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Nguyễn Phúc Nguyên (阮福源; 16 August 1563 – 19 November 1635) was an early
Nguyễn lord Nguyễn () is the most common Vietnamese surname. Outside of Vietnam, the surname is commonly rendered without diacritics as Nguyen. Nguyên Nguyễn () is the most common Vietnamese surname. Outside of Vietnam, the surname is commonly rend ...
who ruled the southern
Vietnam Vietnam or Viet Nam ( vi, Việt Nam, ), officially the Socialist Republic of Vietnam,., group="n" is a country in Southeast Asia, at the eastern edge of mainland Southeast Asia, with an area of and population of 96 million, making i ...
from the city of Phú Xuân (modern-day
Huế Huế () is the capital of Thừa Thiên Huế province in central Vietnam and was the capital of Đàng Trong from 1738 to 1775 and of Vietnam during the Nguyễn dynasty from 1802 to 1945. The city served as the old Imperial City and admi ...
) from 1613 to 1635. During his rule, the Nguyễn established a city at modern-day
Saigon , population_density_km2 = 4,292 , population_density_metro_km2 = 697.2 , population_demonym = Saigonese , blank_name = GRP (Nominal) , blank_info = 2019 , blank1_name = – Total , blank1_ ...
. Later, his refusal to pay tribute to the court in Hanoi sparked the
Trịnh–Nguyễn War The Trịnh–Nguyễn Civil War ( vi, Trịnh-Nguyễn phân tranh; Hán tự: 鄭阮紛爭) was a 17th-century lengthy civil war waged between the two ruling families in Vietnam, the Trịnh lords of Đàng Ngoài and the Nguyễn lords of ...
.


Biography

Nguyễn Phúc Nguyên was the sixth son of
Nguyễn Hoàng Nguyễn Hoàng (28 August 1525 – 20 July 1613) was the first of the Nguyễn lords who ruled the southern provinces of Vietnam between 1558 and 1613, from a series of cities: Ai Tu (1558–70), Tra Bat (1570–1600), and Dinh Cat (modern-day Hu ...
. Upon the death of his father, Nguyễn Phúc Nguyên took over the rule of the southern provinces of Vietnam. He continued his father's policy of refusing to submit to the authority of the court in Hanoi, dominated at this time by his cousin,
Trịnh Tùng Trịnh Tùng (19 December 1550 – 17 July 1623), also known as Trịnh Tòng and later given the title ''Bình An Vương'' (平安王), was the de facto ruler of Đại Việt from 1572 to 1623. Trịnh Tùng is the first official Trịnh lord, ...
. Unlike his father he did not take the title Vuong but instead called himself ''Nhon Quoc-Cong'' (roughly Duke of the Southern Provinces).


Encourage foreign trade

Starting as early as 1615, Nguyễn Phúc Nguyên allowed Portuguese merchants to set up a trading post at Faifo (modern-day
Hội An Hội An (), formerly known as Fai-Fo or Faifoo, is a city with a population of approximately 120,000 in Vietnam's Quảng Nam Province and is noted as a UNESCO World Heritage Site since 1999. Along with the Cu Lao Cham archipelago, it is part o ...
).Charles Wheeler in ''Viet Nam: Borderless Histories'' ed. Nhung Tuyet Tran, Anthony Reid - 2006 Page 168 "To signal the post's importance, Lord Hoàng appointed his son and heir, Nguyễn Phúc Nguyên, to govern it. Once the garrison was established and Nguyễn order prevailed, “the market did not have two prices
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_where_traders_in_the_region_came_to_sell_and_acquire_goods._
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,_Europeans,_and_South_Asians_all_came_to_trade_at_Faifo._Originally_the_land_itself_did_not_have_any_high_value_products,_nevertheless_later_on_Nguyễn_lords_established_various_sugar_cane_and_mullberry_plantations_for_the_sole_purpose_of_producing_goods_for_overseas_export.__Traders_from_Japan_came_all_the_way_to_Vietnam_because_the_
_The_Nguyễn_began_to_purchase_advanced_European_cannons_from_the_Portuguese_and_learned_something_of_European_ship_design._This_would_help_them_enormously_in_later_years._As_time_passed,_Faifo_became_a_major_trade_port_for_the_south-west_Pacific_Ocean">Pacific_ The_Pacific_Ocean_is_the_largest_and_deepest_of_Earth's_five_oceanic_divisions._It_extends_from_the_Arctic_Ocean_in_the_north_to_the_Southern_Ocean_(or,_depending_on_definition,_to_Antarctica)_in_the_south,_and_is_bounded_by_the_continen_...
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_and_the_Qing_dynasty.html" "title="Ming_dynasty.html" "title="Edo_period.html" "title="Ming_dynasty.html" "title="Pacific_Ocean.html" "title=".e., there was one fixed ..." The Nguyễn began to purchase advanced European cannons from the Portuguese and learned something of European ship design. This would help them enormously in later years. As time passed, Faifo became a major trade port for the south-west Pacific Ocean">Pacific The Pacific Ocean is the largest and deepest of Earth's five oceanic divisions. It extends from the Arctic Ocean in the north to the Southern Ocean (or, depending on definition, to Antarctica) in the south, and is bounded by the continen ...
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, Europeans, and South Asians all came to trade at Faifo. Originally the land itself did not have any high value products, nevertheless later on Nguyễn lords established various sugar cane and mullberry plantations for the sole purpose of producing goods for overseas export. Traders from Japan came all the way to Vietnam because the Ming dynasty">Ming The Ming dynasty (), officially the Great Ming, was an Dynasties in Chinese history, imperial dynasty of China, ruling from 1368 to 1644 following the collapse of the Mongol Empire, Mongol-led Yuan dynasty. The Ming dynasty was the last ort ...
 and the Qing dynasty">Manchu The Manchus (; ) are a Tungusic East Asian ethnic group native to Manchuria in Northeast Asia. They are an officially recognized ethnic minority in China and the people from whom Manchuria derives its name. The Later Jin (1616–1636) and ...
 Emperors forbade trade with Japan. In order to obtain the highly desirable Chinese silks and ceramics, the Japanese had to come to Faifo. Local high quality silk was also one of the primary trade for Japanese merchants, who often purchase whole batches months prior to their annual arrival. The local silk price also reflected any changes in Japanese market. In return, Đàng Trong experienced serious shortage of precious metals like gold and copper which the Japanese had abundance to export, therefore Nguyễn Lords imported massive quantity of Japanese coins, either to circulate or to use in their cannon foundries.


