Nicholas de Lyra

Nicolas de Lyra
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1479

Nicholas of Lyra (french: Nicolas de Lyre;  – October 1349), or Nicolaus Lyranus, a Franciscan teacher, was among the most influential practitioners of biblical exegesis in the Middle Ages. Little is known about his youth, aside from the fact of his birth, around 1270, in Lyre, Normandy.

Biography

Rumors from the fifteenth century that Nicholas was born into a religiously-Jewish family have been dismissed by some modern scholars. For example, Deanna Copeland Klepper cites that "as his fifteenth-century critic, Bishop Paul of Burgos (a converted Jew himself) noted, Nicolas’s knowledge of Hebrew and rabbinic interpretation was too limited to reflect a Jewish upbringing."

In 1291, he entered the Franciscan order in the convent of Verneuil-sur-Avre. He was a doctor at the Sorbonne by 1309 and ten years later was appointed the head of all Franciscans in France. His major work, ''Postillae perpetuae in universam S. Scripturam,'' was the first printed commentary on the Bible. Printed in Rome in 1471, it was later available in Venice, Basel, and elsewhere. In it, each page of biblical text was printed in the upper center of the page and embedded in a surrounding commentary (''illustration, right''). His ''Postilla super totam Bibliam'' was published by Johannes Mentelin of Strasbourg in 1472.

Nicolas of Lyra's approach to explicating Scripture was firmly based on the literal sense, which for him is the foundation of all mystical or allegorical or anagogical expositions. He deplored the tortured and elaborated readings being given to Scripture in his time. The textual basis was so important that he urged that errors be corrected with reference to Hebrew texts, an early glimmer of techniques of textual criticism, though Nicholas recognized the authoritative value of the Church's Tradition:

Nicholas utilized all sources available to him, fully mastered Hebrew and drew copiously from Rashi and other rabbinic commentaries, the ''Pugio Fidei'' of Raymond Martini and of course the commentaries of Thomas Aquinas. His lucid and concise exposition, his soundly-based observations made ''Postillae'' the most-consulted manual of exegesis until the 16th century. Martin Luther depended upon it. He used his commentaries extensively in his own work on the book of Genesis, "Lectures on Genesis". He also highly praised his works in the Table Talk. When E. A. Gosselin compiled a listing of the printed editions of works by Nicolaus de Lyra, it ran to 27 pages (in ''Traditio 26'' (1970), pp 399–426).

He was born in the village of La Vieille-Lyre, Normandy, hence his name. Like others in the 14th century, he was occupied by the possibility of the conversion of the Jews, to whom he dedicated hortatory addresses. He wrote ''Pulcherrimae quaestiones Iudaicam perfidiam in catholicam fide improbantes'', which was one of the sources Martin Luther used in his ''On the Jews and Their Lies''.

References

Sources

* Philippe Bobichon, « Nicolas de Lyre dans la littérature hébraïque et juive : XIVe-XVIIe siècles » in : G. Dahan (dir.) : Nicolas de Lyre, franciscain du XIVe siècle exégète et théologien, Études Augustiniennes. Série « Moyen Âge et Temps modernes, 48, Paris, 2011, pp. 281-31
online
* Philip D. W. Krey and Lesley Smith, editors, ''Nicholas of Lyra: The Senses of Scripture'' (fifteen essays by various authors: the first modern study)
*Klaus Reinhardt, "Das Werk des Nikolaus von Lyra im mittelalterlichen Spanien", ''Traditio'' 43 (1987): 321-358.

Translations

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External links

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Luther and Lyra on the Song of Solomon: Were They Singing the Same Tune? by James G. Kiecker
{{Authority control
French biblical scholars
University of Paris faculty
1270 births
1349 deaths
Converts to Roman Catholicism from Judaism
People from Eure
French Roman Catholics
French Friars Minor
Christian Hebraists
Roman Catholic biblical scholars
14th-century Christian biblical scholars