East Anglian English is a dialect of English spoken in
East Anglia
East Anglia is an area in the East of England, often defined as including the counties of Norfolk, Suffolk and Cambridgeshire. The name derives from the Anglo-Saxon kingdom of the East Angles, a people whose name originated in Anglia, in ...
, primarily in or before the mid-20th century. East Anglian English has had a very considerable input into modern
Estuary English
Estuary English is an English accent associated with the area along the River Thames and its estuary, including London. Phonetician John C. Wells proposed a definition of Estuary English as "Standard English spoken with the accent of the southea ...
, which has largely replaced it. However, it has received little attention from the media and is not easily recognised by people from other parts of the United Kingdom. East Anglia is not easily defined and its boundaries are not uniformly agreed upon.
The Fens
The Fens, also known as the , in eastern England are a naturally marshy region supporting a rich ecology and numerous species. Most of the fens were drained centuries ago, resulting in a flat, dry, low-lying agricultural region supported by a ...
were traditionally an uninhabited area that was difficult to cross, so there was little dialect contact between the two sides of the Fens.
Sub-dialects that linguist
Peter Trudgill
Peter Trudgill, FBA (; born 7 November 1943) is an English sociolinguist, academic and author.
Trudgill was born in Norwich, England and grew up in the area of Thorpe St Andrew. He attended the City of Norwich School from 1955. Trudgill studie ...
specifies include Norfolk (Broad Norfolk), Suffolk, Essex, Cambridgeshire, and various Fenland dialects.
History
In Jacek Fisiak's and
Peter Trudgill
Peter Trudgill, FBA (; born 7 November 1943) is an English sociolinguist, academic and author.
Trudgill was born in Norwich, England and grew up in the area of Thorpe St Andrew. He attended the City of Norwich School from 1955. Trudgill studie ...
's book, ''East Anglian English,'' they describe the important influence East Anglian English has had on the development of the
English language
English is a West Germanic language of the Indo-European language family, with its earliest forms spoken by the inhabitants of early medieval England. It is named after the Angles, one of the ancient Germanic peoples that migrated to the is ...
. In addition to its influence in the
Standard English
In an English-speaking country, Standard English (SE) is the variety of English that has undergone substantial regularisation and is associated with formal schooling, language assessment, and official print publications, such as public service a ...
that is known today all around England, there is evidence according to Oxford Dictionary that East Anglian English grammar was heard in
North Carolina
North Carolina () is a state in the Southeastern region of the United States. The state is the 28th largest and 9th-most populous of the United States. It is bordered by Virginia to the north, the Atlantic Ocean to the east, Georgia and So ...
.
Very little is known about the
Anglo-Saxon
The Anglo-Saxons were a Cultural identity, cultural group who inhabited England in the Early Middle Ages. They traced their origins to settlers who came to Britain from mainland Europe in the 5th century. However, the ethnogenesis of the Anglo- ...
East Anglian dialect; a Suffolk charter (of Æthelflæd, before 991) is included in .
S. L. Bensusan set out to record elements of the East Anglian dialect and records a statement made by a local when she caught him making notes on the sleeve of his shirt: "Whatever you bin makin' them little owd squiggles on y'r cuff fower?" Bensusan replied that he was "writing history". He then recorded her retort: "You dedn't wanter done that. Telly f'r why. When you've got y'r shirt washed there won't be nawthen left. I've never wrote nawthen all me born days, ne yet me husban', an he got all his teeth an' I kin thread me needle without spectacles. Folk don't wanter write in this world, they wanter do a job o' work."
Grammar
* Third-person singular
zero
0 (zero) is a number representing an empty quantity. In place-value notation
Positional notation (or place-value notation, or positional numeral system) usually denotes the extension to any base of the Hindu–Arabic numeral system (or ...
is the lack of ''-s'' in third-person
verb conjugations and is considered as the "best-known dialect feature" of East Anglian English. Examples include "she go" or "that say".
* Use of the word ''do'' with the meaning of ''or'', ''or else'' ,
for example "You better go to bed now, do you’ll be tired in the morning"
* ''That'' is used in place of central pronoun ''it'', e.g. "that's cloudy", "that's hot out there" and "that book, that's okay, I like it". The final example still uses ''it'', but only when it is the object of a verb.
