A neutron research facility is most commonly a big laboratory operating a large-scale

neutron source A neutron source is any device that emits neutrons, irrespective of the mechanism used to produce the neutrons. Neutron sources are used in physics, engineering, medicine, nuclear weapons, petroleum exploration, biology, chemistry, and nuclear p ...

that provides

thermal neutron The neutron detection temperature, also called the neutron energy, indicates a free neutron's kinetic energy, usually given in electron volts. The term ''temperature'' is used, since hot, thermal and cold neutrons are moderated in a medium with ...

s to a suite of research instruments. The neutron source usually is a

research reactor Research reactors are nuclear fission-based nuclear reactors that serve primarily as a neutron source. They are also called non-power reactors, in contrast to power reactors that are used for electricity production, heat generation, or maritim ...

or a

spallation Spallation is a process in which fragments of material (spall) are ejected from a body due to impact or stress. In the context of impact mechanics it describes ejection of material from a target during impact by a projectile. In planetary p ...

source. In some cases, a smaller facility will provide high energy neutrons (e.g. 2.5 MeV or 14 MeV fusion neutrons) using existing

neutron generator Neutron generators are neutron source devices which contain compact linear particle accelerators and that produce neutrons by fusing isotopes of hydrogen together. The fusion reactions take place in these devices by accelerating either deuteri ...

technologies.

List of neutron facilities

The following list is intended to be exhaustive and to cover active facilities as well as those that are shut down. ;Australia *

ANSTO The Australian Nuclear Science and Technology Organisation (ANSTO) is a statutory body of the Australian government, formed in 1987 to replace the Australian Atomic Energy Commission. Its head office and main facilities are in southern outs ...

HIFAR The High Flux Australian Reactor (HIFAR) was Australia's first nuclear reactor. It was built at the Australian Atomic Energy Commission (later ANSTO) Research Establishment at , Sydney. The reactor was in operation between 1958 and 2007, when i ...

Reactor,

Sydney Sydney ( ) is the capital city of the state of New South Wales, and the most populous city in both Australia and Oceania. Located on Australia's east coast, the metropolis surrounds Sydney Harbour and extends about towards the Blue Mountain ...

Open-pool Australian lightwater reactor The Open-pool Australian lightwater reactor (OPAL) is a 20 megawatt (MW) swimming pool nuclear research reactor. Officially opened in April 2007, it replaced the High Flux Australian Reactor as Australia's only nuclear reactor, and is locat ...

(OPAL) ;Bangladesh * Atomic Energy Research Establishment (AERE), Bangladesh Atomic Energy Commission(BAEC) ;Canada * NRC Canadian Neutron Beam Centre at Chalk River Laboratories * RE-Labs Inc. – Single Event Effects Testing Services ;China *

China Spallation Neutron Source The China Spallation Neutron Source is an accelerator-based neutron source, operated by the Institute of High Energy Physics, under construction at Dongguan in Guangdong province - the first major scientific facility in south China. The project wa ...

– Dongguan, Guangdong. * CNPG – Light ion (D,T), China Institute of Atomic Energy * HI-13 – Light ion (D,T), China Institute of Atomic Energy ;Czech Republic * Neutron Physics Laboratory (within CANAM infrastructure) ;Denmark * Risø (reactors 1958–2000) ;Egypt *

ETRR-1 ETRR-1 or ET-RR-1 (''Experimental Training Research Reactor Number one'', and sometimes called ''Egypt Test and Research Reactor Number one''), is the first nuclear reactor in Egypt supplied by the USSR in 1958. The reactor is owned and operated b ...

–

Nuclear Research Center Nuclear may refer to: Physics Relating to the nucleus of the atom: *Nuclear engineering *Nuclear physics *Nuclear power *Nuclear reactor *Nuclear weapon A nuclear weapon is an explosive device that derives its destructive force from nucl ...

Inshas Inshas ( ar, أنشاص الرمل) is a village located in Bilbeis, Sharqia Governorate, 60 kilometers east of Cairo, Egypt. It holds the first experimental nuclear reactor to be operated in Egypt ETRR-1 as well as the second experimental reactor ...

