ...
, who fearlessly exposed
political corruption in
Helena, Montana
Helena (; ) is the capital city of Montana, United States, and the county seat of Lewis and Clark County.
Helena was founded as a gold camp during the Montana gold rush, and established on October 30, 1864. Due to the gold rush, Helena would b ...
linked to the powerful
Anaconda Copper Mining Company. Paul Maclean later worked alongside his brother and sister-in-law at the
University of Chicago
The University of Chicago (UChicago, Chicago, U of C, or UChi) is a private university, private research university in Chicago, Illinois. Its main campus is located in Chicago's Hyde Park, Chicago, Hyde Park neighborhood. The University of Chic ...
during the
Jazz Age and the
Depression era
The Great Depression (19291939) was an economic shock that impacted most countries across the world. It was a period of economic depression that became evident after a major fall in stock prices in the United States. The economic contagion ...
. In addition to his talents for both writing and
fly fishing
Fly fishing is an angling method that uses a light-weight lure—called an artificial fly—to catch fish. The fly is cast using a fly rod, reel, and specialized weighted line. The light weight requires casting techniques significantly diff ...
, Paul Maclean suffered from
alcoholism
Alcoholism is, broadly, any drinking of alcohol that results in significant mental or physical health problems. Because there is disagreement on the definition of the word ''alcoholism'', it is not a recognized diagnostic entity. Predomina ...
and
gambling addiction
Problem gambling or ludomania is repetitive gambling behavior despite harm and negative consequences. Problem gambling may be diagnosed as a mental disorder according to ''DSM-5'' if certain diagnostic criteria are met. Pathological gambling is ...
, in addition to being a notorious brawler and a womanizer. According to Norman, all of these addictions and behaviors had a very long generational history and could be traced all the way back to the Maclean family's earliest origins among the
Gaels
The Gaels ( ; ga, Na Gaeil ; gd, Na Gàidheil ; gv, Ny Gaeil ) are an ethnolinguistic group native to Ireland, Scotland and the Isle of Man in the British Isles. They are associated with the Gaelic languages: a branch of the Celtic lan ...
of the
Inner Hebrides
The Inner Hebrides (; Scottish Gaelic: ''Na h-Eileanan a-staigh'', "the inner isles") is an archipelago off the west coast of mainland Scotland, to the south east of the Outer Hebrides. Together these two island chains form the Hebrides, whic ...
of Scotland. Despite repeated attempts by his family to offer help, Paul MacLean rejected all such overtures.
On the early morning of May 2, 1937, Paul Maclean was attacked and brutally beaten at Sixty-Third Street and Drexel Avenue in
Chicago
(''City in a Garden''); I Will
, image_map =
, map_caption = Interactive Map of Chicago
, coordinates =
, coordinates_footnotes =
, subdivision_type = List of sovereign states, Count ...
by two men who removed all the money from Maclean's wallet and, according to an eyewitness, drove away afterwards in a car. Paul Maclean was taken to nearby Woodlawn Hospital, where he died, without regaining consciousness, at 1:20PM that same afternoon. According to his brother Norman Maclean and statements made to the press by
Detective Sergeant Ignatius Sheehan, Paul Maclean fought back savagely against his assailants and sold his life very dearly. So much so, in fact, that nearly all the bones in his right hand were found by the medical examiner to have been broken during his last fight.
Following a homicide investigation led by
Detective Sergeant Ignatius Sheehan,
Chicago Police Department
The Chicago Police Department (CPD) is the municipal law enforcement agency of the U.S. city of Chicago, Illinois, under the jurisdiction of the City Council. It is the second-largest municipal police department in the United States, behind ...
Captain Mark Boyle told the Cook County Coroner's Office that Paul Maclean's murder was a
mugging
Mugging or mugger may refer to:
* Mugger, a footpad
* Mugger crocodile, a species native to India, Nepal, and Pakistan
* ''Muggers'' (film), a 2000 Australian movie directed by Dean Murphy
* Mugging, a slang term for overacting
* Mugging, a typ ...
gone bad, which remains the official explanation in police files. Another widely held theory at the time was that Paul Maclean's two murderers were linked to
organized crime
Organized crime (or organised crime) is a category of transnational, national, or local groupings of highly centralized enterprises run by criminals to engage in illegal activity, most commonly for profit. While organized crime is generally tho ...
and the murder was over Maclean's inability or refusal to pay an
illegal gambling or
loansharking
A loan shark is a person who offers loans at extremely high interest rates, has strict terms of collection upon failure, and generally operates outside the law.
