Nikolai Knipovich

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Nikolai Mikhailovich Knipovich (also Knipowitsch) (6 April O.S. 25 March">Old_Style_and_New_Style_dates.html" ;"title="nowiki/>

O.S. 25 March1862 – 23 February 1939) was a Russian and Soviet ichthyology">ichthyologist Ichthyology is the branch of zoology devoted to the study of fish, including bony fish ( Osteichthyes), cartilaginous fish (Chondrichthyes), and jawless fish (Agnatha). According to FishBase, 33,400 species of fish had been described as of Octobe ...

, marine zoologist 01 or '01 may refer to: * The year 2001, or any year ending with 01 * The month of January * 1 (number) Music * 01'' (Richard Müller album), 2001 * ''01'' (Son of Dave album), 2000 * ''01'' (Urban Zakapa album), 2011 * ''O1'' (Hiroyuki Sawa ...

and

oceanographer, notable as the founder of fishery">fisheries Fishery can mean either the enterprise of raising or harvesting fish and other aquatic life; or more commonly, the site where such enterprise takes place ( a.k.a. fishing ground). Commercial fisheries include wild fisheries and fish farms, both ...

research in the Russian North.

Biography

General

Knipovich graduated from the Saint Petersburg State University">Saint Petersburg Imperial University in 1886 and went on to defend his master's thesis "Materials for the study of Ascothoracida" in 1892. He was then elected assistant professor of the

University A university () is an institution of higher (or tertiary) education and research which awards academic degrees in several academic disciplines. Universities typically offer both undergraduate and postgraduate programs. In the United States, t ...

in 1893. From 1894 until 1921 he worked at the Zoological Museum of the

St. Petersburg Academy of Sciences The Russian Academy of Sciences (RAS; russian: Росси́йская акаде́мия нау́к (РАН) ''Rossíyskaya akadémiya naúk'') consists of the national academy of Russia; a network of scientific research institutes from across t ...

. He then became the Professor of biology and zoology in the First Women's Medical Institute (present-day Saint Petersburg State Medical University) in 1911, continuing to fill the position until 1930 . He became an Honorary Member of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR in 1935.

Expeditions

Knipovich organised and led the Scientific Murman Expedition from a location on the

Barents Sea The Barents Sea ( , also ; no, Barentshavet, ; russian: Баренцево море, Barentsevo More) is a marginal sea of the Arctic Ocean, located off the northern coasts of Norway and Russia and divided between Norwegian and Russian territo ...

Murman Coast The Murman Coast (russian: Мурманский берег, no, Murmankysten) is a coastal area in Murmansk Oblast in northwest Russia. It is located on the southern side of the Barents Sea, between the Norway–Russia border and Cape Svyatoy N ...

between 1898 and 1901,Berg, L.S. (1950
Почетный академик Н. М. Книпович
Из истории отечественной науки, Журнал №8, 76-83. which marked the beginning of systematic study of the region's biological resources. A special modern marine research vessel, the steamship ''

Saint Andrew Andrew the Apostle ( grc-koi, Ἀνδρέᾱς, Andréās ; la, Andrēās ; , syc, ܐܰܢܕ݁ܪܶܐܘܳܣ, ʾAnd’reʾwās), also called Saint Andrew, was an apostle of Jesus according to the New Testament. He is the brother of Simon Peter ...

'', was built for the expedition and in May 1900 Knipovich led an expedition to undertake hydrographic and biological observations along Kola shores from the

to 73°00'N. He then, in Autumn 1901, drew a chart of currents based on the data gathered on water temperature and salinity and identified several warm streams. In 1902 he was the first to draw a conclusion on a relationship between distribution and migration of commercial fish in the

and warm currents. From the ''Saint Andrew'' and another vessel, ''Pomor'', hydrographic observations were carried out at over 1,500 stations and biological studies at about 2,000. His other expeditions included some to the

Caspian Sea The Caspian Sea is the world's largest inland body of water, often described as the world's largest lake or a full-fledged sea. An endorheic basin, it lies between Europe and Asia; east of the Caucasus, west of the broad steppe of Central Asia ...

(1886, 1904, 1912–1913, 1914–1915, 1931–32), the

Baltic Sea The Baltic Sea is an arm of the Atlantic Ocean that is enclosed by Denmark, Estonia, Finland, Germany, Latvia, Lithuania, Poland, Russia, Sweden and the North and Central European Plain. The sea stretches from 53°N to 66°N latitude and from ...

(1902) and the

Black Sea The Black Sea is a marginal mediterranean sea of the Atlantic Ocean lying between Europe and Asia, east of the Balkans, south of the East European Plain, west of the Caucasus, and north of Anatolia. It is bounded by Bulgaria, Georgia, Roma ...

