Non-English Press Of The Socialist Party Of America

For a number of decades after its establishment in August 1901, the Socialist Party of America produced or inspired a vast array of newspapers and magazines in an array different languages. This list of the Non-English press of the Socialist Party of America provides basic information on each title, along with links to pages dealing with specific publications in greater depth.

Non-English press

Czech

* '' Obrana'' (Defense) (November 1910 – 1938) — Czech language weekly newspaper launched in New York City by the Czech Socialist Section of the Central Labor Union. The publication moved to the left after the 1917 Russian Revolution and sided with the Left Wing Section of the Socialist Party during the factional war of 1919 which resulted in the formation of the American communist movement.František Bielek, "Czechs," in Hoerder with Harzig (eds.), ''The Immigrant Labor Press in North America, 1840s-1970s,'' vol. 2, pp. 250-251. The paper was produced in the interim by the "Independent Czechoslovak Marxist Federation," with this group later joining the Communist Party. In 1924 ''Obrana'' proclaimed itself the official publication of the Czechoslovak Section of the Workers Party of America. Circulation as of that date was approximately 4,000 copies. The paper moved from weekly to daily status in 1934. Publication was terminated in 1938.

Estonian

* '' Uus Ilm'' (New World) (January 1909 – 1980s?) — The Estonian language ''Uus Ilm,'' one of the longest-running radical publications in the United States, was launched as a weekly in New York city by the Central Committee of the American-Estonian Socialist Association.Dirk Hoerder, "Estonians," in Hoerder with Harzig (eds.), ''The Immigrant Labor Press in North America, 1840s-1970s,'' vol. 2, pp. 222-223. The paper moved to the left after the 1917 Russian Revolution and was the organ of Estonian-speaking communists in America from the 1920s.