Description
Because loan sharks operate mostly illegally, they cannot reasonably ...
debt owed to the
Chicago Outfit
The Chicago Outfit (also known as the Outfit, the Chicago Mafia, the Chicago Mob, the Chicago crime family, the South Side Gang or The Organization) is an Italian-American organized crime syndicate or crime family based in Chicago, Illinois, ...
. No arrests were ever made, however, and the case remains officially unsolved.
Only Norman Maclean accompanied his brother's casket on an overnight train trip from Chicago to Montana. After the funeral, Maclean spent several weeks of compassionate leave with his parents at their family's cabin at Seeley Lake.
Rev. Maclean was understandingly very skeptical of the Chicago Police Department's official explanation for his son's murder. During the compassionate leave, he asked Norman, "Do you think it was just a stick-up and foolishly he tried to fight his way out? You know what I mean -- that it wasn't connected to anything in his past?" Norman replied that the Chicago Police Department didn't know and that neither did he.
Norman Maclean later wrote that their father aged rapidly following Paul's murder and that, "Like many
Scottish
Scottish usually refers to something of, from, or related to Scotland, including:
*Scottish Gaelic, a Celtic Goidelic language of the Indo-European language family native to Scotland
*Scottish English
*Scottish national identity, the Scottish ide ...
ministers before him, he had to derive what comfort he could from the faith that his son had died fighting."
A few years later, Rev. Maclean brought up his older son's fondness for writing
nonfiction
Nonfiction, or non-fiction, is any document or media content that attempts, in good faith, to provide information (and sometimes opinions) grounded only in facts and real life, rather than in imagination. Nonfiction is often associated with bei ...
and advised, "After you have finished your true stories sometime, why don't you make up a story and the people to go with it? Only then will you understand what happened and why. It is those we live with and love and should know who elude us."
During visits to the cabin at Seeley Lake in later years, journalist John Norman Maclean would often hear his father calling out over the lake in the evenings, "Paul! Paul!"
University of Chicago
Maclean began graduate studies in
English at the
University of Chicago
The University of Chicago (UChicago, Chicago, U of C, or UChi) is a private university, private research university in Chicago, Illinois. Its main campus is located in Chicago's Hyde Park, Chicago, Hyde Park neighborhood. The University of Chic ...
in 1928 and earned a
PhD PHD or PhD may refer to:
* Doctor of Philosophy (PhD), an academic qualification
Entertainment
* '' PhD: Phantasy Degree'', a Korean comic series
* ''Piled Higher and Deeper'', a web comic
* Ph.D. (band), a 1980s British group
** Ph.D. (Ph.D. albu ...
in 1940.
Like his contemporary
C.S. Lewis, Maclean acquired a reputation for personal magnetism and for making the writings of difficult Medieval authors like
François Rabelais and
Geoffrey Chaucer come alive in the lecture hall. One of his students later said, "Norman F. Maclean is one of the best liked guys around this place. He is best remembered because when we were freshmen we used to come to class only when he lectured. His classes were always overrun."
According to another of his students, the poet
Marie Borroff, Maclean was considered a unique figure at the university because he came from a "wilderness outpost", was a gifted
marksman
A marksman is a person who is skilled in precision shooting using projectile weapons (in modern days most commonly an accurized scoped long gun such as designated marksman rifle or a sniper rifle) to shoot at high-value targets at longer ...
with a rifle, played a rough game of
handball, and was every bit as much of an expert on
George Armstrong Custer
George Armstrong Custer (December 5, 1839 – June 25, 1876) was a United States Army officer and cavalry commander in the American Civil War and the American Indian Wars.
Custer graduated from West Point in 1861 at the bottom of his clas ...
as he was on
Aristotle
Aristotle (; grc-gre, Ἀριστοτέλης ''Aristotélēs'', ; 384–322 BC) was a Greek philosopher and polymath during the Classical Greece, Classical period in Ancient Greece. Taught by Plato, he was the founder of the Peripatet ...
.
During
World War II
World War II or the Second World War, often abbreviated as WWII or WW2, was a world war that lasted from 1939 to 1945. It involved the World War II by country, vast majority of the world's countries—including all of the great power ...
, Maclean declined a commission in the
Office of Naval Intelligence
The Office of Naval Intelligence (ONI) is the military intelligence agency of the United States Navy. Established in 1882 primarily to advance the Navy's modernization efforts, it is the oldest member of the U.S. Intelligence Community and serve ...
to serve as dean of students. During the war, he also served as director of the Institute on Military Studies and co-authored ''Manual of Instruction in Military Maps and Aerial Photographs''.
