Neuenwalde Convent

The Neuenwalde Convent ( N. Low Saxon: ''Klooster Niewohl'', german: link=no, Kloster Neuenwalde; la, Conventus Sanct CrucisRobert Wöbber
„Geschichtliches über die Ortschaft Neuenwalde“
, on
''Internetpräsenz der Ortschaft Neuenwalde''
retrieved on 2 December 2014.) is a Lutheran damsels' convent in Neuenwalde, a locality of Geestland, Lower Saxony, Germany.

Since 1683 the convent is owned by the corporation of the ''Bremian Knighthood'' and used for Lutheran conventuals and continues to function as such today.June Mecham
"Neuenwalde"
(section: Miscellaneous Information), on
''Monastic Matrix: A scholarly resource for the study of women's religious communities from 400 to 1600 CE''
retrieved on 15 January 2015. It is the only convent preserved in the Elbe-Weser triangle out of a former sample of 14 monasteries.„Kloster Neuenwalde“
on
''Kloster Neuenwalde: Aktuelles''
retrieved on 2 December 2014. The convent was established as a Roman Catholic nunnery in 1219, and was recorded in 1282 for pursuing the Benedictine observance. The convent relocated twice in 1282 and 1334.

Tasks and work

According to the ''Klosterordnung'' (monastic statute) of 1684, at times altered and amended, at last in 2004, the convent is owned by the . The Bremian Knighthood, established by 1300,„Ritterschaft des Herzogtums Bremen“
on
''Kloster Neuenwalde: Aktuelles''
retrieved on 2 December 2014. was formerly the estate of the noble families within the Bremian prince-archbishopric and later the Duchy of Bremen. Its 20 members today are the proprietors of the landed estates registered in 1577 as knightly allods.Christa Kraemer, „Die Ritterschaft übernahm das Kloster: Vor 325 Jahren gaben die Schweden den Neuenwalder Besitz ab“, in: ''Niederdeutsches Heimatblatt'' (No. 728, August 2010), pp. 1seq., here p. 2.

The Knighthood committed itself, within the limits of its financial resources, to provide for the funds necessary to fulfill the tasks of the convent. The convent is directed by the president of the Knighthood. The president is the legal representative of the convent, unless he entrusts competences to the prioress.

The convent preserves venerable, historical traditions, therefore it serves exclusively and immediately charitable, ecclesiastical and cultural purposes, such as
:(a) combining celibate Protestant women within the convent to form a community on a Christian basis, in order to let them serve cultural, ecclesiastical and charitable purposes for the general good
:(b) stewarding and maintaining the listed protected convent buildings, the convent church as well as the cloister garden, to keep the compound accessible for the general public, in as far as this is compatible with the other tasks of the convent
:(c) acting as a spiritual and cultural centre for the region.

Women applying for the conventual community should be physically and mentally healthy and able to make their living and to keep their household independently, as well as capable of contributing to the convent life.§ 2 (2) Klosterordnung, cf
„Klosterordnung“
on
''Kloster Neuenwalde: Aktuelles''
retrieved on 19 December 2014. Each conventual, as the inhabitants are termed, has an apartment of her own.Ida-Christine Riggert-Mindermann, „Neuenwalde – Das Damenstift der Bremischen Ritterschaft“, in: ''Evangelisches Klosterleben: Studien zur Geschichte der evangelischen Klöster und Stifte in Niedersachsen'', Hans Otte (ed.), Göttingen: V & R Unipress, 2013, (=Studien zur Kirchengeschichte Niedersachsens; vol. 46), pp. 273–279, here p. 279. . Applicants should not be older than 70 years.

Before being permanently admitted as a conventual applicant and president will stipulate a three-months novitiate. Since 2004 admittance is not restricted to women of noble descent any more. Unlike stipulated in the earlier version of the statute, today nobody is entitled to be admitted into the convent. Thus the former privilege of the 20 families, forming the membership of the Knighthood, to nominate female relatives for vacancies in the convent does not apply any more. Since May 2005 there are again several conventuals forming the community. In 2014 they were four.

The president of the Knighthood appoints a prioress for a five-year term, which may be extended several times until the prioress reaches the age of 75. Currently Veronika von der Decken functions as the prioress.