(1961–) *

ETRR-2 ETRR-2 or ET-RR-2 (''Experimental Training Research Reactor Number two''), (''Egypt Test and Research Reactor Number two'') or (''Multi-Purpose Reactor'') is the second nuclear reactor in Egypt supplied by the Argentine company Investigacion Apl ...

–

(1997–) ;France * ILL –

Institut Laue–Langevin The Institut Laue–Langevin (ILL) is an internationally financed scientific facility, situated on the Polygone Scientifique in Grenoble, France. It is one of the world centres for research using neutrons. Founded in 1967 and honouring the phy ...

(1972–) * LLB – Laboratoire Léon Brillouin at

CEA Saclay The CEA Paris-Saclay (formerly CEA Saclay) center is one of nine centers belonging to the French Alternative Energies and Atomic Energy Commission (CEA). The Saclay site hosts the administrative headquarters of the CEA. Historically, it was the hea ...

* NFS – GANIL ;Germany *

FRM I FRM may refer to: * Financial Risk Manager * Fixed-rate mortgage * Category of frames * Fairmont Municipal Airport (Minnesota), in the United States * Fareham railway station, in England * Fathers' rights movement * Frankfurt Rhine-Main, Germany * ...

– Technical University,

Garching Garching bei München (''Garching near Munich'') or Garching is a town in Bavaria, Germany, near Munich. It is the home of several research institutes and university departments on its campus. It became a city on 14 September 1990. Location The ...

(1957–2000) *

FRM II The Research Neutron Source Heinz Maier-Leibnitz (Forschungsreaktor München II or FRM II) (german: Forschungs-Neutronenquelle Heinz Maier-Leibnitz) is a leading German research reactor and neutron source, named in honor of the physicist Heinz Ma ...

– Technical University,

(2004–) * FRMZ –Johannes Gutenberg-Universität,

Mainz Mainz () is the capital and largest city of Rhineland-Palatinate, Germany. Mainz is on the left bank of the Rhine, opposite to the place that the Main (river), Main joins the Rhine. Downstream of the confluence, the Rhine flows to the north-we ...

(1967–) * FRJ-2 at

Forschungszentrum Jülich Forschungszentrum Jülich (FZJ here for short) is a national research institution that pursues interdisciplinary research in the fields of energy, information, and bioeconomy. It operates research infrastructures with a focus on supercomputers. C ...

(1962–2006) * Jülich Centre for Neutron Science (2005–), a virtual facility that operates instruments at other facilities (FRM II, ILL, SNS) * FRG-1 – GKSS, Geesthacht near

Hamburg (male), (female) en, Hamburger(s), Hamburgian(s) , timezone1 = Central (CET) , utc_offset1 = +1 , timezone1_DST = Central (CEST) , utc_offset1_DST = +2 , postal ...

(1958–2010) *

Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und Energie (Helmholtz Centre for Materials and Energy, HZB) is part of the Helmholtz Association of German Research Centres. The institute studies the structure and dynamics of materials and investigate ...

, formerly HMI –

Hahn-Meitner-Institut Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und Energie (Helmholtz Centre for Materials and Energy, HZB) is part of the Helmholtz Association of German Research Centres. The institute studies the structure and dynamics of materials and investigate ...

;Hungary * KFKI Research Institutes,

Budapest Budapest (, ; ) is the capital and most populous city of Hungary. It is the ninth-largest city in the European Union by population within city limits and the second-largest city on the Danube river; the city has an estimated population ...

;India * Dhruva, CIRUS and Apsara:

Bhabha Atomic Research Centre The Bhabha Atomic Research Centre (BARC) is India's premier nuclear research facility, headquartered in Trombay, Mumbai, Maharashtra, India. It was founded by Homi Jehangir Bhabha as the Atomic Energy Establishment, Trombay (AEET) in January 195 ...

Mumbai Mumbai (, ; also known as Bombay — the official name until 1995) is the capital city of the Indian state of Maharashtra and the ''de facto'' financial centre of India. According to the United Nations, as of 2018, Mumbai is the second- ...