Finnish

* '' Amerikan Työmies'' (The American Worker) (1900) — While antedating the establishment of the Socialist Party of America, ''Amerikan Työmies'' was thoroughly social democratic in character and an important forerunner of the Finnish-American socialist press. The 4-page paper was launched in New York City by A.F. Tanner in January 1900 and at least 24 weekly issues were produced, some of which have survived.Auvo Kostiainen, "Finns," in Hoerder with Harzig (eds.), ''The Immigrant Labor Press in North America, 1840s-1970s,'' vol. 1, pg. 212.
* '' Ampiainen'' (The Wasp) (1900) — Early Finnish-American political humor publication, probably edited by A.F. Tanner in New York and issued in conjunction with his ''Amerikan Työmies.'' No copies are known to have survived.
* ''Päivälehti'' (The Daily Journal) (1901-October 1948; Socialist: 1940–1948) — This daily Duluth, Minnesota newspaper was apolitical throughout its early existence. In 1940 it was purchased by the Raivaaja Publishing Company and thereby brought into the socialist camp, although the paper was not particularly ideological in its orientation even after its purchase.
* '' Vapauttaja'' (The Liberator) (1903) — ''Vapauttaja'' was a 4-page socialist political supplement to the non-socialist newspaper called ''Lännetar,'' published in Portland, Oregon. The paper was edited by pioneer Finnish-American socialist Martin Hendrickson, and a total of four issues are believed to have been produced, only one of which, dated February 1903, survives.
* '' Uusi Meikäläinen'' (The New Fellow-Countryman) (April 1903?-1909) — Finnish-language political humor magazine published in Fitchburg, Massachusetts, which included political cartoons, jokes, and short stories.Auvo Kostiainen, "Finns," in Hoerder with Harzig (eds.), ''The Immigrant Labor Press in North America, 1840s-1970s,'' vol. 1, pp. 238-239. In the summer of 1903 the publication was moved to Worcester, Massachusetts, where it seems to have had some sort of connection with the establishment of the straight newspaper ''Amerikan Suomalainen Työmies'' (better known by its subsequent name, ''Työmies''). The publication subsequently moved to the neighboring town of Quincy, Massachusetts, where it seems to have expired in 1909 or shortly thereafter.
* '' Aatteita'' (Ideals) (1903) — Short-lived bimonthly Finnish language newspaper founded by pioneer Finnish-American socialist A.F. Tanner. Three issues of the paper were produced in Ely, Minnesota, but no surviving copies have come to light.
* '' Suomalainen'' (The Finn) (1903) — Short-lived independent socialist weekly issued during the summer of 1903 in Ely, Minnesota, by Toivo Hiltunen. A few examples of the publication have survived.
* '' Amerikan Suomalainen Työmies'' (The Finnish-American Worker) (July 1903 – June 1904) — The granddaddy of the Finnish-American radical press was ''Työmies,'' established in Worcester, Massachusetts, in 1903 as ''Amerikan Suomalainen Työmies.'' The publication was a weekly and was only in Massachusetts for about a year before heading west to Michigan.Kostiainen, "Finns," in Hoerder with Harzig (eds.), ''The Immigrant Labor Press in North America, 1840s-1970s,'' vol. 1, pp. 234-235.
** ''Työmies'' (The Worker) (July 1904-August 1950; Socialist: 1904 – about 1920) — In June 1904 the publication was moved to the small town of Hancock, located in the sparsely populated Upper Peninsula of Michigan. The paper remained in that location for a decade before moving to the comparative metropolis of Superior, Wisconsin, a virtual twin city of Duluth, Minnesota. From its earliest days, ''Työmies'' was a Marxist publication, significantly more radical than its East Coast counterpart established in January 1905, ''Raivaaja'' (The Pioneer). The paper briefly published an English-language paper called ''Wage Slave,'' and was the source of a number of annual magazines in the Finnish language. In 1950 the paper was consolidated with the CPUSA's East Coast Finnish-language newspaper, ''Eteenpäin,'' to form ''Työmies-Eteenpäin.''
* ''Raivaaja'' (The Pioneer) (January 1905-April 2010?) — ''Raivaaja,'' based in Fitchburg, Massachusetts, was ultimately the daily flagship of a Finnish-language publishing operation which rivaled that of ''Työmies'' — one which stayed loyal to the Socialist Party of America during the factional war which swept the Finnish Socialist Federation in 1920–1921. The paper began as a weekly in January 1905, edited by Taavi Tainio under the auspices of the Finnish Socialist Publishing Company, renamed the Raivaaja Publishing Company in 1929.Auvo Kostiainen, "Finns," in Hoerder with Harzig (eds.), ''The Immigrant Labor Press in North America, 1840s-1970s,'' vol. 1, pg. 226. During the decade of the 1910s, the Finnish Socialist Federation split into three geographic districts, with ''Raivaaja'' the official organ for the east, ''Työmies'' in the middle district, and ''Toveri'' in the west. ''Raivaaja'' was a radical publication in its early years, but the paper moved gradually to a moderate social democratic position over time, coming down firmly in the Socialist Party camp during the 1920s factional controversy. The paper launched with a circulation of about 2,000, hit its stride in the 1910s with a circulation in excess of 8,000, and peaked with a circulation of 10,000 in 1927 before beginning a long downward slide. As was the case with the publishing company of ''Työmies,'' the ''Raivaaja'' operation produced an array of annual publications, such as an annual yearbook-and-calendar, and auxiliary publications, such as the monthly ''Säkeniä/Nykyaika.'' The list of editors of the publication over the years included such major names as Frans Josef Syrjälä, Yrjö Makelä, Eemeli Parras, Santeri Nuorteva, Oskari Tokoi, and Yrjö Halonen. The publication continued in continuous publication for over 100 years, making it one of the longest-running publications in the history of the American radical press, with the paper finally going down in 2010 for budgetary reasons.