(1922–1927). His request to carry out a scientific and fisheries related expedition to the Azov Sea and secure the ship "Besstrashny" was approved by

Lenin Vladimir Ilyich Ulyanov. ( 1870 – 21 January 1924), better known as Vladimir Lenin,. was a Russian revolutionary, politician, and political theorist. He served as the first and founding head of government of Soviet Russia from 1917 to 19 ...

personally.

International work and activities

Knipovich was extensively involved in international collaboration. In 1901 he attended the Second Conference of the

International Council for the Exploration of the Sea The International Council for the Exploration of the Sea (ICES; french: Conseil International de l'Exploration de la Mer, ''CIEM'') is a regional fishery advisory body and the world's oldest intergovernmental science organization. ICES is headqu ...

in Christiania (Oslo, Norway) and was voted one of the vice-presidents of the Council. Between 1926 and 1927 he was a major proponent of German-Soviet cooperation in the studies of the

and was heavily involved in the Polar Commission of the USSR Academy of Sciences.

Legacy

Knipovich authored numerous monographs on hydrology and fisheries in the

Arctic Ocean The Arctic Ocean is the smallest and shallowest of the world's five major oceans. It spans an area of approximately and is known as the coldest of all the oceans. The International Hydrographic Organization (IHO) recognizes it as an ocean, a ...

Azov Sea The Sea of Azov ( Crimean Tatar: ''Azaq deñizi''; russian: Азовское море, Azovskoye more; uk, Азовське море, Azovs'ke more) is a sea in Eastern Europe connected to the Black Sea by the narrow (about ) Strait of Kerch, ...

, and

, as well as a number of studies on the

taxonomy Taxonomy is the practice and science of categorization or classification. A taxonomy (or taxonomical classification) is a scheme of classification, especially a hierarchical classification, in which things are organized into groups or types. ...

and

ecology Ecology () is the study of the relationships between living organisms, including humans, and their physical environment. Ecology considers organisms at the individual, population, community, ecosystem, and biosphere level. Ecology overlaps wi ...

of marine invertebrates (

mollusc Mollusca is the second-largest phylum of invertebrate animals after the Arthropoda, the members of which are known as molluscs or mollusks (). Around 85,000 extant species of molluscs are recognized. The number of fossil species is esti ...

s and parasitic barnacles) and on the geological history of the northern seas.

Honours

* Street renamed after him in connection with his 100th anniversary – from "Kol'skaya Street" to "Knipovich Street" in

Murmansk Murmansk (Russian: ''Мурманск'' lit. "Norwegian coast"; Finnish: ''Murmansk'', sometimes ''Muurmanski'', previously ''Muurmanni''; Norwegian: ''Norskekysten;'' Northern Sámi: ''Murmánska;'' Kildin Sámi: ''Мурман ланнҍ'') i ...

Russia Russia (, , ), or the Russian Federation, is a List of transcontinental countries, transcontinental country spanning Eastern Europe and North Asia, Northern Asia. It is the List of countries and dependencies by area, largest country in the ...

. * Mid-Atlantic Ridge named after him – Knipovich Ridge (between Greenland and Spitsbergen). * Bay in the Arctic named after him – Knipovich Bay, High Arctic northern Taimyr. * Cape named after him – Cape Knipovich (

Franz Joseph Land , native_name = , image_name = Map of Franz Josef Land-en.svg , image_caption = Map of Franz Josef Land , image_size = , map_image = Franz Josef Land location-en.svg , map_caption = Location of Franz Josef ...

). * Vessels named after him – sailing boat "Nikolay Knipovich", onboard of which regular oceanographic observations were carried out between 1928 and 1941 on the "Kola Section", and R/V "Akademik Knipovich", a Russian research vessel, which collected materials between 1965 and 1967. * The Knipovich Polar Research Institute of Marine Fisheries and Oceanography ( PINRO) was named after him in 1935. * Honorary member of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR, 1935.

Taxa named after Knipovich

;Genera: *

Knipowitschia ''Knipowitschia'' is a genus of marine, fresh and brackish water gobies native to Eurasia. The genus name almost certainly honours Nikolai Mikhailovich Knipovich (1862-1938), a biologist who led a number of expeditions to the Caspian Sea. Specie ...

Iljin, 1927: a genus of gobiid fishes''Knipowitschia'' Iljin, 1927

WoRMS Worms may refer to: *Worm, an invertebrate animal with a tube-like body and no limbs Places *Worms, Germany, a city **Worms (electoral district) *Worms, Nebraska, U.S. *Worms im Veltlintal, the German name for Bormio, Italy Arts and entertainme ...

