The 1996 New Zealand general election was held on 12 October 1996 to determine the composition of the

45th New Zealand Parliament The 45th New Zealand Parliament was a term of the Parliament of New Zealand. Its composition was determined by the 1996 election, and it sat until the 1999 election. The 45th Parliament was notable in that it was the first to be elected under ...

. It was significant for being the first election to be held under the new mixed-member proportional (MMP)

electoral system An electoral or voting system is a set of rules used to determine the results of an election. Electoral systems are used in politics to elect governments, while non-political elections may take place in business, nonprofit organizations and inf ...

, and produced a parliament considerably more diverse than previous elections. Under the new MMP system, 65 members were elected in single-member districts by first-past-the-post voting (including five Māori electorates), while a further 55 "top-up" members were allocated from closed lists to achieve a proportional distribution based on each party's share of the nationwide party vote. 1996 saw the National Party, led by

Jim Bolger James Brendan Bolger ( ; born 31 May 1935) is a New Zealand retired politician of the National Party who was the 35th prime minister of New Zealand, serving from 1990 to 1997. Bolger was born in Ōpunake, Taranaki, to Irish immigrants. Bef ...

, retain its position in government, but only after protracted negotiations with the smaller

New Zealand First New Zealand First (), commonly abbreviated to NZ First or NZF, is a political party in New Zealand, founded and led by Winston Peters, who has served three times as Deputy Prime Minister of New Zealand, deputy prime minister. The party has form ...

party to form a coalition. New Zealand First won 17 seats—including sweeping every single

Māori electorate Māori or Maori can refer to: Relating to the Māori people * Māori people of New Zealand, or members of that group * Māori language, the language of the Māori people of New Zealand * Māori culture * Cook Islanders, the Māori people of the Co ...

, all of which had been dominated by the Labour Party since the Second World War. Particular emphasis was placed on New Zealand First's unprecedented success, particularly among Māori; their five Māori electorate winners became known as the " Tight Five". The party's position as "

kingmaker A kingmaker is a person or group that has great influence on a monarchy or royal in their political succession, without themselves being a viable candidate. Kingmakers may use political, monetary, religious, and military means to influence the ...

" meant they were able to place either of the two major parties into government, a significant election outcome for such a new party. Various other unusual results occurred under the new system. For one, the National Party sought to ensure the parliamentary representation of the

ACT New Zealand ACT New Zealand (; ), also known as the ACT Party or simply ACT, is a Right-wing politics, right-wing, Classical liberalism, classical liberal, Right-libertarianism, right-libertarian, and Conservatism, conservative List of political parties i ...

, a newly-formed libertarian party which had largely split from the Labour Party after the end of Rogernomics. National endorsed ACT leader and former Labour minister

Richard Prebble Richard William Prebble (born 7 February 1948) is a former member of the New Zealand Parliament. Initially a member of the New Zealand Labour Party, Labour Party, he joined the newly formed ACT New Zealand party under Roger Douglas in 1996, bec ...

against their own for Wellington Central, a consistently safe Labour seat. Under New Zealand's MMP rules, a party qualified for list seats if it won at least one electorate seat, regardless of vote share. Bolger thus wanted to ensure ACT could potentially be part of a National-led coalition. Prebble unexpectedly won, though ACT's vote share would have qualified them for MMP in any event. Other unusual occurrences was the large amount of new Māori MPs – leading to the

backronym A backronym is an acronym formed from an already existing word by expanding its letters into the words of a phrase. Backronyms may be invented with either serious or humorous intent, or they may be a type of false etymology or folk etymology. The ...

"More Māori in Parliament" for MMP. With the introduction of MMP in 1996, the proportion of Māori in Parliament increased from 8% to 14%, to an all-time record of 17 MPs.

Background

Changes mid-term

In the 1993 election, the National Party and the Labour Party had won 50 and 45 seats, respectively. The

Alliance An alliance is a relationship among people, groups, or sovereign state, states that have joined together for mutual benefit or to achieve some common purpose, whether or not an explicit agreement has been worked out among them. Members of an a ...

and the

party had each won two seats. In the approach to MMP, however, there had been considerable rearrangement in parliament, with three new parties being established. As such, the situation just before the 1996 election was markedly different from the situation that had been established at the 1993 election.