The word ''that'' usually denotes ''it'' when ''it'' is the subject of the clause, so that "it is" becomes "that is" and "it smells funny" becomes "that smell funny". This does not imply emphatic usage as it would in Standard English and indeed sentences such as "When that rain, we get wet", are entirely feasible in the dialect. (Incidentally, ''it'' is almost never heard as the first word of a sentence in the speech of a true Norfolk dialect speaker, e.g. "It's a nice day today" is virtually always rendered by "Thass a nice day today".)
* ''Time'' is used to mean ''while'', for example, "You sit down, time I get dinner ready."
* ''Now'' can also mean ''just'', i.e. "I am now leaving" also means "I am just leaving".
* Some verbs conjugate differently in Norfolk or Suffolk. The past tense of 'show', for example is 'shew', and of the verb to snow, 'snew', swam becomes 'swum'. The past of drive is 'driv'. e.g. 'I driv all the way to Yarmouth, and on the way back that snew.' 'Sang' is always 'sung' ('She sung out of tune'), and 'stank' is always 'stunk' ('After they had mucked out the pigs their clothes stunk'). Many verbs simply have no past tense, and use the present form. e.g. 'Come', 'say' and 'give'. 'When my husband come home, he say he give tuppence for a loaf of bread' meaning 'When he came home, he said, he gave tuppence...'. This even applies to a verb like 'go'. 'Every time they go to get the needle out, it moved'. Verbs whose past participles differ from their active past tenses e.g. 'spoken', are mostly ignored in Norfolk. e.g. 'If you were clever you were spoke to more often by the teacher', or 'If I hadn't went up to Mousehold that night'.
* The present participle, or ...ing, form of the verb, such as running, writing etc. is mostly rendered in the Middle English form of 'a-running', 'a-jumping' etc. 'She's a-robbing me'.
Vocabulary
* ' – in bed
* ''bishybarnybee'' – a
ladybird
Coccinellidae () is a widespread family of small beetles ranging in size from . They are commonly known as ladybugs in North America and ladybirds in Great Britain. Some entomologists prefer the names ladybird beetles or lady beetles as they ...
* ''bor'' – neighbor (or friend) in Norfolk
* ''cor blarst me'' – "god blast me", when expressing, shock, surprise or exasperation
* ''craze'' – nag. e.g. ''he kept crazing me to buy him sweets'', or ''I'd craze her and craze her'')
* ''dag'' – dew
* ''dene'' – the sandy area by the coast
* ''dew yew keep a throshin'' – means "carry on with the threshing" on its own in Norfolk but also means goodbye or "take care of yourself"
* ''dickey'' – donkey; however note that the word 'donkey' appears only to have been in use in English since the late 18th century. The Oxford English Dictionary quotes 'dicky' as one of the alternative slang terms for an ass.)
* ''directly'' – "as soon as" or "immediately"), as in "Directly they got their money on Friday nights, the women would get the suits out of the
pawn shop
A pawnbroker is an individual or business (pawnshop or pawn shop) that offers secured loans to people, with items of personal property used as collateral. The items having been ''pawned'' to the broker are themselves called ''pledges'' or ...
"
* ''dodman'' – a term used to refer to a snail
* ''dow'' – a pigeon
* ''dwile'' – floorcloth
* ''dudder'' – shiver or tremble (not necessarily unique to Norfolk, it appears in the OED as ''dodder'')
* ''finish, at the/in the'' – eventually, as in "he gave it to her at the finish"; or "You might as well have went in the beginning, 'cause you had to go in the finish".)
* ''get on to someone'' – to tell someone off, as in "They all went quiet, but they never got onto father no more")
* ''gays'' – the pictures printed on a book or a newspaper
* ''grup'' – refers to a small trench
* ''guzunder'' –
chamber pot
A chamber pot is a portable toilet, meant for nocturnal use in the bedroom. It was common in many cultures before the advent of indoor plumbing and flushing toilets.
Names and etymology
"Chamber" is an older term for bedroom. The chamber pot ...
(derived from "goes-under")
* ''hutkin'' – used for a finger protecter
* ''mawkin'' – a scarecrow
* ''mawther'' – local word referring to a girl or young woman
* ''pit'' – a pond
* ''push – a boil or pimple
* ''quant'' – punt pole
* ''ranny'' – term meaning 'shrew'
* ''sowpig'' – a woodlouse
* ''staithe'' – an archaic term still used to reference any landing stage
* ''stroop'' – the throat
Accent
East Anglian English shows some of the general accent features of South East England, including
non-rhoticity
Rhoticity in English is the pronunciation of the historical rhotic consonant by English speakers. The presence or absence of rhoticity is one of the most prominent distinctions by which varieties of English can be classified. In rhotic variet ...
