Niihau dialect

Niʻihau dialect ( haw, ʻŌlelo Niʻihau, label=Standard Hawaiian, haw, Olelo Matuahine, label=Niʻihau, lit=mother tongue) is a dialect of the Hawaiian language spoken on the island of Niʻihau, more specifically in its only settlement Puʻuwai, and on the island of Kauaʻi, specifically near Kekaha, where descendants of families from Niʻihau now live. Today, the Niʻihau dialect is taught in Ke Kula Niihau O Kekaha.

Origin

Classification

The Hawaiian language and its dialects (including Niʻihau) are a part of the Austronesian languages, which are a group of languages spoken throughout Oceania, Southeast Asia and other parts of the world. It specifically belongs to the Polynesian subbranch, which also includes languages such as Samoan, Tongan, Tahitian and Marquesan.

Extent

Today, the families with ancestry in Niʻihau who now live on westside Kauaʻi use the same dialect as that spoken on Niʻihau, but some speakers refer to the speakers of the dialect outside of Niʻihau as speakers of Olelo Kauaʻi.

Phonology

Consonants

Unlike the Hawaiian taught in schools, the Niʻihau dialect maintains the variation between and , in addition to and . Some other pockets of speakers on Molokai and Maui have also been found to maintain the variant. While in the 1950s the Niʻihau dialect had free variation between and , recent observations suggest that and are currently found in largely complementary distribution in the modern Niʻihau dialect. The allophone appears when before other syllables containing the allophone: thus Niʻihau has 'one', 'we ( inclusive)', 'year', where standard Hawaiian has , , and .

This pattern of dissimilation is also extended to some loanwords. For example, the English word 'cook' is reflected in Niʻihau Hawaiian as , even though the word 'cook' doesn't have a in English.

The allophone, represented in standard Hawaiian and the Hawaiian alphabet, is prestigious and associated with reading styles. The Bible in particular is always read with . The dissimilation pattern in colloquial Niʻihau may be due to an effort to preserve the Niʻihau dialect's distinctiveness from standard Hawaiian.

Vowels

Like the Hawaiian taught in universities, ʻŌlelo Niʻihau has five short and five long vowels, plus diphthongs.

Monophthongs

Niʻihau retains the five pure vowels characteristic of Hawaiian with few changes. The short vowels are , and the long vowels, if they are considered separate phonemes rather than simply sequences of like vowels, are . When stressed, short and have been described as becoming and , while when unstressed they are and . Parker Jones, however, did not find a reduction of /a/ to in the phonetic analysis of a young speaker from Hilo, Hawaiʻi; so there is at least some variation in how /a/ is realised. also tends to become next to , , and another , as in ''Pele'' . Some grammatical particles vary between short and long vowels. These include ''a'' and ''o'' "of", ''ma'' "at", ''na'' and ''no'' "for". Between a back vowel or and a following non-back vowel (), there is an epenthetic , which is generally not written. Between a front vowel or and a following non-front vowel (), there is an epenthetic (a ''y'' sound), which is never written.

Diphthongs

The short-vowel diphthongs are . In all except perhaps , these are falling diphthongs. However, they are not as tightly bound as the diphthongs of English, and may be considered vowel sequences. (The second vowel in such sequences may receive the stress, but in such cases it is not counted as a diphthong.) In fast speech, tends to and tends to , conflating these diphthongs with and .

There are only a limited number of vowels which may follow long vowels, and some authors treat these sequences as diphthongs as well: .

Speech Tempo

Research done by Newman (1951) suggests Niʻihau dialect being among the fastest spoken Hawaiian dialects. He reported a Niʻihau woman having a reading speed of 170 words per minute whereas a man from Kalapana read at a slower 120.

The fast pace of the Niʻihau dialect causes a number of phonemic reductions. Newman lists three examples of this phenomenon:

Diacritics

Niʻihau dialect does not use an ʻokina to represent glottal stops nor a kahakō (macron) to indicate long vowels. The Hawaiian word /ʔoːlelo/ ("language") is spelt ''olelo'' in Niʻihau and ''ʻōlelo'' in Standard Hawaiian.

References

Bibliography

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Hawaiian language
Niihau
Dialects
Polynesian languages
Kauai County, Hawaii