Electoral redistribution

The 1996 election was notable for the significant change of electorate boundaries, based on the provisions of the Electoral Act 1993. Because of the introduction of the MMP electoral system, the number of electorates had to be reduced, leading to significant changes. Under MMP, there would be only 65 district members, down by 34 from the number elected in the 1993 election. Many electorates were abolished, with their territories being incorporated into completely new electoral districts. More than half of the electorates contested in 1996 were newly constituted, and most of the remainder had seen significant boundary changes. ''Wanganui'' was renamed as ''Whanganui''. In total, 73 electorates were abolished, 29 electorates were newly created, and 10 electorates were recreated, giving a net loss of 34 electorates. ;South Island Since the 1967 electoral redistribution, the South Island had its number of general electorates fixed at 25. For the 1996 election and onwards, the number of South Island electorates is fixed at 16. The number of electors on the general roll of the

South Island The South Island ( , 'the waters of Pounamu, Greenstone') is the largest of the three major islands of New Zealand by surface area, the others being the smaller but more populous North Island and Stewart Island. It is bordered to the north by ...

divided by 16 gives the target size for

North Island The North Island ( , 'the fish of Māui', historically New Ulster) is one of the two main islands of New Zealand, islands of New Zealand, separated from the larger but less populous South Island by Cook Strait. With an area of , it is the List ...

and

Māori electorates In Politics of New Zealand, New Zealand politics, Māori electorates, colloquially known as the Māori seats (), are a special category of New Zealand electorates, electorate that give Reserved political positions, reserved positions to repre ...

; this is referred to as the South Island quota. The electorates of , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , and were abolished in the South Island. Six existing electorates (, , , , , and ) were kept. Seven electorates (, , , , , , and ) were newly formed. Three electorates (, , and ) were recreated. ;North Island Based on the calculation described above, the target size for North Island electorates resulted in 44 of them being required. The electorates of , , , , , , , , , , Hauraki, , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , and were abolished in the North Island. Twenty existing electorates (, , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , and ) were kept. Seventeen electorates (, , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , and ) were newly formed. Eight electorates (, , , , , , and ) were recreated. ;Māori electorates All four existing Māori electorates (, , , and ) were abolished. The calculation described above resulted in five Māori electorates being required; these were , , , , and . ;List seats The House of Representatives was to have 120 seats, of which 65 were filled through electorate MPs (16 from South Island electorates, 44 from North Island electorates, and 5 from Māori electorates). This left 55 list seats to be filled. An outcome of the election was that no overhang seats were required.

MPs retiring in 1996

Eleven MPs intended to retire at the end of the 44th Parliament.

The election

The date of the 1996 election was 12 October; it was brought forward slightly to avoid the need for a by-election following the resignation of Michael Laws, as a by-election is not needed if there will be a general election within 6 months of a seat being vacated. Of the 2,418,587 people registered to vote, 88.3% turned out to vote. The turnout was a slight improvement on the previous two elections, but still slightly lower than what would have been expected during the 1980s. The number of seats being contested was 120, an increase of 21 from the previous election, but as 55 of the new seats were for list candidates, the number of electorates was reduced considerably and many electorates had their boundaries amended or were abolished. While the number of general electorates decreased from 95 (1993) to 60 (1996), the number of

increased from 4 to 5. In the election 842 candidates stood, and there were 21 registered parties with party lists. Of the candidates, 459 were electorate and list, 152 were electorate only, and 231 were list only. 73% of candidates (616) were male and 27% (226) female.

Summary of results

The 1996 election eventually saw a victory for the governing National Party, which won around a third of the vote. The opposition Labour Party won slightly less. The election, however, was not decided by the comparative strengths of the major parties – rather, the smaller

party, which won 17 seats, including 5 Māori seats won by the '' Tight Five'', and was placed in the position of "kingmaker", able to provide the necessary majority to whichever side it chose. Although predicted by many to ally with Labour, on 10 December 1996 New Zealand First leader

Winston Peters Winston Raymond Peters (born 11 April 1945) is a New Zealand politician. He has led the political party New Zealand First since he founded it in 1993, and since November 2023 has served as the 25th Minister of Foreign Affairs (New Zealand), ...

chose to form a coalition with National, thus preserving Prime Minister

's administration. The 1996 election effectively showcased the difference made by the new electoral system. The

and

, both of which held two seats each in the old parliament, increased their representation to 13 and 17 seats, respectively, as a result of the change. The new

also benefited, taking eight seats. The new United New Zealand party however was virtually wiped out, retaining only a single seat. The Conservative Party also only established only in previous Parliament by defecting Members of Parliament fared even worse, failing to remain in parliament at all.