* '' Soihtu'' (The Torch) (July 1905 – December 1906) — This monthly 32-page magazine of the Finnish Socialist Federation, produced in Hancock, Michigan, by the publishers of ''Työmies.''Auvo Kostiainen, "Finns," in Hoerder with Harzig (eds.), ''The Immigrant Labor Press in North America, 1840s-1970s,'' vol. 1, pgp. 227-228. Content was serious and theoretical in tone, with coverage of contemporary issues through the socialist prism. A complete run of the magazine is held by the University of Helsinki in Finland, with other partial runs in Finnish institutions. ''Soihtu'' was succeeded without interruption by the monthly magazine ''Säkeniä,'' produced in Massachusetts by the publishers of ''Raivaaja.''
** '' Säkeniä'' (Sparks) (January 1907 – April 1921) — ''Säkeniä'' was a monthly slick-paper literary, artistic, and theoretical magazine produced in Fitchburg, Massachusetts, by the publishers of ''Raivaaja.'' The publication launched with a print run of 2,000 copies and gained a substantial readership, peaking with a circulation of 11,000 at the time of its discontinuation in 1921.Kostiainen, "Finns," in Hoerder with Harzig (eds.), ''The Immigrant Labor Press in North America, 1840s-1970s,'' vol. 1, pg. 227. Among the magazine's editors over the years were future Communist Party leaders Santeri Nuorteva and Yrjö Halonen and the publication featured contributions from an array of prominent Finnish and Finnish-American radicals, including Eemeli Parras, A.B. Mäkelä, and Yrjö Sirola. Due to the durability of the materials with which it was produced and the sale of bound volumes by the publisher, this illustrated monthly is substantially preserved in hardcopy — although no single library holds a complete run, nor is microfilm readily available.
** '' Nykyaika'' (The Modern Age) (May 1921 – February 1937) — With a factional battle between left and right sweeping the Finnish Socialist Federation in 1921, ''Säkeniä'' was terminated and the clearly social democratic ''Nykyaika'' launched in its place.Kostiainen, "Finns," in Hoerder with Harzig (eds.), ''The Immigrant Labor Press in North America, 1840s-1970s,'' vol. 1, pp. 222-223. The latter continued to be published by the publishers of ''Raivaaja'' and essentially represented a continuation of ''Säkeniä'' under a different name. Editors included the former editor of ''Säkeniä,'' Moses Hahl, succeeded in turn by two prominent leaders of the Finnish-American socialist movement, William Reivo and Oskari Tokoi. ''Nykyaika'' had a circulation of 5,000 in 1923, declining to just 3,000 in 1927, and largely as a result of its declining availability has not been perfectly preserved.
* '' Velosuu'' (The Loose Mouth) (c. 1905) — Short-lived Finnish-language political humor weekly published in Hibbing, Minnesota, by well-known socialist editor Moses Hahl. No specimens are known to have survived.
* '' Toveri'' (The Comrade) (December 1907-February 1931; Socialist: 1907 – about 1921) — ''Toveri'' hailed from the isolated coastal town of Astoria, Oregon, one of two major radical publications produced there by the tightly knit community of "Red Finns" there. The decision of the Finnish Socialist Federation to divide the itself into three districts gave impetus to Finnish-American socialists to launch a newspaper of their own to serve as the voice of the Federation's Western District. In June 1907 a referendum of the Finnish Socialist locals of the West decided to establish a paper for the district and a temporary board of directors was established in Astoria.Paul George Hummasti, Finnish Radicals in Astoria, Oregon, 1904-1940: A Study in Immigrant Socialism. New York: Arno Press, 1979; pg. 40. The venture was capitalized in July through the offer of $5,000 worth of stock at $10 a share. When half of this amount was sold by October, the new holding company, the Western Workmen's Co-operative Publishing Company, was cleared to begin operations. The first issue of the new paper, named '' Toveri'' ("The Comrade") appeared on December 7, 1907, under the editorship of Aku Rissanen, formerly on the editorial staff of the Massachusetts Finnish-language socialist newspaper, ''Raivaaja.'' Although planned as a bi-weekly, the paper was impacted by an emerging economic crisis and appeared only irregularly during its first year.Hummasti, ''Finnish Radicals in Astoria, Oregon, 1904-1940,'' pg. 42. The paper moved to daily status in 1912. In 1920, the paper's editorial line moved from the Socialist Party camp to a position favoring revolutionary socialism, and the paper soon evolved into a Communist Party organ, which it followed up to its demise.Kostiainen, "Finns," in Hoerder with Harzig (eds.), ''The Immigrant Labor Press in North America, 1840s-1970s,'' vol. 1, pp. 231-232. ''Toveri'' generally consisted of six pages and included sections for farmers and women, as well as material in English, and it was supported by local advertisers. The printing presses of ''Toveri'' were shipped to Soviet Karelia following the paper's closure in 1931.