In order to broaden its cultural and spiritual activities the convent started in 2012 a coöperation with the ''Evangelisches Bildungszentrum Bad Bederkesa'' (Protestant Centre for Education at Bad Bederkesa). According to its president, , the Knighthood modernised and adjusted convent premises for about €1 million.„Bildungszentrum statt Damenstift — Historischer Umbruch im Kloster Neuenwalde“
Evangelischer Pressedienst — Landesdienst Niedersachsen-Bremen (ed.), on
''Evangelisch-lutherische Landeskirche Hannovers''
retrieved on 2 December 2014. Seminar rooms and 13 little apartments were installed, also offering guests a retreat. In the ''Zehntscheune'' (i.e. tithe barn) a modern canteen kitchen and a refectory were added.

History

In Midlum from 1219 to 1282

The oldest known deed on the convent records for 1219 that six members of the family of the Lords of Diepholz,Elke Freifrau von Boeselager, „Das Land Hadeln bis zum Beginn der frühen Neuzeit“, in: ''Geschichte des Landes zwischen Elbe und Weser'': 3 vols., Hans-Eckhard Dannenberg and Heinz-Joachim Schulze (eds.), Stade: Landschaftsverband der ehem. Herzogtümer Bremen und Verden, 1995 and 2008, vol. I 'Vor- und Frühgeschichte' (1995), vol. II 'Mittelalter (einschl. Kunstgeschichte)' (1995), vol. III 'Neuzeit (2008)', (=Schriftenreihe des Landschaftsverbandes der ehem. Herzogtümer Bremen und Verden; vols. 7–9), ISBN (vol. I) , (vol. II) , (vol. III) , vol. II: pp. 321–388, here p. 373. owning estates in and near Midlum, founded the nunnery and endowed them to it.Nicola Borger-Keweloh, „Das Kloster Neuenwalde – wie es zur Gründung kam“, in: ''Niederdeutsches Heimatblatt'' (No. 718, October 2009), p. 2. The Diepholz Lords then owned the Hollburg Castle between and Midlum on the brink of the Wesermünde Geest ridge,Otto Edert, ''Neuenwalde: Reformen im ländlichen Raum'', Norderstedt: Books on Demand, 2010, p. 27. . allowing a good view over the lower Land of Wursten, then a corporation of free Frisian peasants under only loose overlordship of the Prince-Archbishopric of Bremen. Rather than establishing the nunnery as their proprietary monastery the Diepholz family made it over to the cathedral chapter of the Bremen archdiocese. However, the Diepholz family adopted the advocacy (Vogtei) over the nunnery, later passed on to the Knights of Bederkesa who were related by marriage.Otto Edert, ''Neuenwalde: Reformen im ländlichen Raum'', Norderstedt: Books on Demand, 2010, p. 29. .

The foundation of the nunnery by six sons of William I, Lord of Diepholz and the disgraced Gottschalk I, Lord of Diepholz, one of the first rulers of the Diepholz Lordship, aiming for their readmittance as a princely ruling family, is therefore also seen as an act of atonement with Emperor Frederick I Barbarossa, against whom his cousin Henry the Lion had rebelled. Gottschalk I, recorded since 1177, and a loyal vassal of the defeated Henry, is said to have had joined him into his exile with the English king in 1182.

In 1227 Prince-Archbishop confirmed and thus recognised the foundation of the convent.Adolf Hofmeister, „Der Kampf um das Erbe der Stader Grafen zwischen den Welfen und der Bremer Kirche (1144–1236)“, in: ''Geschichte des Landes zwischen Elbe und Weser'': 3 vols., Hans-Eckhard Dannenberg and Heinz-Joachim Schulze (eds.) on behalf of the Landschaftsverband der ehem. Herzogtümer Bremen und Verden, Stade: Landschaftsverband der ehem. Herzogtümer Bremen und Verden, 1995 and 2008, vol. I 'Vor- und Frühgeschichte' (1995; ), vol. II 'Mittelalter (einschl. Kunstgeschichte)' (1995; ), vol. III 'Neuzeit' (2008; ), (=Schriftenreihe des Landschaftsverbandes der ehem. Herzogtümer Bremen und Verden; vols. 7–9), vol II, pp. 105–157, here p. 41. The nuns had the privilege to freely elect their provost, their legal warden. The Midlum St. Pancras Church, which existed before, was integrated into the convent. No remains of cloister or conventual outbuildings remain, and there are only few documentary references to them.June Mecham
"Neuenwalde"
(section: State Of Medieval Structure), on
''Monastic Matrix: A scholarly resource for the study of women's religious communities from 400 to 1600 CE''
retrieved on 15 January 2015.