Strategic voting Strategic or tactical voting is voting in consideration of possible ballots cast by other voters in order to maximize one's satisfaction with the election's results. Gibbard's theorem shows that no voting system has a single "always-best" strat ...

took place for the first time in a New Zealand MMP election in the Wellington seats of Ohariu-Belmont and Wellington Central. However, Labour did manage to retain its status as among the top-two parties, as polls in the 1993–1996 period had shown Labour was in danger of being overtaken by the

. Labour's success was credited largely to its leader

Helen Clark Helen Elizabeth Clark (born 26 February 1950) is a New Zealand politician who served as the 37th prime minister of New Zealand from 1999 to 2008 and was the administrator of the United Nations Development Programme from 2009 to 2017. She was ...

being seen as having convincingly won the election debates and running a strong campaign on health, education and social services, while Bolger was said to have run a lackluster campaign.''The 1996 General Election in New Zealand: Proportional Representation and Political Change'', edited by Jonathan Boston, Stephen Levine, Elizabeth McLeay and Nigel S. Roberts (1997, Australian Institute of Policy and Science, Australia) Also notable in the 1996 election campaign was the Christian Coalition, an alliance of the Christian Democrats and the Christian Heritage Party. Although the party had briefly crossed the 5% threshold in some polls, it gained only 4.33% at the election, and therefore did not qualify for parliamentary representation. With the exception of the Maori Ratana movement, this is the closest that an overtly religious party has come to winning representation in parliament. Voters were prepared with MMP to vote for minor party candidates with their electorate vote, hence in a number of electorates won by National or Labour the other major party candidate came third or even fourth; previously the two top polling candidates were almost always National and Labour.

Detailed results

, colspan=11 align=center, 1996 New Zealand general election - composition chart

, - style="text-align:center;" ! colspan=2 rowspan=2 style="width:213px;" , Party ! Colspan=2 , Party vote ! Colspan=3 , Electorate vote ! Colspan=4 , Seats , - style="text-align:center;" ! Votes ! % ! Votes ! % ! Change
( pp) ! List ! Electorate ! Total ! +/- , - , , 701,315 , 33.84 , 699,073 , 33.91 , 1.14 , 14 , 30 , 44 , 6 , - , , 584,159 , 28.19 , 640,884 , 31.08 , 3.60 , 11 , 26 , 37 , 8 , - , , 276,603 , 13.35 , 278,103 , 13.49 , 5.09 , 11 , 6 , 17 , 15 , - , , 209,347 , 10.10 , 231,944 , 11.25 , 6.96 , 12 , 1 , 13 , 11 , - , , 126,442 , 6.10 , 77,319 , 3.75 , ''new'' , 7 , 1 , 8 , ''new'' , - , , 18,245 , 0.88 , 42,666 , 2.07 , ''new'' , 0 , 1 , 1 , ''new'' , - , , 89,716 , 4.33 , 31,995 , 1.55 , 0.47 , 0 , 0 , 0 , 0 , - , , 34,398 , 1.66 , 3,420 , 0.17 , ''new'' , 0 , 0 , 0 , ''new'' , - , , 5,990 , 0.29 , 12,177 , 0.59 , 0.02 , 0 , 0 , 0 , 0 , - , , 5,288 , 0.26 , 7,437 , 0.36 , ''new'' , 0 , 0 , 0 , ''new'' , - , , 4,070 , 0.20 , 4,763 , 0.23 , 0.06 , 0 , 0 , 0 , 0 , - , , 3,543 , 0.17 , — , — , — , 0 , — , 0 , ''new'' , - , , 3,189 , 0.15 , 5,385 , 0.26 , 0.05 , 0 , 0 , 0 , 0 , - , style="background-color:#F93" , , style="text-align:left;" , Ethnic Minority Party , 2,514 , 0.12 , — , — , — , 0 , — , 0 , ''new'' , - , , 2,363 , 0.11 , 1,140 , 0.06 , ''new'' , 0 , 0 , 0 , ''new'' , - , , 1,431 , 0.07 , 4,377 , 0.21 , ''new'' , 0 , 0 , 0 , ''new'' , - , , 1,244 , 0.06 , 686 , 0.03 , ''new'' , 0 , 0 , 0 , ''new'' , - , , 949 , 0.05 , 637 , 0.03 , ''new'' , 0 , 0 , 0 , ''new'' , - , , 671 , 0.03 , 553 , 0.03 , ''new'' , 0 , 0 , 0 , ''new'' , - , , 478 , 0.02 , 293 , 0.01 , ''new'' , 0 , 0 , 0 , ''new'' , - , , 404 , 0.02 , 818 , 0.04 , ''new'' , 0 , 0 , 0 , ''new'' , - , , — , — , 134 , 0.01 , ''new'' , 0 , 0 , 0 , ''new'' , - , style="background-color:#ffffff" , , style="text-align:left;" , Unregistered Parties , — , — , 1,506 , 0.07 , — , 0 , 0 , 0 , 0 , - , , — , — , 16,436 , 0.80 , — , 0 , 0 , 0 , 0 , - ! colspan=2 style="text-align:left;" , Valid Votes ! 2,072,359 ! 97.06 ! 2,061,746 ! 96.56 ! — ! Colspan=4 , , - , colspan=2 style="text-align:left;" , Informal votes , 8,183 , 0.38 , 18,796 , 0.88 ! — ! Colspan=4 , , - , colspan=2 style="text-align:left;" , Disallowed votes , 54,633 , 2.56 , 54,633 , 2.56 ! — ! Colspan=4 , , - ! colspan=2 style="text-align:left;" , Total ! 2,135,175 ! 100 ! 2,135,175 ! 100 ! ! 55 ! 65 ! 120 ! 21^a , - , colspan=2 style="text-align:left;" , Eligible voters and Turnout , 2,418,587 , 88.28 , 2,418,587 , 88.28 , 5.46 , Colspan=4 , In addition to the registered parties listed above, a number of unregistered parties also contested the election. Being unregistered, they could not submit party lists (and thus receive party votes), but they could still stand candidates in individual electorates. Among the parties to do this were the Indigenous Peoples Party, the New Zealand Progressive Party (unrelated to the 2002–2012 party of the same name) and the Nga Iwi Morehu Movement. Most unregistered parties stood only a single candidate, with only four parties running in multiple electorates. In total, around 1,500 people voted for candidates from unregistered parties. In addition, 26 independents contested electorate seats. A total of 16,436 people voted for independent candidates. No candidate from an unregistered party or an independent candidate won an electorate seat.