* '' Amerikan Matti'' (The American Matthew) (April 1909?-September 1917) — This radical Finnish-American humor magazine attempted to score political points with a selection of political cartoons (by Henry Askeli and others), short stories, poetry, and straight news from Finland.Auvo Kostiainen, "Finns," in Hoerder with Harzig (eds.), ''The Immigrant Labor Press in North America, 1840s-1970s,'' vol. 1, pp. 210-211. The publication was part of the ''Työmies'' stable, launching in Hancock, Michigan, and making its way to Superior, Wisconsin. The editor of the publication was listed under the pseudonym "Pipokiven Aisakki." The title of the publication seems to have been derived from an English-language motto of uncertain origin: "Here is Matthew, who will not have a sad day..." Subsequent publications in the same vein from ''Työmies'' included ''Lapatossu'' (The Shoe Pack), ''Punikki'' (The Red), and ''Kansan Huumori'' (People's Humor), the latter two published under Communist Party auspices.
* '' Peltomies'' (The Tiller of the Soil) (1910) — This monthly was only briefly issued in Astoria, Oregon, by William Marttila, a prominent leader of the Finnish-American cooperative movement. The paper was issued for just a few months before being terminated for lack of funds. No specimens are known to have survived.
* '' Lapatossu'' (The Shoepack) (1911 – April 1921) — Perhaps the best known of the Finnish-language radical humor publications, ''Lapatossu'' was launched in the fall of 1911 in Hancock, Michigan, by Työmies Publishing Co.Kostiainen, "Finns," in Hoerder with Harzig (eds.), ''The Immigrant Labor Press in North America, 1840s-1970s,'' vol. 1, pp. 218-219. Initially part of the Socialist Party of America's political orbit, the publication gradually radicalized to a communist position along with the bulk of the Finnish Socialist Federation. The magazine appeared twice a month, usually 12 pages in size, and featured the art of T.K. Sallinen and K.A. Suvanto — the latter being the publication's first editor in 1911 and returning to edit the magazine from 1916 to its termination in 1921.
* '' Toveritar'' (The Woman Comrade) (July 1911-September 1930; Socialist: 1911 – about 1921) — In 1911 the Western District convention of the Finnish Socialist Federation reversed its previous policy and urged its locals to form special women's committees and branches for their female members, with a view to increasing the party's influence among women, who were beginning to gain the right to vote throughout the West. In Astoria this took the form of the establishment of a sewing club, designed for both social and fundraising purposes, and the foundation of a special weekly newspaper for socialist women, ''Toveritar'' ("The Woman Comrade").Hummasti, ''Finnish Radicals in Astoria, Oregon, 1904-1940,'' pg. 50. ''Toveritar'' was launched as a weekly in July 1911 and it continued as such until 1930, when the publication was terminated. In addition to news of the socialist movement, ''Toveritar'' included household hints, a section dedicated to the youth movement, poetry, and serialized literature (both original work and material in translation). This broad array of content proved to be very successful in attracting readers even from outside the organized radical political movement, as there were few other Finnish-language American publications targeted to women.Kostiainen, "Finns," in Hoerder with Harzig (eds.), ''The Immigrant Labor Press in North America, 1840s-1970s,'' vol. 1, pp. 232-233. The paper was terminated at the end of September 1930 in favor of a new communist women's publication launched under the auspices of ''Työmies.''
