Nguyễn Thị Duệ
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Nguyễn Thị Duệ (阮氏叡, 1574 – 1654)
courtesy name A courtesy name (), also known as a style name, is a name bestowed upon one at adulthood in addition to one's given name. This practice is a tradition in the East Asian cultural sphere, including China, Japan, Korea, and Vietnam.Ulrich Theobald ...
Ngọc Toàn (玉全),
pen name A pen name, also called a ''nom de plume'' or a literary double, is a pseudonym (or, in some cases, a variant form of a real name) adopted by an author and printed on the title page or by-line of their works in place of their real name. A pen na ...
Diệu Huyền (妙玄), Đào Hoa Am (桃花庵), was a Vietnamese Imperial consort and
scholar A scholar is a person who pursues academic and intellectual activities, particularly academics who apply their intellectualism into expertise in an area of study. A scholar can also be an academic, who works as a professor, teacher, or researche ...
, referred to as the first female doctor of Việt Nam.


Biography

She was born in 1574 at Kiệt Đặc village, Bằng Châu, Dương Kinh. As a child, she was known as an intelligent and beautiful girl. However, Nguyễn Thị Duệ was only interested in her studies. In 1592, the capital
Đông Kinh Hanoi or Ha Noi ( or ; vi, Hà Nội ) is the capital and second-largest city of Vietnam. It covers an area of . It consists of 12 urban districts, one district-leveled town and 17 rural districts. Located within the Red River Delta, Hanoi is ...
was captured by the Trịnh army and then recaptured a year later. The Mạc had lost all of Việt Nam except for the areas around Cao Bình county, which were under the formal protection of the
Ming The Ming dynasty (), officially the Great Ming, was an Dynasties in Chinese history, imperial dynasty of China, ruling from 1368 to 1644 following the collapse of the Mongol Empire, Mongol-led Yuan dynasty. The Ming dynasty was the last ort ...
army. The new Mạc leader
Mạc Kính Chỉ Mạc Kính Chỉ (莫敬止, ?–1593) was the seventh emperor of the Mạc dynasty. He reigned briefly from 1592–1593. He was the eldest son of Mạc Kính Điển. The emperor Mạc Mậu Hợp was captured by Trịnh lord in 1592, so he en ...
and his son
Mạc Kính Cung Mạc Kính Cung (莫敬恭, ?–1593) was the eighth emperor of the Mạc dynasty. He reigned from 1592–1625. He was the seventh son of Mạc Kính Điển. The emperor Mạc Kính Chỉ was captured by Trịnh lord in 1593, he was enthroned ...
were proclaimed as Vietnamese
emperor An emperor (from la, imperator, via fro, empereor) is a monarch, and usually the sovereignty, sovereign ruler of an empire or another type of imperial realm. Empress, the female equivalent, may indicate an emperor's wife (empress consort), ...
s. In this time, Nguyễn Thị Duệ's family fled to Cao Bình to live with the Mạc lords . In 1594, disguised as a man to take the
Civil Service Exams Civil may refer to: * Civic virtue, or civility *Civil action, or lawsuit * Civil affairs *Civil and political rights * Civil disobedience *Civil engineering * Civil (journalism), a platform for independent journalism *Civilian, someone not a m ...
under the
pseudonym A pseudonym (; ) or alias () is a fictitious name that a person or group assumes for a particular purpose, which differs from their original or true name (orthonym). This also differs from a new name that entirely or legally replaces an individua ...
Nguyễn Thị Du (阮氏瑜), she passed the exam and achieved the rank of doctor. However, her gender was discovered by emperor Mạc Đại Tông at the imperial party. The emperor only complimented her and asked her to teach his wives. Some months later, she also became the consort ''Nội-thị cung-tần'' (內侍宮嬪) by
hereditary title Hereditary titles, in a general sense, are nobility titles, positions or styles that are hereditary and thus tend or are bound to remain in particular families. Though both monarchs and nobles usually inherit their titles, the mechanisms often d ...
Star Consort (星飛). When Mạc's enemies annihilated the dynasty, Nguyễn Thị Duệ was taken captive. Instead of executing her, the invaders installed her as an imperial tutor out of admiration for her intellect. At the court of emperor
Lê Thần Tông Lê Thần Tông (黎神宗, 19 November 1607 – 2 November 1662) was the 17th emperor of Vietnamese Later Lê dynasty. Biography Lê Thần Tông's birth name is Lê Duy Kỳ (黎維祺). He was born in 1607 and reigned in 1619–1643 following ...
, she became the consort ''Chiêu-nghi'' (昭儀) by order of a new
hereditary title Hereditary titles, in a general sense, are nobility titles, positions or styles that are hereditary and thus tend or are bound to remain in particular families. Though both monarchs and nobles usually inherit their titles, the mechanisms often d ...
Officer Nghi-ái (儀愛官).


References

{{DEFAULTSORT:Nguyen, Thi Due 1574 births 1654 deaths People from Hải Dương province Vietnamese Confucianists Vietnamese women poets Vietnamese writers Lê dynasty officials Mạc dynasty Deified Vietnamese people 16th-century Vietnamese women 16th-century women writers 17th-century Vietnamese women 17th-century women writers 16th-century educators 17th-century educators