(in fact, one of the first English-speaking regions to lose rhoticity);
g-dropping; the
foot–strut split
Most dialects of modern English have two close back vowels: the near-close near-back rounded vowel found in words like ''foot'', and the close back rounded vowel (realized as central in many dialects) found in words like ''goose''. The vowe ...
(though the quality of , , may be more back and close than that of contemporary RP); and widespread
glottal reinforcement
Glottalization is the complete or partial closure of the glottis during the articulation of another sound. Glottalization of vowels and other sonorants is most often realized as creaky voice (partial closure). Glottalization of obstruent consonan ...
of
stop consonant
In phonetics, a plosive, also known as an occlusive or simply a stop, is a pulmonic consonant in which the vocal tract is blocked so that all airflow ceases.
The occlusion may be made with the tongue tip or blade (, ), tongue body (, ), lips ...
s (so that are pronounced with the glottal closure slightly following the oral closure, so that 'upper' is pronounced as , 'better' as or now commonly , and 'thicker' as ). However, several features also differentiate East Anglian accents.
Vowels
* Norfolk
smoothing
In statistics and image processing, to smooth a data set is to create an approximating function (mathematics), function that attempts to capture important patterns in the data, while leaving out noise or other fine-scale structures/rapid phenomena ...
results in a pronunciation of two or three vowel syllables with a single long vowel; for example, 'player' is rather than . Where the suffix '-ing' is preceded by a vowel or diphthong, there is a smoothing effect that results in a single vowel. Thus 'go+ing' is usually pronounced as a single syllable rather than as a two-syllable word ending in , and 'doing' is rather than . This phenomenon is the only one in East Anglia that is spreading, in the 21st century, from north to south (the opposite direction from the typical south-to-north influences coming out of London).
* // is a very front vowel , unlike RP or London English where it is a back vowel.
* Words containing sounds (as in ) can be more fronted or raised compared against most other English dialects: often, or .
* was once used in a particular subset of words (certain
closed- and single-syllable words) within the set, such as ''coat'', ''don't'', ''home'', ''stone'', and ''whole'' (the final item a
homophone
A homophone () is a word that is pronounced the same (to varying extent) as another word but differs in meaning. A ''homophone'' may also differ in spelling. The two words may be spelled the same, for example ''rose'' (flower) and ''rose'' (p ...
with ''hull'': ). This was extremely old-fashioned even by the late 20th century.
* Single-syllable words with the vowel spelt 'oo' such as 'roof' and 'hoof' have the vowel to give and respectively.
* The
toe–tow merger
English diphthongs have undergone many changes since the Old and Middle English periods. The sound changes discussed here involved at least one phoneme which historically was a diphthong.
Old English
Old English diphthongs could be short or ...
typical of most
Modern English dialects may continue to be resisted. The vowel of RP generally has a quality that can be represented as in Norfolk: thus words with the spelling 'oa', 'oe' and 'oCe' such as 'boat', 'toe', 'code' sound to outsiders like 'boot', 'too', 'cood' respectively. An exception is that of words spelt with 'ou', 'ow', 'ol' such as 'soul', 'know', 'told' which have a wider diphthong quite similar to the RP , or even wider . However, the toe-tow merger is indeed well-established in Ipswich (Suffolk) and Colchester (Essex), in the 21st century expanding gradually into Norfolk.
* The
pane–pain merger
English diphthongs have undergone many changes since the Old and Middle English periods. The sound changes discussed here involved at least one phoneme which historically was a diphthong.
Old English
Old English diphthongs could be short or ...
typical of most Modern English dialects may continue to be resisted. In the speech of older Norwich residents and in rural East Anglia, the vowel, , is in words spelt with 'ai' or 'ay' such as 'rain' and 'day', but or (similar to 'air') in words spelt 'aCe' such as 'take', 'late'. This has largely given way throughout most of East Anglia to a merger towards .
* The
near-square merger
In English, many vowel shifts affect only vowels followed by in rhotic dialects, or vowels that were historically followed by that has been elided in non-rhotic dialects. Most of them involve the merging of vowel distinctions and so fewer vowe ...
variably occurs, particularly among the working class, so that the and vowels and sound the same in Norwich. Thus 'beer' and 'bear' sound the same, the vowel quality being . This may be considered to be a related case to that of
smoothing
In statistics and image processing, to smooth a data set is to create an approximating function (mathematics), function that attempts to capture important patterns in the data, while leaving out noise or other fine-scale structures/rapid phenomena ...