Votes summary

Electorate results

No party managed to win a straight majority of the 65 electorates. The National Party, the governing party, was three seats short of a majority, gaining 30 seats. The Labour Party, in opposition, won 26 electorate seats. New Zealand First won six electorate seats, the highest number of any minor party for over 50 years. The Alliance, ACT and United managed to win one electorate seat each. For United, this was a significant loss – established by break-away MPs from National and Labour, the party entered the election with seven seats, but only

Peter Dunne Peter Francis Dunne (born 17 March 1954) is a New Zealand retired politician. Dunne was the Member of Parliament (MP) for the Ōhāriu electorate and its predecessors from 1984 to 2017, first as a member of the Labour Party from 1984 to 1 ...

managed to retain his position, being helped by National's decision not to field a candidate in his electorate of . For the most part, traditional patterns prevailed when it came to the distribution of electorates – National performed best in rural areas, while Labour was strongest in the cities. A very significant departure from traditional patterns, however, was New Zealand First's capture of all five Maori seats, which had traditionally been Labour strongholds. Although Labour was to reclaim these seats in the subsequent election, Labour's monopoly was no longer so secure as it had been. The table below shows the results of the 1996 general election: Key , - , colspan=10 style="background-color:#FFDEAD" , General electorates , - , - , colspan=10 style="background-color:#FFDEAD" ,

, -

List results

;Notes: # These party list members later entered parliament in the term as other list MPs elected resigned from parliament. # These party list members later resigned during the parliamentary term.

Summary of seat changes

*Seats captured: **By National: ''Hamilton East'', ''Hamilton West'' and ''Nelson'' were captured from Labour. ''North Shore'' was captured from United. **By Labour: ''Auckland Central'' was captured from the Alliance. *Seats transferred from departing MPs to new MPs: **The seats of ''Albany'', ''Otago'', ''Rotorua'' and ''Waitakere'', all held by departing National MPs, were won by new National candidates. One departing MP retired, one was re-elected in a different electorate, and two became list MPs. **The seats of ''Christchurch Central'', ''Mangere'' and ''New Lynn'', all held by departing Labour MPs, were won by new Labour candidates. One departing MP retired and two became list MPs.

Notes

References

External links

1996 General Election - Official Results and Statistics
Chief Electoral Office, New Zealand Ministry of Justice. {{New Zealand elections October 1996 in Oceania