Relation with Cambodia


Vietnamese expansionism to Cambodia

Nguyễn Phúc Nguyên maintained the friendly relation with Cambodia. Around 1620, Nguyễn Phúc Nguyên's daughter (
Nguyễn Phúc Ngọc Vạn Nguyễn Phúc Ngọc Vạn (1605-1656), was queen consort of Cambodia. She was the daughter of Nguyễn Phúc Nguyên and the chief queen of king Chey Chettha II Chey Chettha II ( km, ជ័យជេដ្ឋាទី២ , 1576–1628) was ...
) married the king of
Cambodia Cambodia (; also Kampuchea ; km, កម្ពុជា, UNGEGN: ), officially the Kingdom of Cambodia, is a country located in the southern portion of the Indochinese Peninsula in Southeast Asia, spanning an area of , bordered by Thailand t ...
,
Chey Chettha II Chey Chettha II ( km, ជ័យជេដ្ឋាទី២ , 1576–1628) was a king of Cambodia who reigned from Oudong, about 40 km northwest of modern-day Phnom Penh, from 1618 to 1628. He was the son of King Srei Soriyopear (r. 1603–161 ...
(the marriage seems to have been contracted years earlier). As a result of this marriage, the Cambodian King allowed the Nguyễn to establish a small trading and tax post at Prei Nokor what is now
Saigon , population_density_km2 = 4,292 , population_density_metro_km2 = 697.2 , population_demonym = Saigonese , blank_name = GRP (Nominal) , blank_info = 2019 , blank1_name = – Total , blank1_ ...
in 1623. Vice versa, Nguyễn clan have to supply the weapon and troops to support Cambodian war against
Ayutthaya Kingdom The Ayutthaya Kingdom (; th, อยุธยา, , IAST: or , ) was a Siamese kingdom that existed in Southeast Asia from 1351 to 1767, centered around the city of Ayutthaya, in Siam, or present-day Thailand. The Ayutthaya Kingdom is conside ...
. This settlement was the start of a major expansion by the Vietnamese beyond the borders established by
Lê Thánh Tông Lê Thánh Tông (黎聖宗; 25 August 1442 – 3 March 1497), personal name Lê Hạo, temple name Thánh Tông, courtesy name Tư Thành, was an emperor of Đại Việt, reigning from 1460 to 1497, the fifth and the longest-reigning empe ...
in 1471. According to the Italian missionary Christoforo Borri who was staying in
Quy Nhơn Quy Nhon ( vi, Quy Nhơn ) is a coastal city in Bình Định province in central Vietnam. It is composed of 16 wards and five communes with a total of . Quy Nhon is the capital of Bình Định province. As of 2019 its population was 457,400. His ...
witness the military support of Nguyễn Phúc Nguyên sent to Cambodia, according to his records (published in 1631):
Lord Nguyễn Phúc Nguyên sent his military support to his son-in-law
Chey Chettha II Chey Chettha II ( km, ជ័យជេដ្ឋាទី២ , 1576–1628) was a king of Cambodia who reigned from Oudong, about 40 km northwest of modern-day Phnom Penh, from 1618 to 1628. He was the son of King Srei Soriyopear (r. 1603–161 ...
twice to against Siamese. In 1623, the mission from Nguyễn was dispatched to
Oudong ( km, ឧដុង្គ; also romanized as Udong or Odong) is a former town of the post-Angkorian period (1618–1863) situated in present-day ''Phsar Daek'' Commune, Ponhea Lueu District, Kandal Province, Cambodia. Located at the foothill of th ...
, with a lot of treasures and gift to strengthen the relationship between two government and confirm the alliance of Cambodia and Nguyễn. After the negotiation,
Chey Chettha II Chey Chettha II ( km, ជ័យជេដ្ឋាទី២ , 1576–1628) was a king of Cambodia who reigned from Oudong, about 40 km northwest of modern-day Phnom Penh, from 1618 to 1628. He was the son of King Srei Soriyopear (r. 1603–161 ...
allowed to let them established the trading post which were namely Kas Krobei (
Vũng Tàu Vũng Tàu (''Hanoi accent:'' , ''Saigon accent:'' ) is the largest city of Bà Rịa–Vũng Tàu province in southern Vietnam. The city area is , consists of 13 urban wards and one commune of Long Sơn Islet. Vũng Tàu was the capital of the pr ...
) and Prei Nokor (
Saigon , population_density_km2 = 4,292 , population_density_metro_km2 = 697.2 , population_demonym = Saigonese , blank_name = GRP (Nominal) , blank_info = 2019 , blank1_name = – Total , blank1_ ...
) for taxation. Nguyễn lords can bring their private army to protect the post and their citizens as well as the public security of the city of Prei Nokor