.
* as in ''first'' is pronounced or : . Since the mid-20th century, this very open realisation has largely disappeared, at least in urban East Anglia.
* is traditionally , a narrower glide than RP, but since the second half of the 20th century, a backer realisation is favoured, .
Consonants
*
Yod-dropping
The phonological history of the English language includes various changes in the phonology of consonant clusters.
H-cluster reductions
The H-cluster reductions are various consonant reductions that have occurred in the history of English, inv ...
occurs after all consonants. Yod-dropping after alveolar consonants () is found in many English accents, and widely in American pronunciation, so that words like "tune", "due", "sue", "new" are pronounced , , , , sounding like "toon", "doo", "soo", "noo". Additionally, in East Anglia, yod-dropping is found after any consonant, and this seems to be a unique regionalism. Therefore, RP is pronounced as Norfolk (where C stands for any consonant). For example, "beautiful", "few", "huge", "accuse" have pronunciations that sound like "bootiful", "foo", "hooge", "akooz". A parallel case involves the vowel of : in RP the word is pronounced with initial , but Norfolk speakers omit the and smoothing results in so that "cure" sounds like "cur".
*
H-dropping
''H''-dropping or aitch-dropping is the deletion of the voiceless glottal fricative or "''H''-sound", . The phenomenon is common in many dialects of English, and is also found in certain other languages, either as a purely historical developmen ...
is rarer than in most other parts of England. (However, H-dropping is indeed typical in urban Norwich.)
* "Clear L" is possible in all contexts in speakers born before 1920. In contexts where RP pronounces as "dark L" , these older Norfolk speakers have "clear L" so that the sound in 'hill' and 'milk' sounds similar to the clear L heard at the beginning of words such as 'lip'. The process known as
L-vocalization (whereby, for example, the in 'hill', 'well', 'help' is pronounced as a back rounded vowel like ) is not as widespread in this accent as elsewhere in Southern England, though it is increasingly prevalent in Suffolk.
Prosody
In addition to the above phonological features, East Anglian English also has a distinct rhythm. This is due to the loss of unstressed syllables associated with East Anglian speakers. There appears to be no agreed framework for describing the prosodic characteristics of different dialects (see
Intonation). Writing in 1889, the phonetician
Alexander John Ellis
Alexander John Ellis, (14 June 1814 – 28 October 1890), was an English mathematician, philologist and early phonetician who also influenced the field of musicology. He changed his name from his father's name, Sharpe, to his mother's maiden na ...
began his section on East Anglian speech with these comments:
There does appear to be agreement that the Norfolk accent has a distinctive rhythm due to some stressed vowels being longer than their equivalents in RP and some unstressed vowels being much shorter. Claims that Norfolk speech has intonation with a distinctive "lilt" lack robust empirical evidence.
Norwich accent
In addition to above features, one specific accent is associated with urban Norfolk and namely its largest city, Norwich.
* Whereas RP has the rounded vowel in words containing the spellings 'f', 'ff', 'gh' or 'th' (such as 'often', 'off', 'cough', 'trough' and 'cloth'), Norfolk may have as in the vowel of . This is a manifestation of the
lot-cloth split
The phonology of the open back vowels of the English language has undergone changes both overall and with regional variations, through Old and Middle English to the present. The sounds heard in modern English were significantly influenced by the ...
.
* The vowel of is traditionally realised as an unrounded vowel . However, the rounded RP variant is encroaching even in urban Norwich.
* In older Norfolk dialect the spelling 'thr' could be pronounced as and the spelling 'shr' as ; thus 'three' sounds the same as 'tree' and 'shriek' is pronounced as .
*Norfolk smoothing (mentioned above) is particularly advanced.
Portrayal
The treatment of the Norfolk dialect in the television drama ''
All the King's Men
''All the King's Men'' is a 1946 novel by Robert Penn Warren. The novel tells the story of charismatic populist governor Willie Stark and his political machinations in the Depression-era Deep South. It was inspired by the real-life story of U.S ...
'' in 1999 in part prompted the foundation of the Friends of Norfolk Dialect (FOND), a group formed with the aim of preserving and promoting Broad Norfolk.
Arnold Wesker
Sir Arnold Wesker (24 May 1932 – 12 April 2016) was an English dramatist. He was the author of 50 plays, four volumes of short stories, two volumes of essays, much journalism and a book on the subject, a children's book, some poetry, and oth ...