KAMINI Kamini may refer to: * KAMINI, a research reactor at Indira Gandhi Center for Atomic Research in Kalpakkam, India * ''Kamini'' (film), a 1974 Indian Malayalam film Places * Kamini, Mummidivaram Mandal, a village in Andhra Pradesh, India * Kamini ...

;Indonesia * Neutron Scattering Laboratory – (BATAN) ;Japan * JAERI –

Japan Atomic Energy Research Institute The Japan Atomic Energy Research Institute ( ja, 日本原子力研究所) (JAERI) is a former semi-governmental organization that existed for the purpose of further nuclear power in Japan. It was created in June 1956 by the Atomic Energy Basic La ...

* KENS – High Energy Accelerator Organisation, KEK * KURRI – Research Reactor Institute (Kyoto) * JSNS – (part of the Japan proton accelerator research complex (

J-PARC J-PARC (Japan Proton Accelerator Research Complex) is a high intensity proton accelerator facility. It is a joint project between KEK and JAEA and is located at the Tokai campus of JAEA. J-PARC aims for the frontier in materials and life scienc ...

) ;Netherlands * IRI – Interfaculty Reactor Institute,

Delft University of Technology Delft University of Technology ( nl, Technische Universiteit Delft), also known as TU Delft, is the oldest and largest Dutch public technical university, located in Delft, Netherlands. As of 2022 it is ranked by QS World University Rankings among ...

;Norway * IFE – Jeep 2 reactor at Kjeller

Institute for Energy Technology Institute for Energy Technology (IFE) was established in 1948 as the Institute for Nuclear Energy (IFA). The name was changed in 1980. Its main office is at Kjeller, Norway, and slightly under half of the institute’s activities are based in Ha ...

;Poland *

Maria reactor The Maria reactor is Poland's second nuclear research reactor and is the only one still in use. It is located at Narodowe Centrum Badań Jądrowych (NCBJ) (National Center for Nuclear Research) at Świerk-Otwock, near Warsaw and named in honor of ...

– POLATOM Institute of Nuclear Energy, Świerk-

Otwock Otwock is a city in east-central Poland, some southeast of Warsaw, with 44,635 inhabitants (2019). Otwock is a part of the Warsaw Agglomeration. It is situated on the right bank of Vistula River below the mouth of Swider River. Otwock is hom ...

Ewa reactor The Ewa Reactor was Poland's first research nuclear reactor. Its name was derived from the first letters of the Polish words: ''Eksperymentalny'' (Experimental), ''Wodny'' (Water), and ''Atomowy'' (Atomic) as a reference to Ève Curie. History Th ...

– POLATOM Institute of Nuclear Energy, Świerk-

(1958–1995) ;Russia * IBR Fast Pulsed Reactors (Dubna) * JINR –

Joint Institute for Nuclear Research The Joint Institute for Nuclear Research (JINR, russian: Объединённый институт ядерных исследований, ОИЯИ), in Dubna, Moscow Oblast (110 km north of Moscow), Russia, is an international research cen ...

Dubna Dubna ( rus, Дубна́, p=dʊbˈna) is a town in Moscow Oblast, Russia. It has a status of ''naukograd'' (i.e. town of science), being home to the Joint Institute for Nuclear Research, an international nuclear physics research center and one o ...

* Gatchina ;South Africa * NECSA

SAFARI-1 SAFARI-1 is a 20 MW light water-cooled, beryllium reflected, pool-type research reactor, initially used for high level nuclear physics research programmes and was commissioned in 1965. The reactor is owned and operated by South African Nuclear En ...

;South Korea * High-Flux Advanced Neutron Application Reactor ( HANARO) – Korea Atomic Energy Research Institute (

KAERI The Korea Atomic Energy Research Institute (KAERI) in Daejeon, South Korea was established in 1959 as the sole professional research-oriented institute for nuclear power in South Korea, and has rapidly built a reputation for research and developme ...

) ;Sweden * NFL – Studsvik Neutron Research Laboratory,

Studsvik Studsvik is a supplier of nuclear analysis software and specialised services to the international nuclear industry. The company is headquartered in Nyköping, Sweden, and has five divisions: Sweden, United Kingdom, Germany, the United States, and G ...