In 1232 Emperor Frederick II issued a writ of protection in favour of the convent and thus confirmed and acknowledged the foundation, denoting it a Cistercian nunnery. This was maybe because Gebhard of Lippe preferred the Cistercians. holds that the nuns were Premonstratensians.Hermann Hoogeweg, ''Verzeichnis der Stifter und Klöster Niedersachsens vor der Reformation: umfassend die Provinz Hannover, die Herzogtümer Braunschweig und Oldenburg, die Fürstentümer Lippe-Detmold und Schaumburg-Lippe, die Freien Städte Bremen und Hamburg und Hessisch-Schaumburg'' anover and Leipzig: Hahn, 1908 Reprint: Hanover: Hahn, 1986, p. 96. . The convent's actual original affiliation to a monastic order is not documented. No hint is recorded that the convent strove to be incorporated into the Cistercian Order.

It is also possible that the convent followed Cistercian customs without formal incorporation.June Mecham
"Neuenwalde"
(section: Foundation Information), on
''Monastic Matrix: A scholarly resource for the study of women's religious communities from 400 to 1600 CE''
retrieved on 15 January 2015. The convent started the typical Cistercian practice to build up a large autark integrated production (Eigenwirtschaft).Bernd Ulrich Hucker, „Die landgemeindliche Entwicklung in Landwürden, Kirchspiel Lehe und Kirchspiel Midlum im Mittelalter“ (first presented in 1972 as a lecture at a conference of the historical work study association of the northern Lower Saxon Landschaftsverbände held at Oldenburg in Oldenburg), in: ''Oldenburger Jahrbuch'', vol. 72 (1972), pp. 1—22, here p. 20. Unlike unsettled and undeveloped areas where Cistercians usually founded new monasteries the farmlands donated to the convent were held by feudal tenants and sparsed in and around Midlum. The convent (cf. Lowland Clearances) transforming them into dependent agrarian workers or cotters (smallholders who need additional work) and (most of) their fields into the convent's demesne. This transformation posed an immediate hardship for feudal tenants on the geest in and around Midlum.

On outlying estates the convent founded its Vorwerk of which today forms a locality of Midlum. All over the parish of Midlum, e.g. in Sorthum, Northum, Wenckebüttel and Esigstedt, the convent acquired the overlordship to farmlands from those lords who held it before, in order to round off its demesne. The convent cleared the latter two villages from peasants which were thus abandoned.

Along the low side of the Wesermünde Geest ridge towards the marshy Land of Wursten there is a narrow swampy strip of wasteland called the Wursten ''Sietland''.Bernd Ulrich Hucker, „Die landgemeindliche Entwicklung in Landwürden, Kirchspiel Lehe und Kirchspiel Midlum im Mittelalter“ (first presented in 1972 as a lecture at a conference of the historical work study association of the northern Lower Saxon Landschaftsverbände held at Oldenburg in Oldenburg), in: ''Oldenburger Jahrbuch'', vol. 72 (1972), pp. 1—22, here p. 19. While the Wursten Frisians claimed the Sietland as their commons, the convent started to include it into its demesnes. In the valley cuts of the geest between Holßel and Nordholz the convent impounded little becks in order to lay out stewponds for the fish as fasting dishes at lent.

The convent's demesne expansion meant the exclusive usage of geest forests, mires and heaths, previously also commonly used by the free Frisian peasants from the mostly treeless Land of Wursten in order to gain turf, firewood, timber and the fertilising plaggen. Thus the demesne expansion posed a massive threat for the material survival of the Wursten Frisians as free peasants. Without fuel, timber or fertiliser they could not help it but would sooner or later have to commendate themselves to feudal lords from the geest. The free Wursten Frisians disliked the noble establishment of a convent in their vicinity and treated the nuns with resentment.

