''Noble and Wolf v Alley''
951
Year 951 ( CMLI) was a common year starting on Wednesday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.
Events
By place
Europe
* King Berengar II of Italy seizes Liguria, with help from the feudal lord Oberto I. He re ...
S.C.R. 64 is a famous
Supreme Court of Canada decision where the Court struck down a
restrictive covenant that restricted ownership of a section of land to "persons of the white or Caucasian race".
Case history
In 1933, Annie Noble had purchased a lot for a cottage in the
Beach O' Pines area on
Lake Huron. She decided in 1948 to sell the lot to Bernard Wolf. However, it was noticed that the original deed contained the following clause:
:"(f) The lands and premises herein described shall never be sold, assigned, transferred, leased, rented or in any manner whatsoever alienated to, and shall never be occupied or used in any manner whatsoever by any person of the
Jewish
Jews ( he, יְהוּדִים, , ) or Jewish people are an ethnoreligious group and nation originating from the Israelites Israelite origins and kingdom: "The first act in the long drama of Jewish history is the age of the Israelites""The ...
,
Hebrew
Hebrew (; ; ) is a Northwest Semitic language of the Afroasiatic language family. Historically, it is one of the spoken languages of the Israelites and their longest-surviving descendants, the Jews and Samaritans. It was largely preserved ...
,
Semitic,
Negro
In the English language, ''negro'' is a term historically used to denote persons considered to be of Black African heritage. The word ''negro'' means the color black in both Spanish and in Portuguese, where English took it from. The term can be ...
or coloured race or blood, it being the intention and purpose of the Grantor, to restrict the ownership, use, occupation and enjoyment of the said recreational development, including the lands and premises herein described, to persons of the white or Caucasian race not excluded by this clause."
Though Wolf was Jewish, Noble still wanted to sell him the land and so they applied to the court to get the covenant nullified, but faced opposition from the "Pines" community.
Noble and Wolf cited the recent decision of ''
Re Drummond Wren'', where the Ontario Court struck down a discriminatory covenant. However, at trial and on appeal the courts upheld the restriction.
The Supreme Court, in a six to one ruling, held that the covenant was invalid. They agreed with the lower court's dismissal of ''Drummond Wren'' and instead looked at the law of restrictive covenants and held that the language used in the restriction on alienation was too uncertain. As
Rand J explained in his judgment, such covenants would need to comply with the rule expressed in ''
Tulk v Moxhay'', in that they "should touch or concern the land as contradistinguished from a collateral effect." As the covenant in this case was "directed not to the land or to some mode of its use, but to transfer by act of the purchaser," it had to fail in that it was "impossible to set such limits to the lines of race or blood as would enable a court to say in all cases whether a proposed purchaser is or is not within the ban."
Impact
While the case went through the courts, the
Legislative Assembly of Ontario passed an Act that declared such restrictive covenants to be "void and of no effect," but it only applied to ones created on or after March 24, 1950, its date of
Royal assent
Royal assent is the method by which a monarch formally approves an act of the legislature, either directly or through an official acting on the monarch's behalf. In some jurisdictions, royal assent is equivalent to promulgation, while in oth ...
.
While the covenants in the deeds constituting the community at Beach O' Pines were held to be ineffective, others created before the amendment (as long as they complied with ''Tulk v Moxhay'') were still considered to be valid, as the
Ontario Court of Appeal
The Court of Appeal for Ontario (frequently referred to as the Ontario Court of Appeal or ONCA) is the appellate court for the province of Ontario, Canada. The seat of the court is Osgoode Hall in downtown Toronto, also the seat of the Law Socie ...
stated that they did not offend public policy.
See also
''
Shelley v. Kraemer'', an analogous case (but broader in its effect) decided by the
United States Supreme Court
The Supreme Court of the United States (SCOTUS) is the highest court in the federal judiciary of the United States. It has ultimate appellate jurisdiction over all U.S. federal court cases, and over state court cases that involve a point o ...
in 1948.
References
External links
* {{lexum-scc2, 1951, 0, 64, 13, 1950
Covenant (law)
Supreme Court of Canada cases
Canadian civil rights case law
Canadian property case law
1950 in Canadian case law
Anti-discrimination law in Canada
Jews and Judaism in Canada
Racial segregation
Lambton County
Ethnic minorities
Events of National Historic Significance (Canada)
Antisemitism in Canada
Anti-black racism in Canada
Racial antisemitism