Maclean eventually became the
William Rainey Harper
William Rainey Harper (July 24, 1856 – January 10, 1906) was an American academic leader, an accomplished semiticist, and Baptist clergyman. Harper helped to establish both the University of Chicago and Bradley University and served as the ...
Professor in the Department of English and taught the
Romantic poets
Romantic poetry is the poetry of the Romantic era, an artistic, literary, musical and intellectual movement that originated in Europe towards the end of the 18th century. It involved a reaction against prevailing Enlightenment ideas of the 18th ...
and
Shakespeare
William Shakespeare ( 26 April 1564 – 23 April 1616) was an English playwright, poet and actor. He is widely regarded as the greatest writer in the English language and the world's pre-eminent dramatist. He is often called England's natio ...
. "Every year I said to myself, 'You better teach this bastard so you don't forget what great writing is like.' I taught him technically, two whole weeks for the first scene from ''
Hamlet
''The Tragedy of Hamlet, Prince of Denmark'', often shortened to ''Hamlet'' (), is a tragedy written by William Shakespeare sometime between 1599 and 1601. It is Shakespeare's longest play, with 29,551 words. Set in Denmark, the play depi ...
''. I'd spend the first day on just the line, 'Who's there?'"
U.S. Supreme Court Justice
John Paul Stevens
John Paul Stevens (April 20, 1920 – July 16, 2019) was an American lawyer and jurist who served as an associate justice of the Supreme Court of the United States from 1975 to 2010. At the time of his retirement, he was the second-olde ...
took a poetry class taught by Maclean at the University of Chicago and later called him, "the teacher to whom I am most indebted."
Maclean also wrote two scholarly articles, "From Action to Image: Theories of the Lyric in the Eighteenth Century" and "Episode, Scene, Speech, and Word: The Madness of Lear", the latter describing a theory of tragedy that he revisited in his later work.
Retirement
After his retirement in 1973, Maclean began, as his children Jean and John had often encouraged him, to write down the stories he liked to tell.
As their father had urged before his death in 1941, Maclean wrote a slightly fictionalized account of his relationship with his brother Paul, beginning with their childhood in Missoula and particularly focusing on their last summer together with their parents before Paul's murder in 1937. The story was included with two other
novella
A novella is a narrative prose fiction whose length is shorter than most novels, but longer than most short stories. The English word ''novella'' derives from the Italian ''novella'' meaning a short story related to true (or apparently so) fact ...
s in the collection ''
A River Runs Through It and Other Stories ''A River Runs Through It'' can refer to:
* ''A River Runs Through It'' (novel), or ''A River Runs Through It and Other Stories'', a collection of stories by Norman Maclean
* ''A River Runs Through It'' (film), a 1992 film based on the book
...
''. Another story in the collection described Maclean's employment as a teenager by the
United States Forest Service
The United States Forest Service (USFS) is an agency of the U.S. Department of Agriculture that administers the nation's 154 national forests and 20 national grasslands. The Forest Service manages of land. Major divisions of the agency inc ...
and was titled ''USFS 1919: The Ranger, the Cook, and a Hole in the Sky''. The third novella in the collection was ''Logging and Pimping and 'Your pal, Jim"''.
In a 1986 interview, Maclean expressed an intense hatred for mainstream
New York City
New York, often called New York City or NYC, is the most populous city in the United States. With a 2020 population of 8,804,190 distributed over , New York City is also the most densely populated major city in the U ...
publishing companies, whom he accused of systematically cheating writers from
Middle America. MacLean further recalled how his completed manuscript for ''A River Runs Through It'' was originally submitted to and rejected by
Alfred A. Knopf.
In 1976, ''
A River Runs Through It and Other Stories ''A River Runs Through It'' can refer to:
* ''A River Runs Through It'' (novel), or ''A River Runs Through It and Other Stories'', a collection of stories by Norman Maclean
* ''A River Runs Through It'' (film), a 1992 film based on the book
...
'' became the first work of
fiction ever published by the
University of Chicago Press
The University of Chicago Press is the largest and one of the oldest university presses in the United States. It is operated by the University of Chicago and publishes a wide variety of academic titles, including '' The Chicago Manual of Style'' ...
. It was nominated by a selection committee to receive the
Pulitzer Prize in Letters in 1977, but the full committee ignored the nomination and did not award a Pulitzer in that category for the year.
MacLean later recalled, "I had the good fortune of having a dream come true. I'm sure every rejected writer must dream of a time when he's written something that was rejected which turns out to be quite successful, so that all the publishers who rejected him are now coming around and kissing his ass at high noon, and he can tell them where to go."