In the same time knightly families from the geest aimed at subjecting the Wursten Frisians to their feudal overlordship in order to gain more from unpaid feudal labour and by compelling feudal dues and duties.Bernd Ulrich Hucker, „Die landgemeindliche Entwicklung in Landwürden, Kirchspiel Lehe und Kirchspiel Midlum im Mittelalter“ (first presented in 1972 as a lecture at a conference of the historical work study association of the northern Lower Saxon Landschaftsverbände held at Oldenburg in Oldenburg), in: ''Oldenburger Jahrbuch'', vol. 72 (1972), pp. 1—22, here p. 14. The convent's desmesne but also manorial expansion just added up to these tensions. In the Wursten War (1256–1258) the Wursten Frisians repelled a knightly invasion to subject them to manorial (seigniorial) jurisdiction. The array of knights, among them members of the Diepholz and the , then still landed in Rhade, was led by the Knight of Bederkesa. The defeated knights had to withdraw deep into the Bederkesa Bailiwick and exposed the boundary adjacent to the Land of Wursten, among others the Midlum parish.

After the victory the Land of Wursten occupied the Midlum parish. The unsettled geest strips within Midlum's municipal boundary are called Wursten Heath (Wurster Heide) since. However, the convent and the nuns were treated with great care not to deliver Prince-Archbishop Gebhard any pretext. The Wursten Frisians remembered the ordeal of the free Stedingen peasants in 1234, who refused to accept feudal overlordship too, but whom Gebhard had excommunicated and against whom he induced and fought a papally confirmed crusade, all after few Stedingers had slain an itinerant monk.

Under the rule of the consuls of the Land of Wursten the demesne expansion of the convent was successfully hindered.Bernd Ulrich Hucker, „Die landgemeindliche Entwicklung in Landwürden, Kirchspiel Lehe und Kirchspiel Midlum im Mittelalter“ (first presented in 1972 as a lecture at a conference of the historical work study association of the northern Lower Saxon Landschaftsverbände held at Oldenburg in Oldenburg), in: ''Oldenburger Jahrbuch'', vol. 72 (1972), pp. 1—22, here p. 21. Soon the Midlum parish and its peasant population became integral parts of the Land of Wursten. The convent declined and blamed this to its location among the "perverse and bad people he Wursten Frisians striving for criminal and unallowed aims", as recorded in a convent deed. For them and Bremen's Prince-Archbishop (ruling from 1273 to 1306) hindering the convent's demesne and manorial expansion could be nothing else but an unallowed aim. This finally led to the relocation of the convent out of Wursten Frisian control.

In Altenwalde from 1282 to 1334

So 1282 the convent was moved to Wolde, present Altenwalde, since 1972 a part of Cuxhaven.Ida-Christine Riggert-Mindermann, „Neuenwalde – Das Damenstift der Bremischen Ritterschaft“, in: ''Evangelisches Klosterleben: Studien zur Geschichte der evangelischen Klöster und Stifte in Niedersachsen'', Hans Otte (ed.), Göttingen: V & R Unipress, 2013, (=Studien zur Kirchengeschichte Niedersachsens; vol. 46), pp. 273–279, here p. 273. . Already in 1187 Prince-Archbishop Hartwig of Uthlede had acquired a site in Wolde with all pertinences for Mk. 160. The charter of transfer of January 1282 states that the nuns suffered from poverty and lived without a secure and regulated supervision in the midst of unruly peasants.Heinz-Joachim Schulze, „Neuenwalde“ (article), in: ''Germania Benedictina'': 12 vols. so far, Bayerische Benediktiner-Akademie München / Abt-Herwegen-Institut Maria Laach (ed.), St. Ottilien: EOS Verlag, 1970seqq., vol. XI: 'Norddeutschland: Die Frauenklöster in Niedersachsen, Schleswig-Holstein und Hamburg' (1984), Ulrich Faust (compil.), pp. 429–446, here p. 431. . In August that year Prince-Archbishop Gilbert placed the nuns in their new community, and on September 20 he consecrated convent church and cloister in Wolde, present Altenwalde. Already before the nuns' move there was the ''Holy Cross and St. Willehadus Chapel on the Mount'' (i.e. hill) in Wolde, owning a relic, a fragment of the Holy Cross of Jesus of Nazareth. The chapel had been placed under the convent's control.June Mecham
"Neuenwalde"
(section: Relics), on
''Monastic Matrix: A scholarly resource for the study of women's religious communities from 400 to 1600 CE''
retrieved on 15 January 2015. The relic attracted pilgrims to Wolde, whose expenses added up to the nunnery's revenues.

