Nomorhamphus Rossi

''Nomorhamphus'' is a southeast Asian genus of viviparous halfbeaks from streams, rivers and lakes in Sulawesi ( Indonesia) and the Philippines. They are all viviparous, producing small clutches of around a dozen fry about 10 to 15 mm long at birth. Females are generally larger than the males. In the largest species, such as ''Nomorhamphus liemi'', the females typically reach about in length, whereas the males reach about in length. Males are also more brightly coloured than the females (often having red, black, or blue patches on their fins). Compared with many other halfbeaks, the lower mandible, or beak, is relatively short, on females in particular barely protruding beyond the length of the upper mandible. The males of some species (e.g., '' N. ebrardtii'') have short, straight beaks, but those of others (e.g., '' N. liemi'') have short beaks that curve downwards forming a shape often compared to a goatee beard by aquarists. '' N. aenigma'' is unique within ''Nomorhamphus'' because of its lack of lower jaw elongation.

''Nomorhamphus'' feed extensively on small insects, either in the form of aquatic larvae or as flying insects that have fallen onto the surface of the water. They are important predators on insects such as mosquitoes, so play a role in controlling malaria. ''Nomorhamphus'' are too small to be of value as food, but they do have some value as aquarium fish.

Reproduction

''Nomorhamphus'' species are livebearing fish that practise internal fertilisation. The male is equipped with a gonopodium-like anal fin known as a gonopodium that delivers sperm into the female. The gestation period is about six weeks. The exact mode of reproduction ranges from ovoviviparity through to viviparity, and in some species, oophagy is known, as well. Only around ten to twenty embryos are developed at a time, but at birth these are fairly large (around ) and well developed, able to take small prey, such as '' Daphnia'', immediately after birth.

Species

There are currently 20 recognized species in this genus:
* ''Nomorhamphus aenigma'' Kobayashi, Masengi & Yamahira, 2020
*''Nomorhamphus bakeri'' Fowler & B. A. Bean, 1922
* ''Nomorhamphus brembachi'' D. Vogt, 1978
* ''Nomorhamphus celebensis'' M. C. W. Weber & de Beaufort, 1922 (Poso halfbeak)
* ''Nomorhamphus ebrardtii'' Popta, 1912
* ''Nomorhamphus hageni'' Popta, 1912
* '' Nomorhamphus kolonodalensis'' A. D. Meisner & Louie, 2000
* '' Nomorhamphus lanceolatus'' Huylebrouck, Hadiaty & Herder, 2014 Huylebrouck, J., Hadiaty, R.K. & Herder, F. (2014): Two new species of viviparous halfbeaks (Atherinomorpha: Beloniformes: Zenarchopteridae) endemic to Sulawesi Tenggara, Indonesia. ''Raffles Bulletin of Zoology, 62: 200–209''.
* ''Nomorhamphus liemi'' D. Vogt, 1978
* ''Nomorhamphus manifesta'' A. D. Meisner, 2001
* ''Nomorhamphus megarrhamphus'' Brembach, 1982
* ''Nomorhamphus pectoralis'' Fowler, 1934
* ''Nomorhamphus philippina'' Ladiges, 1972
* ''Nomorhamphus pinnimaculata'' A. D. Meisner, 2001
* ''Nomorhamphus rex'' Huylebrouck, Hadiaty & Herder, 2012 Huylebrouck, J., Hadiaty, R.K. & Herder, F. (2012): Nomorhamphus rex, a new species of viviparous halfbeak (Atherinomorpha: Beloniformes: Zenarchopteridae) endemic to Sulawesi Selatan, Indonesia. ''The Raffles Bulletin of Zoology, 60 (2): 477-485.''
* '' Nomorhamphus rossi'' A. D. Meisner, 2001
* ''Nomorhamphus sagittarius'' Huylebrouck, Hadiaty & Herder, 2014
* '' Nomorhamphus towoetii'' Ladiges, 1972
* ''Nomorhamphus vivipara'' W. K. H. Peters, 1865
* ''Nomorhamphus weberi'' Boulenger, 1897

References

Further reading

* Scott, Peter (1997): Livebearing Fishes, Tetra Press,

{{Taxonbar, from=Q2608677

Zenarchopteridae
Live-bearing fish
Viviparous fish
Fishkeeping
Ray-finned fish genera