* ESS –

European Spallation Source The European Spallation Source ERIC (ESS) is a multi-disciplinary research facility based on the world's most powerful pulsed neutron source. It is currently under construction in Lund, Sweden. The ESS Data Management and Software Centre (DMSC) ...

(project) ;Switzerland * SINQ@PSI –

Paul Scherrer Institute The Paul Scherrer Institute (PSI) is a multi-disciplinary research institute for natural and engineering sciences in Switzerland. It is located in the Canton of Aargau in the municipalities Villigen and Würenlingen on either side of the River A ...

* UCN@PSI – Paul Scherrer Institute – Ultra Cold Neutron Source * n_TOF –

CERN The European Organization for Nuclear Research, known as CERN (; ; ), is an intergovernmental organization that operates the largest particle physics laboratory in the world. Established in 1954, it is based in a northwestern suburb of Gene ...

;Ukraine * ;United Kingdom *

DIDO Dido ( ; , ), also known as Elissa ( , ), was the legendary founder and first queen of the Phoenician city-state of Carthage (located in modern Tunisia), in 814 BC. In most accounts, she was the queen of the Phoenician city-state of Tyre (t ...

* ISIS Neutron and Muon Source,

Rutherford Appleton Laboratory The Rutherford Appleton Laboratory (RAL) is one of the national scientific research laboratories in the UK operated by the Science and Technology Facilities Council (STFC). It began as the Rutherford High Energy Laboratory, merged with the Atlas ...

Oxfordshire Oxfordshire is a ceremonial and non-metropolitan county in the north west of South East England. It is a mainly rural county, with its largest settlement being the city of Oxford. The county is a centre of research and development, primarily ...

;United States * HFBR – High Flux Beam Reactor, Brookhaven (1965–1996) * IPNS –

Intense Pulsed Neutron Source Intense Pulsed Neutron Source (IPNS) was a scientific user facility at Argonne National Laboratory for neutron scattering research. The IPNS was the world's first pulsed neutron source open to external users and started operations in 1981. The fac ...

Argonne National Laboratory Argonne National Laboratory is a science and engineering research United States Department of Energy National Labs, national laboratory operated by University of Chicago, UChicago Argonne LLC for the United States Department of Energy. The facil ...

(1981–2008) * LANSCE –

Los Alamos Neutron Science Center The Los Alamos Neutron Science Center (LANSCE), formerly known as the Los Alamos Meson Physics Facility (LAMPF), is one of the world's most powerful linear accelerators. It is located in Los Alamos National Laboratory in New Mexico in Technical Ar ...

(Los Alamos) * LENS – Low Energy Neutron Source, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN. * NIST – Center for Neutron Research, Gaithersburg near Washington D.C. * NSL – Neutron Science Laboratory,

University of Michigan College of Engineering The University of Michigan College of Engineering, branded as Michigan Engineering, is the engineering wing of the University of Michigan, a public research university in Ann Arbor, Michigan. With an enrollment of 7,133 undergraduate and 3,537 g ...

. * HFIR –

High Flux Isotope Reactor The High Flux Isotope Reactor (HFIR) is a nuclear research reactor at Oak Ridge National Laboratory (ORNL) in Oak Ridge, Tennessee, United States. Operating at 85 MW, HFIR is one of the highest flux reactor-based sources of neutrons for condense ...

Oak Ridge National Laboratory Oak Ridge National Laboratory (ORNL) is a U.S. multiprogram science and technology national laboratory sponsored by the U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) and administered, managed, and operated by UT–Battelle as a federally funded research and ...

* SNS –

Spallation Neutron Source The Spallation Neutron Source (SNS) is an accelerator-based neutron source facility in the U.S. that provides the most intense pulsed neutron beams in the world for scientific research and industrial development.In 2007, SNS was entered into thG ...

* MURR �
University of Missouri Research Reactor
Columbia, MO. * MNRC �
MacClellan Nuclear Research Center
Sacramento, CA.

References

{{reflist

External links

NMI3 – a European consortium of 18 partner organisations from 12 countries, including all major facilities in the fields of neutron scattering and muon spectroscopy
* Nuclear physics