* '' Pelto Ja Koti'' (Farm and Home) (1912–1921) — Radical cooperative-oriented publication produced by the Työmies Publishing Co., launched as a monthly in Hancock, Michigan, and moved to Superior, Wisconsin, with the rest of the ''Työmies'' operation in 1914.Kostiainen, "Finns," in Hoerder with Harzig (eds.), ''The Immigrant Labor Press in North America, 1840s-1970s,'' vol. 1, pg. 224. In 1919 the paper moved to a weekly publication cycle and circulation peaked at around 13,000 in the following year. The publication included a good deal of coverage to practical agricultural matters and was not strongly ideological in its presentation.
* '' Sosialisti'' (The Socialist) (June 1914 – December 1916) — This radical daily was a product of the 1914 factional war within the Finnish Socialist Federation between the mainline Socialist Party regulars surrounding the daily newspaper ''Työmies'' and a dissident syndicalist left wing around Work People's College in Minnesota. The anti-political action and pro-Industrial Workers of the World left wing gained strength from 1912 onward, leading to an attempt by the radicals to gain control of ''Työmies,'' the official organ of the central district of the Finnish Socialist Federation. Stock in ''Työmies'' was held by various Finnish Socialist Party branches, which one after another began lining up with the radical wing, leading the editors of ''Työmies'' to believe that a capture by Leo Laukki and his allies was imminent. As a precautionary measure, in the spring of 1914 the incumbent managers of ''Työmies'' diluted the company's stock with a new issue of 2,000 shares, which was sold to the politically trustworthy East coast daily ''Raivaaja'' for a $20,000 promisory note.John I. Kolehmainen, ''Sow the Golden Seed: Fitchburg'', MA: Raivaaja Publishing Co., 1955; pg. 51. This stock was then distributed to "regular" Finnish branches for voting purposes. This scheme ensured the continued possession of ''Työmies'' by moderate forces and enraged the revolutionary socialist left wing, which departed the Finnish Federation en masse. The left wing launched ''Socialisti'' in Duluth, Minnesota, as a competing Midwestern Finnish-language socialist daily. Recrimination and expulsions followed, with 35 left wing locals with a membership of nearly 3,500 exiting the Finnish Federation in 1914, leaving the Federation a membership of 8,859 members early in 1915. ''Sosialisti'' was edited by Axel Öhrn, with IWW leader Leo Laukki taking over in 1915. In March 1917, the by-then defunct ''Sosialisti'' was succeeded by another IWW newspaper edited in Duluth by Leo Laukki, a daily called ''Industrialisti'' — a publication which continued on a weekly basis until 1975." ''Työmies'' itself moved to the left by the end of the decade and became a bulwark of the American communist movement.
* '' Lauantaiposti'' (The Saturday Post) (October 1917 – 1918) — Short-lived 4-page weekly published in Calumet, Michigan. The paper published general news and articles on topics of local concern."
* ''Kansan Lehti'' (The People's News) (1928–1934) — Mild "liberal-social democratic" weekly first launched in Cleveland, Ohio, before being moved to Ashtabula in 1931.Kostiainen, "Finns," in Hoerder with Harzig (eds.), ''The Immigrant Labor Press in North America, 1840s-1970s,'' vol. 1, pp. 216-217. Few issues of the paper have survived.
* '' Keskusosuuskunan Tiedonanantaja'' (The Central Co-operative Exchange Messenger) (December 1929) — Short-lived socialist factional weekly published in December 1929 when the Central Co-operative Exchange came under attack from the Communist Party. A total of four issues were produced under this title.
** '' Työvaen Osuustoimintalehti'' (The Workers' Cooperative Journal) (January 1930 – March 1965) — Long-running socialist cooperative weekly published in Superior, Wisconsin, continuing the work of the ''Keskusosuuskunan Tiedonanantaja.''Kostiainen, "Finns," in Hoerder with Harzig (eds.), ''The Immigrant Labor Press in North America, 1840s-1970s,'' vol. 1, pg. 237. Primarily a cooperative paper rather than a socialist ideological paper, per se, ''Työvaen Osuustoimintalehti'' was nevertheless a product of the factional battle that percolated throughout the Finnish-American radical movement in the 1920s and 1930s. The paper included local news, a women's section, and a youth section written in English. The paper has been preserved in full and is available on microfilm.