Trịnh–Nguyễn contention

With the death of
Trịnh Tùng Trịnh Tùng (19 December 1550 – 17 July 1623), also known as Trịnh Tòng and later given the title ''Bình An Vương'' (平安王), was the de facto ruler of Đại Việt from 1572 to 1623. Trịnh Tùng is the first official Trịnh lord, ...
in 1623 and the new rule of his son,
Trịnh Tráng Trịnh Tráng (Hán tự: 鄭梉, 6 August 1577 – 28 May 1657), posthumous name: Nghị Vương (誼王), temple name: Văn Tổ (文祖). He is the second lord of Trịnh ruled Tonkin from 1623 to 1657. He is one of the famous Trịnh lords wh ...
, another formal demand was made by the Court in
Hanoi Hanoi or Ha Noi ( or ; vi, Hà Nội ) is the capital and second-largest city of Vietnam. It covers an area of . It consists of 12 urban districts, one district-leveled town and 17 rural districts. Located within the Red River Delta, Hanoi is ...
for the Nguyễn to pay tribute. In 1624, Nguyễn Phúc Nguyên formally refused. Three years later, the Royal (Trịnh) army marched south and attacked the Nguyễn. The first set of battles lasted for four months but the Nguyễn armies were not defeated and Phú Xuân was not taken. The Royal army withdrew north to regroup. The Nguyễn immediately began the building of a massive pair of walls to defend their lands. This pair of walls, just south of the Linh River, eventually grew to a length of 11 miles, stretching from the sea to the mountains. The walls were each 20 feet tall and equipped with many cannons of European design. In 1633, the Trịnh tried to outflank the walls with an amphibious invasion but the Nguyễn fleet was able to defeat the Royal (Trịnh) fleet at the battle of Nhat-Le.


Death

Nguyễn Phúc Nguyên died in 1635 with the war still going on. Still, the defensive measures he had put in place served the Nguyễn well. Phú Xuân was not taken by the Trịnh until 1774. Further, his defensive success in these first battles is a credit to his ability to attract talented men to his cause and make use of expert military advice, even when it came from another country.


See also

*
Lê dynasty The Lê dynasty, also known as Later Lê dynasty ( vi, Hậu Lê triều, chữ Hán: 後黎朝 or vi, nhà Hậu Lê, link=no, chữ Nôm: 茹後黎), was the longest-ruling Vietnamese dynasty, ruling Đại Việt from 1428 to 1789. The Lê ...
*
List of Vietnamese dynasties Prior to the Abdication of Bảo Đại, abdication of Bảo Đại on 30 August 1945 in the aftermath of the August Revolution, Vietnam was ruled by a series of Dynasty, dynasties of either local or Chinese origin. The following is a list of ma ...


Sources

*Encyclopedia of Asian History, Volume 3 (''Nguyễn Lords'') 1988. Charles Scribner's Sons, New York. {{DEFAULTSORT:Nguyen, Phuc Nguyen Nguyễn lords 1563 births 1635 deaths