's 1958 play ''
Roots
A root is the part of a plant, generally underground, that anchors the plant body, and absorbs and stores water and nutrients.
Root or roots may also refer to:
Art, entertainment, and media
* ''The Root'' (magazine), an online magazine focusing ...
'' used Norfolk dialect.
During the 1960s,
Anglia Television
ITV Anglia, previously known as Anglia Television, is the ITV franchise holder for the East of England. The station is based at Anglia House in Norwich, with regional news bureaux in Cambridge and Northampton. ITV Anglia is owned and operated b ...
produced a soap opera called "
Weavers Green
''Weavers Green'' is a British television soap opera, made in 1966 for ITV by Anglia Television. It was notable for being one of the first television programmes to be shot on location using videotape and outside broadcast equipment, rather than f ...
" which used local characters making extensive use of Norfolk dialect. The programme was filmed at the "cul-de-sac" village of
Heydon north of
Reepham in mid Norfolk.
An example of the Norfolk accent and vocabulary can be heard in the songs by
Allan Smethurst, aka The Singing Postman. Smethurst's Norfolk accent is well known from his releases of the 1960s, such a
"Hev Yew Gotta Loight Bor?" Th
of
Sidney Grapes
Sidney Samuel Grapes (6 June 1887 – 28 April 1958)''England & Wales, National Probate Calendar (Index of Wills and Administrations), 1858-1966, 1973-1995'' was a British comedian, the owner of a bicycle shop and later a garage in Potter Heigh ...
, which were originally published in the
Eastern Daily Press
The ''Eastern Daily Press'' (''EDP'') is a regional newspaper covering Norfolk, northern parts of Suffolk and eastern Cambridgeshire, and is published daily in Norwich, UK.
Founded in 1870 as a broadsheet called the ''Eastern Counties Daily ...
, are another valid example of the Norfolk dialect. Beyond simply portrayers of speech and idiom however, Smethurst, and more especially Grapes, record their authentic understanding of mid-20th century Norfolk village life. Grapes' characters, the Boy John, Aunt Agatha, Granfar, and Ole Missus W, perform a literary operetta celebrating down-to-earth ordinariness over bourgeois affectation and pretence.
Charles Dickens
Charles John Huffam Dickens (; 7 February 1812 – 9 June 1870) was an English writer and social critic. He created some of the world's best-known fictional characters and is regarded by many as the greatest novelist of the Victorian e ...
had some grasp of the Norfolk accent which he utilised in the speech of the Yarmouth fishermen, Ham and Daniel Peggoty in ''
David Copperfield
''David Copperfield'' Dickens invented over 14 variations of the title for this work, see is a novel in the bildungsroman genre by Charles Dickens, narrated by the eponymous David Copperfield, detailing his adventures in his journey from inf ...
''. Patricia Poussa analyses the speech of these characters in her article ''Dickens as Sociolinguist''. She makes connections between
Scandinavian languages
The North Germanic languages make up one of the three branches of the Germanic languages—a sub-family of the Indo-European languages—along with the West Germanic languages and the extinct East Germanic languages. The language group is also r ...
and the particular variant of Norfolk dialect spoken in the Flegg area around
Great Yarmouth
Great Yarmouth (), often called Yarmouth, is a seaside town and unparished area in, and the main administrative centre of, the Borough of Great Yarmouth in Norfolk, England; it straddles the River Yare and is located east of Norwich. A pop ...
, a place of known Viking settlement. Significantly, the use of 'that' meaning 'it', is used as an example of this apparent connection.
The publication in 2006 by Ethel George (with Carole and Michael Blackwell) of ''The Seventeenth Child'' provides a written record of spoken dialect, though in this case of a person brought up inside the city of Norwich. Ethel George was born in 1914, and in 2006 provided the Blackwells with extensive tape-recorded recollections of her childhood as the seventeenth offspring of a relatively poor Norwich family. Carole Blackwell has reproduced a highly literal written rendering of this.
An erudite and comprehensive study of the dialect, by Norfolk native and professor of sociolinguistics Peter Trudgill can be found in his book ''The Norfolk Dialect'' (2003), published as part of the 'Norfolk Origins' series by Poppyland Publishing, Cromer.
Notable speakers
*
Horatio Nelson
Vice-Admiral Horatio Nelson, 1st Viscount Nelson, 1st Duke of Bronte (29 September 1758 – 21 October 1805) was a British flag officer in the Royal Navy. His inspirational leadership, grasp of strategy, and unconventional tactics brought abo ...