Two or three years after being rejected by Alfred A. Knopf, Maclean received a letter from a senior
New York City
New York, often called New York City or NYC, is the most populous city in the United States. With a 2020 population of 8,804,190 distributed over , New York City is also the most densely populated major city in the U ...
editor, asking whether Alfred A. Knopf, "could have the privilege of getting first crack", at Maclean's next book. MacLean wrote back, "If it should come to pass that the world comes to a place when Alfred A. Knopf is the only publishing company left and I am the only author, then that will be the end of the world of books."
Death
Maclean spent the last years of his life attempting to write a
creative non-fiction book about the 13
smokejumpers who lost their lives fighting the 1949
Mann Gulch Forest Fire. Maclean also collaborated with several others on adapting ''A River Runs Through It'' into a
screenplay
''ScreenPlay'' is a television drama anthology series broadcast on BBC2 between 9 July 1986 and 27 October 1993.
Background
After single-play anthology series went off the air, the BBC introduced several showcases for made-for-television, ...
. He died in
Chicago
(''City in a Garden''); I Will
, image_map =
, map_caption = Interactive Map of Chicago
, coordinates =
, coordinates_footnotes =
, subdivision_type = List of sovereign states, Count ...
on August 2, 1990. At his own request, Maclean's body was cremated and his ashes were scattered over the mountains of Montana.
Legacy
Maclean's manuscript on the Mann Gulch fire was published posthumously as ''
Young Men and Fire'' and won the
National Book Critics Circle Award
The National Book Critics Circle Awards are a set of annual American literary awards by the National Book Critics Circle (NBCC) to promote "the finest books and reviews published in English".[University of Chicago
The University of Chicago (UChicago, Chicago, U of C, or UChi) is a private university, private research university in Chicago, Illinois. Its main campus is located in Chicago's Hyde Park, Chicago, Hyde Park neighborhood. The University of Chic ...]
campus named
Maclean House
MacLean, also spelt Maclean and McLean, is a Gaelic surname Mac Gille Eathain, or, Mac Giolla Eóin in Irish Gaelic), Eóin being a Gaelic form of Johannes (John). The clan surname is an Anglicisation of the Scottish Gaelic "Mac Gille Eathain" ...
. Maclean House's mascot was the "Stormin' Normans" in honor of its namesake. The dorm was closed after the 2015–2016 academic year, subsequently sold, and turned into apartments.
In 2008, the
University of Chicago Press
The University of Chicago Press is the largest and one of the oldest university presses in the United States. It is operated by the University of Chicago and publishes a wide variety of academic titles, including '' The Chicago Manual of Style'' ...
published a new compendium of unpublished and some previously published works, ''The Norman Maclean Reader''. The anthology included parts of a never-finished book about
George Armstrong Custer
George Armstrong Custer (December 5, 1839 – June 25, 1876) was a United States Army officer and cavalry commander in the American Civil War and the American Indian Wars.
Custer graduated from West Point in 1861 at the bottom of his clas ...
and the
Battle of the Little Bighorn
The Battle of the Little Bighorn, known to the Lakota and other Plains Indians as the Battle of the Greasy Grass, and also commonly referred to as Custer's Last Stand, was an armed engagement between combined forces of the Lakota Sioux, No ...
which Maclean had worked on from 1959 to 1963. ''
Publishers Weekly
''Publishers Weekly'' (''PW'') is an American weekly trade news magazine targeted at publishers, librarians, booksellers, and literary agents. Published continuously since 1872, it has carried the tagline, "The International News Magazine of ...
'' gave the book a respectful review in the summer of 2008, remarking, "Readers of the two earlier books will find, as Weltzien
lan Weltzien, the book's editor
Lan or LAN may also refer to:
Science and technology
* Local asymptotic normality, a fundamental property of regular models in statistics
* Longitude of the ascending node, one of the orbital elements used to specify the orbit of an object in spa ...
phrases it, 'new biographical insights into one of the most remarkable and unexpected careers in American letters.'"
Literary works
Books
*1940: ''The Theory of Lyric Poetry from the Renaissance to Coleridge''
*1943:
A Manual of Instruction in Military Maps and Aerial Photographs' (with
Everett C. Olson)
*1976: ''
A River Runs Through It and Other Stories ''A River Runs Through It'' can refer to:
* ''A River Runs Through It'' (novel), or ''A River Runs Through It and Other Stories'', a collection of stories by Norman Maclean
* ''A River Runs Through It'' (film), a 1992 film based on the book
...