The corpse of Gottschalk I, Lord of Diepholz was translated from Midlum to Wolde too. After all, one purpose of the convent was that the nuns would pray for the salvation of the lords' soul. On the occasion of the move more noble families, such as the on Sahlenburg and , the Knights of Bederkesa, or the Dukes of Saxe-Lauenburg (as of 1307), added enfeoffments to the convent. By 1320 the Knights of Bederkesa started to sell of their stray landholdings to the convent.Elke Freifrau von Boeselager, „Das Land Hadeln bis zum Beginn der frühen Neuzeit“, in: ''Geschichte des Landes zwischen Elbe und Weser'': 3 vols., Hans-Eckhard Dannenberg and Heinz-Joachim Schulze (eds.), Stade: Landschaftsverband der ehem. Herzogtümer Bremen und Verden, 1995 and 2008, vol. I 'Vor- und Frühgeschichte' (1995), vol. II 'Mittelalter (einschl. Kunstgeschichte)' (1995), vol. III 'Neuzeit (2008)', (=Schriftenreihe des Landschaftsverbandes der ehem. Herzogtümer Bremen und Verden; vols. 7–9), ISBN (vol. I) , (vol. II) , (vol. III) , vol. II: pp. 321–388, here p. 345.Bernd Ulrich Hucker, „Die landgemeindliche Entwicklung in Landwürden, Kirchspiel Lehe und Kirchspiel Midlum im Mittelalter“ (first presented in 1972 as a lecture at a conference of the historical work study association of the northern Lower Saxon Landschaftsverbände held at Oldenburg in Oldenburg), in: ''Oldenburger Jahrbuch'', vol. 72 (1972), pp. 1—22, here p. 15.

In the new location the convent became a Benedictine nunnery. It was now subject to Prince-Archbishop Gilbert who also appointed the convent's provost, its legal warden and representative in the diets of the estates of the prince-archbishopric.Elke Freifrau von Boeselager, „Das Land Hadeln bis zum Beginn der frühen Neuzeit“, in: ''Geschichte des Landes zwischen Elbe und Weser'': 3 vols., Hans-Eckhard Dannenberg and Heinz-Joachim Schulze (eds.), Stade: Landschaftsverband der ehem. Herzogtümer Bremen und Verden, 1995 and 2008, vol. I 'Vor- und Frühgeschichte' (1995), vol. II 'Mittelalter (einschl. Kunstgeschichte)' (1995), vol. III 'Neuzeit (2008)', (=Schriftenreihe des Landschaftsverbandes der ehem. Herzogtümer Bremen und Verden; vols. 7–9), ISBN (vol. I) , (vol. II) , (vol. III) , vol. II: pp. 321–388, here p. 374. Gilbert considered the convent his outpost to wield influence in the free peasant areas of the Lands of Hadeln and of Wursten as well as among separatist noble vassals such as the Lappes. Gilbert provided for the convent richly after its transfer to Wolde. On 17 April 1289 Gilbert assigned the tithe of Northum to the convent. The convent further acquired the villages and Da(h)lem.

In the course of the thirteenth century all farms of Holßel were subjected to the convent, as was the ius patronatus to Holßel's Church of St. James the Greater.''Soli Deo Gloria – 1111 Holßel 2011: Festschrift zur 900-Jahr-Feier in Holßel'', Evangelisch-reformierte Kirchengemeinde Holßel (ed.), Holßel: no publ., 2011, p. 54. The farmers in Arensch, Berensch, , and , together termed as the heath villages (Heidedörfer), held the land they tilled in feudal tenancy (), subject to soccage and serjeanty for the convent.Dirk Hempel, „Exkurs: Das hamburgische Amt Ritzebüttel im 18. Jahrhundert“, in: ''Geschichte des Landes zwischen Elbe und Weser'': 3 vols., Hans-Eckhard Dannenberg and Heinz-Joachim Schulze (eds.) on behalf of the Landschaftsverband der ehemaligen Herzogtümer Bremen und Verden, Stade: Landschaftsverband der ehemaligen Herzogtümer Bremen und Verden, 1995 and 2008, vol. I 'Vor- und Frühgeschichte' (1995; ), vol. II 'Mittelalter (einschl. Kunstgeschichte)' (1995; ), vol. III 'Neuzeit' (2008; ), (=Schriftenreihe des Landschaftsverbandes der ehemaligen Herzogtümer Bremen und Verden; vols. 7–9), vol. III: pp. 1–158, here p. 364. The convent subsequently cleared Holte from its feudally dependent peasants.Bernd Ulrich Hucker, „Die landgemeindliche Entwicklung in Landwürden, Kirchspiel Lehe und Kirchspiel Midlum im Mittelalter“ (first presented in 1972 as a lecture at a conference of the historical work study association of the northern Lower Saxon Landschaftsverbände held at Oldenburg in Oldenburg), in: ''Oldenburger Jahrbuch'', vol. 72 (1972), pp. 1—22, here footnote 83 on p. 20.