German

* ''New Yorker Volkszeitung'' (New York People's News) (January 1878-October 1932; Communist-line 1919–1925) — Independently owned German-language left wing daily published in New York City. ''The Volkszeitung'' began as a publication owing allegiance to the fledgling Socialist Labor Party of America and was a major player in the party splits of 1889 and 1899. In the latter conflict, the dissident faction backed by the ''Volkszeitung,'' headed by Henry Slobodin and Morris Hillquit, was defeated by loyalists to party editor Daniel DeLeon, and the ''Volkszeitung'' thus followed the group's circuitous path into the Socialist Party of America (SPA) in 1901. For nearly two decades, the ''Volkszeitung'' remained loyal to the SPA, until the 1919 party split of that organization, which led to the establishment of the American Communist parties. ''Volkszeitung'' editor-in-chief Ludwig Lore was a founding member of the Communist Labor Party of America in 1919 and continued in the highest councils of the party until being expelled in 1925 for "Loreism," proclaimed by Lore's enemies during the bitter factional war which swept the Communist Party in this period to be an indigenous form of Trotskyism. Despite his expulsion, Lore remained at the helm of the ''Volkszeitung,'' charting an independent radical course for the paper until his departure in 1931. In 1931 the paper was reorganized with a new editor and it formally endorsed the Socialist Party of America once again.Anne Spier, "German-Speaking Peoples," in Dirk Hoerder with Christiane Harzig (eds.), ''The Immigrant Labor Press in North America, 1840s-1970s: An Annotated Bibliography: Volume 3: Migrants from Southern and Western Europe.'' Westport, CT: Greenwood Press, 1987; pp. 447-449. The paper was terminated in the fall of 1932 due to financial difficulties.

Greek

* '' He Phone tou Ergatou'' (The Voice of the Worker) (1918–1923) — New York weekly published by the Greek Socialist Union in America.S. Victor Papacosma, "Greeks," in Hoerder with Harzig (eds.), ''The Immigrant Labor Press in North America, 1840s-1970s,'' vol. 2, pg. 511. The paper became the organ of the Greek Section of the Workers Party of America in February 1922.

Hungarian

* '' Előre'' (Forward) (September 1905 – October 1921) — ''Előre'' was the official organ of the Hungarian Socialist Federation, a weekly magazine first published in New York City in 1905 which came under the direct control of the Socialist Party of America (SPA) in 1915.Julianna Puskás, "Hungarians," in Hoerder with Harzig (eds.), ''The Immigrant Labor Press in North America, 1840s-1970s,'' vol. 2, pg. 323. ''Előre'' was a staunch supporter of the SPA's anti-militarist position against World War I — a position which put it on a collision course with the administration of President Woodrow Wilson when he led America into the European conflict in the spring of 1918. The government impeded the mailing of the publication and conducted police investigations of its editorial staff, forcing the paper to the financial brink. When the Hungarian Socialist Federation was suspended from the SPA during the factional war of 1919 for having lent its support to the Left Wing Section of the Socialist Party, supporters of the Communist Party of America gained control over the publication. The publication declared bankruptcy in October 1921, apparently to clear its debts, and was succeeded by a newly named New York publication only 10 days later, ''Új Előre'' (New Forward).

Latvian

* '' Strādnieks'' (The Worker) (1906–1919) — Official organ of the Latvian socialist movement, published in Boston. The Latvian socialists of the Boston area were among the earliest and most energetic supporters of the Left Wing Section of the Socialist Party and went over en bloc to the Communist Party of America in the summer of 1919. During World War I the paper was banned by the U.S. postal authorities and was replaced by ''Atbalss,'' which also fell afoul of postal authorities.Anderson, "Latvians," in Hoerder with Harzig (eds.), ''The Immigrant Labor Press in North America, 1840s-1970s,'' vol. 2, pp. 209-210. In 1918, a publication called ''Biļetens'' (The Bulletin) was launched, continuing until the postal ban was lifted and ''Strādnieks'' briefly reappeared in 1919.