'' (Illustrated by
Barry Moser
Barry Moser (born 1940) is an American artist and educator, known as a printmaker specializing in wood engravings, and an illustrator of numerous works of literature. He is also the owner and operator of the Pennyroyal Press, an engraving and smal ...
in 1989)
*1992: ''
Young Men and Fire''
Articles and essays
*1952: Two essays—(1) "From Action to Image: Theories of the Lyric in the Eighteenth Century" and (2) "Episode, Scene, Speech, and Word: The Madness of Lear" and (2) —in
R.S. Crane's ''Critics and Criticism: Ancient and Modern''
*1956: "Personification But Not Poetry" in ''
ELH: English Literary History'' Vol. 23, No. 2 (Jun., 1956), pp. 163–170.
Edited works
*1988: ''Norman Maclean'' (edited by Ron McFarland and Hugh Nichols)
*2008: ''The Norman Maclean Reader'' (edited by O. Alan Weltzien)
In popular culture
*In 1992, Maclean's
novella
A novella is a narrative prose fiction whose length is shorter than most novels, but longer than most short stories. The English word ''novella'' derives from the Italian ''novella'' meaning a short story related to true (or apparently so) fact ...
''A River Runs Through It'' was adapted into a
motion picture
A film also called a movie, motion picture, moving picture, picture, photoplay or (slang) flick is a work of visual art that simulates experiences and otherwise communicates ideas, stories, perceptions, feelings, beauty, or atmospher ...
directed by
Robert Redford
Charles Robert Redford Jr. (born August 18, 1936) is an American actor and filmmaker. He is the recipient of various accolades, including an Academy Award from four nominations, a British Academy Film Award, two Golden Globe Awards, the Ceci ...
and released by
Columbia Pictures
Columbia Pictures Industries, Inc. is an American film production studio that is a member of the Sony Pictures Motion Picture Group, a division of Sony Pictures Entertainment, which is one of the Big Five studios and a subsidiary of the multi ...
, starring
Craig Sheffer as Norman Maclean,
Brad Pitt
William Bradley Pitt (born December 18, 1963) is an American actor and film producer. He is the recipient of various accolades, including two Academy Awards, a British Academy Film Award, two Golden Globe Awards, and a Primetime Emmy Award. ...
as Paul Davidson Maclean,
Brenda Blethyn
Brenda Blethyn (''née'' Bottle; 20 February 1946) is an English actress. She is the recipient of several accolades, including a Golden Globe, a BAFTA, a Cannes Film Festival Award for Best Actress, and two Academy Award nominations.
Blethy ...
as Clara Davidson Maclean,
Emily Lloyd as Jessie Burns, and
Tom Skerritt as Rev.
John Norman Maclean
*Maclean's other novella from the same collection, ''USFS 1919: The Ranger, the Cook, and a Hole in the Sky'' was adapted into a 1995
ABC television film titled ''
The Ranger, the Cook and a Hole in the Sky'', also known simply as ''Hole in the Sky''. The film was directed by
John Kent Harrison, with the adaptation written by Robert Wayne, and stars
Sam Elliott
Samuel Pack Elliott (born August 9, 1944) is an American actor. He is the recipient of several accolades, including a National Board of Review Award, and has been nominated for an Academy Award, two Golden Globe Awards, two Primetime Emmy Aw ...
,
Jerry O'Connell
Jerry O'Connell (born February 17, 1974) is an American actor and television host. He is known for his roles as Quinn Mallory in the television series '' Sliders'', Andrew Clements in '' My Secret Identity'', Vern Tessio in the film '' Stand by ...
,
Ricky Jay, and
Molly Parker. It was filmed in
British Columbia
British Columbia (commonly abbreviated as BC) is the westernmost Provinces and territories of Canada, province of Canada, situated between the Pacific Ocean and the Rocky Mountains. It has a diverse geography, with rugged landscapes that include ...
, Canada.
[Lisk, Jamie. ]
"The Ranger, the Cook, and a Hole in the Sky"
. – CrankedOnCinema.com. – October 18, 2008.
References
External links
Norman Macleanon
Find a Grave
Find a Grave is a website that allows the public to search and add to an online database of cemetery records. It is owned by Ancestry.com. Its stated mission is "to help people from all over the world work together to find, record and present f ...
*
Guide to the Norman Maclean Papers 1880-1990at th
University of Chicago Special Collections Research Center
{{DEFAULTSORT:Maclean, Norman
1902 births
1990 deaths
20th-century American male writers
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Clan Maclean
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