(1758-1805) – "I am a Norfolk man, and glory in being so"; also said to Captain Hardy "Do you anchor" (an order, not a question, in the Dialect)
[Martin Robso]
A History of the Royal Navy: Napoleonic Wars
p34
*
Bernard Matthews
Bernard Trevor Matthews CVO CBE QSM (24 January 1930 – 25 November 2010) was the founder of Bernard Matthews Farms, a company that is best known for producing turkey meat products.
Early life
Bernard Trevor Matthews was born in 1930 in Br ...
(1930-2010) – turkey tycoon
;Writers and entertainers
*
Maurice Wood
Maurice Arthur Ponsonby Wood, (26 August 1916 – 24 June 2007) was an Anglican bishop in the Evangelicalism, Evangelical tradition. He was a Royal Navy commando chaplain in World War II and later the Bishop of Norwich.
Early life and education ...
(1916-2007) – Bishop of Norwich, recorded the gospel in Norfolk dialect
*
Sidney Grapes
Sidney Samuel Grapes (6 June 1887 – 28 April 1958)''England & Wales, National Probate Calendar (Index of Wills and Administrations), 1858-1966, 1973-1995'' was a British comedian, the owner of a bicycle shop and later a garage in Potter Heigh ...
(1887-1958) – author of ''The Boy John Letters''
*
The Nimmo Twins
The Nimmo Twins are a sketch comedy duo from Norfolk, UK comprising Owen Evans and Karl Minns. First working together in 1996 in Norwich, they came to national attention after their show ''Posh Spice Nude'' was a sell-out success at the 1997 Ed ...
– comedy duo
*
Singing Postman
Allan Francis Smethurst (19 November 1927 – 22 December 2000), aka The Singing Postman was an English folk singer and postman. He is best known for his self-penned novelty song, "Hev Yew Gotta Loight, Boy?", which earned him an Ivor Novello Awa ...
– aka Allan Smethurst (1927-2000)
* Keith Skipper – former Norfolk broadcaster and dialect expert
*
Peter Trudgill
Peter Trudgill, FBA (; born 7 November 1943) is an English sociolinguist, academic and author.
Trudgill was born in Norwich, England and grew up in the area of Thorpe St Andrew. He attended the City of Norwich School from 1955. Trudgill studie ...
(b. 1943) – professor of sociolinguistics, author of several books on the Norfolk dialect and currently honorary professor of sociolinguistics at the
University of East Anglia
The University of East Anglia (UEA) is a public research university in Norwich, England. Established in 1963 on a campus west of the city centre, the university has four faculties and 26 schools of study. The annual income of the institution f ...
*
The Kipper Family
The Kipper Family was a two-man parody English folk group, played by Chris Sugden (as Sid Kipper) and Dick Nudds (as his father Henry).
History
The group performed as the Kipper Family throughout the 1980s and released several cult albums. Part ...
, exponents of comedy folk, whose traditions are being kept barely alive by
Sid Kipper Chris Sugden is a Norfolk humorist, best known for his portrayal of fictional folk singer Sid Kipper, the younger half of the Kipper Family.
Personal life
Born in West Runton in 1952, Sugden initially studied pharmacy at Leicester Polytechnic b ...
* Ted Snelling - Norfolk dialect expert and narrator of his audio book "Grandfather's Norwich"
*
Sam Larner
Samuel James Larner (18 October 1878 – 11 September 1965) was an English fisherman and traditional singer from Winterton-on-Sea, a fishing village in Norfolk, England. His life was the basis for Ewan MacColl's song ''The Shoals of Herring'', ...
- fisherman and traditional singer
*
Harry Cox
Harry Fred Cox (27 March 1885 – 6 May 1971), was a Norfolk farmworker and one of the most important singers of traditional English music of the twentieth century, on account of his large repertoire and fine singing style.
His music inspired ...
- farmworker and traditional singer
See also
*
List of dialects of the English language
Dialects are linguistic varieties that may differ in pronunciation, vocabulary, spelling and grammar. For the classification of varieties of English only in terms of pronunciation, see regional accents of English.
Overview
Dialects can be defi ...
References
Bibliography
*
*
*
*
External links
Sounds Familiar?isten to examples of regional accents and dialects from across the UK on the British Library's 'Sounds Familiar' website
East Anglian English Oxford English Dictionary
{{English dialects by continent
British English
East Anglia