World Register of Marine Species *(''Knipowitschiatrema'' Issaitschikov, 1927 (accepted as ''Galactosomum'' Looss 1899), a genus of trematodes.) ;Species *'' Akerogammarus knipowitschi'' Derzhavin & Pjatakova, 1967 (

amphipod Amphipoda is an order of malacostracan crustaceans with no carapace and generally with laterally compressed bodies. Amphipods range in size from and are mostly detritivores or scavengers. There are more than 9,900 amphipod species so far descr ...

crustacean) *'' Alosa caspia knipowitschi'' (Iljin, 1927) (

clupeid Clupeidae is a family of ray-finned fishes, comprising, for instance, the herrings, shads, sardines, hilsa, and menhadens. The clupeoids include many of the most important food fishes in the world, and are also commonly caught for production of f ...

fish) *'' Anabaena knipowitschii'' Usachev, 1927 = ''Anabaenopsis knipowitschii'' (Usachev) Komárek, 2005 ( cyanobacterium) *'' Anonyx knipowitschi'' Gurjanova, 1962 (

crustacean) *'' Careproctus knipowitschi'' Chernova, 2005 ( liparid fish) *'' Caspia knipowitchi'' Makarov, 1938 (

gastropod The gastropods (), commonly known as snails and slugs, belong to a large taxonomic class of invertebrates within the phylum Mollusca called Gastropoda (). This class comprises snails and slugs from saltwater, from freshwater, and from land. T ...

mollusc) *'' Caspicola knipovitschi'' Derzhavin, 1944 (amphipod crustacean) *'' Caspiomysis knipowitschi''

G.O. Sars Prof Georg Ossian Sars HFRSE (20 April 1837 – 9 April 1927) was a Norwegian marine and freshwater biologist. Life Georg Ossian Sars was born on 20 April 1837 in Kinn, Norway (now part of Flora), the son of Pastor Michael Sars and Maren Sar ...

, 1907 (

mysid Mysida is an order of small, shrimp-like crustaceans in the malacostracan superorder Peracarida. Their common name opossum shrimps stems from the presence of a brood pouch or "marsupium" in females. The fact that the larvae are reared in thi ...

crustacean) *'' Chasarocuma knipowitchi'' Derzhavin, 1912 (

cumacean Cumacea is an order of small marine crustaceans of the superorder Peracarida, occasionally called hooded shrimp or comma shrimp. Their unique appearance and uniform body plan makes them easy to distinguish from other crustaceans. They live in so ...

crustacean) *'' Dyopedos knipowitschi'' ( Gurjanova, 1933) (

crustacean) *'' Filippovia knipovitchi'' (Filippova, 1972) (

cephalopod A cephalopod is any member of the molluscan class Cephalopoda (Greek plural , ; "head-feet") such as a squid, octopus, cuttlefish, or nautilus. These exclusively marine animals are characterized by bilateral body symmetry, a prominent head ...

mollusc) *'' Gieysztoria knipovici'' (Beklemischev, 1953) (

turbellaria The Turbellaria are one of the traditional sub-divisions of the phylum Platyhelminthes (flatworms), and include all the sub-groups that are not exclusively parasitic. There are about 4,500 species, which range from to large freshwater forms more ...

n) *'' Limnocletodes knipowitschi'' (

, 1927) (

copepod Copepods (; meaning "oar-feet") are a group of small crustaceans found in nearly every freshwater and saltwater habitat (ecology), habitat. Some species are planktonic (inhabiting sea waters), some are benthos, benthic (living on the ocean floor) ...

crustacean]) *'' Lumbrineris knipovichana'' Orenzanz, 1973 ( polychaete) *'' Monodacna knipowitschi'' (Logvinenko &

Starobogatov Yaroslav Igorevich Starobogatov (russian: Ярослав Игоревич Старобогатов; 13 July 1932 – 3 December 2004) was a Russian zoologist, professor and chief scientist at the Zoological Institute of the Russian Academy of Scie ...

, 1966) (

bivalve Bivalvia (), in previous centuries referred to as the Lamellibranchiata and Pelecypoda, is a class of marine and freshwater molluscs that have laterally compressed bodies enclosed by a shell consisting of two hinged parts. As a group, bival ...

mollusc) *'' Peridinium knipowitschii'' Ussatschew (

dinoflagellate The dinoflagellates (Greek δῖνος ''dinos'' "whirling" and Latin ''flagellum'' "whip, scourge") are a monophyletic group of single-celled eukaryotes constituting the phylum Dinoflagellata and are usually considered algae. Dinoflagellates are ...

) *''

Sarritor knipowitschi ''Sarritor knipowitschi'' is a poacher fish in the family Agonidae.''Sarritor knipow ...

'' Lindberg & Andriashev, 1937 ( agonid fish)

Selected publications

* * * * * *

References and bibliography

Footnotes

External links

*
Knipovich, Nikolai Mikhailovich
encyclopedia.com {{DEFAULTSORT:Knipovich, Nikolai 1862 births 1939 deaths Soviet zoologists 19th-century zoologists from the Russian Empire Soviet ichthyologists Russian ichthyologists Saint Petersburg State University alumni Saint Petersburg State University faculty Soviet oceanographers