Nickel (II) Sulphate on:
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Nickel(II) sulfate, or just nickel sulfate, usually refers to the
At least seven sulfate salts of nickel(II) are known. These salts differ in terms of their
In 2005–06, nickel sulfate was the top allergen in patch tests (19.0%). Nickel sulfate is classified as a human carcinogen based on increased respiratory cancer risks observed in epidemiological studies of sulfidic ore refinery workers. In a 2-year inhalation study in F344 rats and B6C3F1 mice, there was no evidence of carcinogenic activity, although increased lung inflammations and bronchial lymph node hyperplasia were observed. These results strongly suggest that there is a threshold for the carcinogenicity of nickel sulfate via inhalation. In a 2-year study with daily oral administration of nickel sulfate hexahydrate to F344 rats, no evidence for increased carcinogenic activity was observed. The human and animal data consistently indicate a lack of carcinogenicity via the oral route of exposure and limit the carcinogenicity of nickel compounds to respiratory tumours after inhalation. Whether these effects are relevant to humans is unclear as epidemiological studies of highly exposed female workers have not shown adverse developmental toxicity effects.Vaktskjold, A.; Talykova, L. V.; Chashchin, V. P.; Odland, J. O.; Nieboer, E. (2008). “Maternal nickel exposure and congenital musculoskeletal defects.” ''Am J Ind Med.'' 51(11): 825-33.
International Chemical Safety Card 0063
{{Sulfates Nickel compounds Sulfates IARC Group 1 carcinogens
inorganic compound
In chemistry, an inorganic compound is typically a chemical compound that lacks carbon–hydrogen bonds, that is, a compound that is not an organic compound. The study of inorganic compounds is a subfield of chemistry known as '' inorganic chemist ...
with the formula
In science, a formula is a concise way of expressing information symbolically, as in a mathematical formula or a ''chemical formula''. The informal use of the term ''formula'' in science refers to the general construct of a relationship betwee ...
NiSO4(H2O)6. This highly soluble blue green coloured salt is a common source of the Ni2+ ion for electroplating
Electroplating, also known as electrochemical deposition or electrodeposition, is a process for producing a metal coating on a solid substrate through the reduction of cations of that metal by means of a direct electric current. The part to be ...
.
Approximately 40,000 tonnes were produced in 2005. It is mainly used for electroplating of nickel.
In 2005–2006, nickel sulfate was the top allergen in patch tests (19.0%).Zug KA, Warshaw EM, Fowler JF Jr, Maibach HI, Belsito DL, Pratt MD, Sasseville D, Storrs FJ, Taylor JS, Mathias CG, Deleo VA, Rietschel RL, Marks J. Patch-test results of the North American Contact Dermatitis Group 2005–2006. Dermatitis. 2009 May–Jun;20(3):149-60.
Structures
At least seven sulfate salts of nickel(II) are known. These salts differ in terms of their hydration Hydration may refer to:
* Hydrate, a substance that contains water
* Hydration enthalpy, energy released through hydrating a substance
* Hydration reaction, a chemical addition reaction where a hydroxyl group and proton are added to a compound
* ...
or crystal habit.
The common tetragonal hexahydrate crystallizes from aqueous solution between 30.7 and 53.8 °C. Below these temperatures, a heptahydrate crystallises, and above these temperatures an orthorhombic hexahydrate forms. The yellow anhydrous
A substance is anhydrous if it contains no water. Many processes in chemistry can be impeded by the presence of water; therefore, it is important that water-free reagents and techniques are used. In practice, however, it is very difficult to achie ...
form, NiSO4, is a high melting solid that is rarely encountered in the laboratory. This material is produced by heating the hydrates above 330 °C. It decomposes at still higher temperatures to nickel oxide.K. Lascelles, L. G. Morgan, D. Nicholls, D. Beyersmann “Nickel Compounds” in Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry, Wiley-VCH, Weinheim, 2005. Vol. A17 p. 235 .
X-ray crystallography measurements show that NiSO4·6H2O consists of the octahedral ions. These ions in turn are hydrogen bond
In chemistry, a hydrogen bond (or H-bond) is a primarily electrostatic force of attraction between a hydrogen (H) atom which is covalently bound to a more electronegative "donor" atom or group (Dn), and another electronegative atom bearing a ...
ed to sulfate ions. Dissolution of the salt in water gives solutions containing the aquo complex .
All nickel sulfates are paramagnetic.
Production, applications, and coordination chemistry
The salt is usually obtained as a by-product of copper refining. It is also produced by dissolution of nickel metal or nickel oxides in sulfuric acid. Aqueous solutions of nickel sulfate reacts with sodium carbonate to precipitatenickel carbonate
Nickel(II) carbonate describes one or a mixture of inorganic compounds containing nickel and carbonate. From the industrial perspective, the most important nickel carbonate is basic nickel carbonate with the formula Ni4CO3(OH)6(H2O)4. Simpler carb ...
, a precursor to nickel-based catalysts and pigments. Addition of ammonium sulfate to concentrated aqueous solutions of nickel sulfate precipitates . This blue-coloured solid is analogous to Mohr's salt, .
Nickel sulfate is used in the laboratory. Columns used in polyhistidine-tagging, useful in biochemistry and molecular biology, are regenerated with nickel sulfate. Aqueous solutions of NiSO4·6H2O and related hydrates react with ammonia to give and with ethylenediamine
Ethylenediamine (abbreviated as en when a ligand) is the organic compound with the formula C2H4(NH2)2. This colorless liquid with an ammonia-like odor is a basic amine. It is a widely used building block in chemical synthesis, with approximately ...
to give . The latter is occasionally used as a calibrant for magnetic susceptibility
In electromagnetism, the magnetic susceptibility (Latin: , "receptive"; denoted ) is a measure of how much a material will become magnetized in an applied magnetic field. It is the ratio of magnetization (magnetic moment per unit volume) to the ap ...
measurements because it has no tendency to hydrate.
Natural occurrence
Nickel sulfate occurs as the rare mineral retgersite, which is a hexahydrate. The second hexahydrate is known as nickelhexahydrite , which is the monoclinic dimorph of retgersite. The heptahydrate, which is relatively unstable in air, occurs as morenosite. The monohydrate occurs as the very rare mineral dwornikite .Safety
In 2005–06, nickel sulfate was the top allergen in patch tests (19.0%). Nickel sulfate is classified as a human carcinogen based on increased respiratory cancer risks observed in epidemiological studies of sulfidic ore refinery workers. In a 2-year inhalation study in F344 rats and B6C3F1 mice, there was no evidence of carcinogenic activity, although increased lung inflammations and bronchial lymph node hyperplasia were observed. These results strongly suggest that there is a threshold for the carcinogenicity of nickel sulfate via inhalation. In a 2-year study with daily oral administration of nickel sulfate hexahydrate to F344 rats, no evidence for increased carcinogenic activity was observed. The human and animal data consistently indicate a lack of carcinogenicity via the oral route of exposure and limit the carcinogenicity of nickel compounds to respiratory tumours after inhalation. Whether these effects are relevant to humans is unclear as epidemiological studies of highly exposed female workers have not shown adverse developmental toxicity effects.Vaktskjold, A.; Talykova, L. V.; Chashchin, V. P.; Odland, J. O.; Nieboer, E. (2008). “Maternal nickel exposure and congenital musculoskeletal defects.” ''Am J Ind Med.'' 51(11): 825-33.
References
External links
International Chemical Safety Card 0063
{{Sulfates Nickel compounds Sulfates IARC Group 1 carcinogens