Lithuanian

* '' Kova'' (The Struggle) (May 1905 – December 1918) — ''Kova,'' published in Philadelphia began as the official organ of the Lithuanian Socialist Party of America, later incorporated into the Socialist Party of America as the Lithuanian Socialist Federation.Algirdas Martin Budreckis, "Lithuanians," in Hoerder with Harzig (eds.), ''The Immigrant Labor Press in North America, 1840s-1970s,'' vol. 2, pp. 165-166. Beginning as an 8-page weekly, the publication expanded in size and influence over time, typically running 12 to 16 pages in length with a circulation of from 4000 to 5000 copies. The publication tended to support the revolutionary socialist left in orientation and was militantly opposed to the European war, an orientation which brought it into conflict with the U.S. Department of Justice, leading to the paper's closure late in 1918.
* '' Laisvė'' (Freedom) (1911–1986) — Originally a Socialist Party publication published in Boston, in 1919 ''Laisvē'' transferred its allegiance along with the rest of the Lithuanian Socialist Federation to the new Communist Party of America and its editorial offices were moved to Ozone Park, New York.Algirdas Martin Budreckis, "Lithuanians," in Hoerder with Harzig (eds.), ''The Immigrant Labor Press in North America, 1840s-1970s,'' vol. 2, pg. 167. Circulation peaked in 1920 at just under 18,000 copies per issue. The Library of Congress holds master negative microfilm of the publication for the years 1941 to 1964.
* '' Darbininkių Balsas'' (Workers' Voice) (1916–1925+) — Not to be confused with the Baltimore IWW publication of the same name, ''Darbininkių Balsas'' was a monthly published in New York City by the Lithuanian Women's Progressive Alliance of America and came into the orbit of the Communist Party with the rest of the Lithuanian Socialist Federation in 1919.Solon DeLeon and Nathan Fine (eds.), ''American Labor Press Directory.'' New York: Rand School of Social Science, 1925; pg. 20. Claimed circulation of the 24-page magazine in 1924 was 4,000.

Norwegian/Danish

* '' Nye Normanden'' (The New Norwegian) (1894–1908; socialist from 1902) — Originally a Populist weekly, ''Nye Normanden'' turned to a Socialist Party orientation following the assumption of control of a new editor in 1902.Robert L. Mikkelsen, "Norwegians," in Hoerder with Harzig (eds.), ''The Immigrant Labor Press in North America, 1840s-1970s,'' vol. 1, pp. 193-194. The paper went through a brief bankruptcy in the summer of 1904, during which time it was briefly taken over by a Democratic Party politician and renamed ''Politikken'' (The Politics), but in 1905 the previous socialist editor returned as publisher and editor and the publication's previous name and political orientation was restored.
** ''Ny Tid'' (New Age) (1908–1909) — In 1908, ''Nye Normanden'' editor Lauritz Stavnheim renamed his weekly newspaper ''Ny Tid'' and moved to a monthly publication cycle, initiating a new publication numbering series in association with the change. The publication ended the next year with Stavnheim's election as head of the Sons of Norway organization, which placed new constraints upon his time.
* '' Gaa Paa'' (Forward) (1903 – October 1925) — ''Gaa Paa'' was a weekly established in 1903 in Girard, Kansas, home of the mass circulation English-language socialist weekly, '' The Appeal to Reason.'' The paper was moved from Southeastern Kansas to Minneapolis, Minnesota, in 1904.Mikkelsen, "Norwegians," in Hoerder with Harzig (eds.), ''The Immigrant Labor Press in North America, 1840s-1970s,'' vol. 1, pg. 192. The publication's circulation topped 5,000 copies in 1912, with a readership that extended beyond the bounds of Minnesota, including regular correspondents from North Dakota and the Pacific Northwest.Odd S. Lovoll, ''"Gaa Paa:'' A Scandinavian Voice of Dissent," ''Minnesota History,'' vol. 52, no. 3 (Fall 1990), pp. 86-99. A particularly left wing publication throughout its existence, in September 1918 the paper was denied 2nd Class mailing privileges by Postmaster General Albert S. Burleson on account of its continued anti-war perspective. In an effort to surreptitiously contravene this restriction, the publication briefly reinvented itself as ''Folkets Røst'' (The People's Voice). The paper terminated in the fall of 1925 owing to the ill health of the editor.
* '' Revyen'' (The Review) (March 1894 – September 1921) — Privately held Norwegian/Danish independent radical publication produced weekly in Chicago.Jens Bjerre Danielsen, "Danes," in Hoerder with Harzig (eds.), ''The Immigrant Labor Press in North America, 1840s-1970s,'' vol. 1, pp. 132-133. The Scandinavian Socialist Federation attempted to purchase the paper in 1910 to make it into an official organ, but publisher Christian Bøtker had no interest in selling, forcing the Federation to start a new paper, ''Socialdemokraten,'' from scratch. ''Revyen'' was socialist in orientation but in no way an official organ of the Socialist Party, breaking with the organization altogether in 1917 over the party's staunch opposition to American participation in World War I. The paper continued to move to the right throughout the war years, dropping any pretext of being a socialist publication.
* ''Social-Demokraten'' (The Social Democrat) (October 1911 – March 1921; SPA: 1911–1919) — Official organ of the Scandinavian Socialist Federation of the Socialist Party of America, this Chicago publication turned to revolutionary socialism with the assumption of editorial tasks by N. Juel Christensen at the end of 1918.Jens Bjerre Danielsen, "Scandinavians," in Hoerder with Harzig (eds.), ''The Immigrant Labor Press in North America, 1840s-1970s,'' vol. 1, pp. 107-108. Following the split of the Socialist Party in the summer of 1919, ''Socialdemokraten'' was firmly allied with the Communist camp. A broken run of ''Socialdemokraten'' is available on microfilm from the Illinois State Historical Society.

Polish

* '' Robotnik'' (The Worker) (May 1896 – 1917) — Weekly newspaper launched in New York City on May Day, 1896, by Polish-American partisans of the Polish Socialist Party.Jan Wepsiec, "Poles," in Hoerder with Harzig (eds.), ''The Immigrant Labor Press in North America, 1840s-1970s,'' vol. 2, pg. 82. The paper was moved to Chicago in 1900, to Brooklyn in 1907, and back to New York City in 1908. The paper concentrated on both American and international news, with extensive coverage of happenings in German- and Russian-occupied Poland and coverage of the activities of the nationalistically inclined Polish Socialist Alliance.
** '' Robotnik Polski'' (The Polish Worker) (1917 – December 1967) — Polish-language socialist weekly continuing the work of the ''Robotnik'' with the same editor (R. Mazurkiewicz) and same city of origin (New York).Jan Wepsiec, "Poles," in Hoerder with Harzig (eds.), ''The Immigrant Labor Press in North America, 1840s-1970s,'' vol. 2, pp. 83-84. Peaking with a circulation of more than 25,000 in 1923, the paper later moved to a monthly publication cycle
* '' Dziennik Ludowy'' (People's Daily) (1907–1925) — Chicago Polish-language socialist daily which featured longer and generally better-written articles than many of its contemporaries.Jan Wepsiec, "Poles," in Hoerder with Harzig (eds.), ''The Immigrant Labor Press in North America, 1840s-1970s,'' vol. 2, pg. 69. In December 1908 the Polish-American socialist movement split, with a minority backing Józef Piłsudski's faction of the Polish Socialist Party, oriented towards secret paramilitary organization and terrorist action against Tsarist authority, with a majority favoring popular education and labor activism, formed the "Polish Section of the Socialist Party" (Zwiazek Polskiej Partii Socjalistyczne — or ZPPS). ''Dziennik Ludowy'' became the official organ of the latter group, which later merged with the Polish Socialist Alliance to form the Polish Socialist Federation of the Socialist Party.
** '' Niedzielny Dziennik Ludowy'' (Sunday People's News) (1920) — Weekly Sunday edition of the ''Dziennik Ludowy.'' No examples are known to have survived.Jan Wepsiec, "Poles," in Hoerder with Harzig (eds.), ''The Immigrant Labor Press in North America, 1840s-1970s,'' vol. 2, pg. 77.
* '' Swiat i Czlowiek'' (The World and Man) (1908–1912) — Monthly organ of the moderate faction of the Polish Socialist Party, published in Newark, New Jersey

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