Even after the move the convent asserted most of its feudal possessions and privileges in the Midlum parish.Bernd Ulrich Hucker, „Die landgemeindliche Entwicklung in Landwürden, Kirchspiel Lehe und Kirchspiel Midlum im Mittelalter“ (first presented in 1972 as a lecture at a conference of the historical work study association of the northern Lower Saxon Landschaftsverbände held at Oldenburg in Oldenburg), in: ''Oldenburger Jahrbuch'', vol. 72 (1972), pp. 1—22, here p. 22. In 1331 the commoner Gerhard de Merne (= Marren, Süder- and Nordermarren near Midlum) usurped the tithe from Esigstedt, protested by the convent, the enfranchised beneficiary, and left it again to the nuns only after the pastors of the Wursten parishes had intervened.

In 1332/1333 Provost Nicolaus commissioned the construction of a watermill on the Westerwedele (= western ford; present Neuenwalder Verbindungskanal) near the Wesermünde Geest ridge. Due to the lack of acreages and timber, as well as the insufficient water supply on the hill in Wolde the convent moved again only half a century later.Johann Hinrich Pratje, ''Nachrichten von dem adlichen Jungfrauenkloster Neuenwalde Herzogthums Bremen: Samt einer Anzeige der Generalkirchenvisitation in der Neuhäusischen Probstey, und Synoden in dem Beverstedter und Osterstadischen Kirchenkreise'', Stade: Erbrich, 1758, p. 6. The still hostile Wursten Frisians, looting pilgrims on their way to the Holy Cross relic, added up to the decision to move from Wolde.

In Neuenwalde since 1334

On the vigil of the feast of Andrew the Apostle (29/30 November) 1334 Prince-Archbishop Burchard Grelle approved to move the convent again,Christa Kraemer, „675 Jahre Kloster Neuenwalde – Rückblick auf viele Jahrhunderte Klosterleben“, in: ''Niederdeutsches Heimatblatt'' (No. 718, October 2009), p. 1. this time into the undeveloped vicinity of its watermill.„Neuenwalde“
on
''Stadt Geestland''
retrieved on 16 February 2015. The new site, a sandy geest spit in the midst of mostly mires, was then named in N. Low Saxon ''Nig(h)enwolde'' (i.e. new Wolde; Germanised as Neuenwalde), whereas Wolde gradually adopted the naming Olenwoold (so in 1348, =old Wolde; Germanised as Altenwalde). In Neuenwalde the convent remained since.

With the relocation close to the watermill the convent started the colonisation of its new vicinity. By 1335 a settlement on the dam ( causeway) towards the convent developed, forming a ''free dam'' adopting the modern Northern Low Saxon name Niewohl (Germanised as Neuenwalde). In the law system of the Bremen prince-archbishopric a ''free dam'' (Freier Damm) formed an ''immunity district'' (Freiheit) usually inhabited by mere cotters directly under the say of the local feudal lord, here the convent, exempt from sovereign archiepiscopal jurisdiction. Its settlers came, among other places, from Da(h)lem which itself turned into an abandoned village in today's ''Dahlemer Holz'' forest (near today's Flögeln), part of the convent's property.

Neuenwalde became a parish of its own and its precinct was redistricted from the in . The priest of Debstadt objected this reduction of his revenues, which is why Neuenwalde's provost paid Lübeck marks (M.lb.) 30 to that parish.Johann Hinrich Pratje, ''Nachrichten von dem adlichen Jungfrauenkloster Neuenwalde Herzogthums Bremen: Samt einer Anzeige der Generalkirchenvisitation in der Neuhäusischen Probstey, und Synoden in dem Beverstedter und Osterstadischen Kirchenkreise'', Stade: Erbrich, 1758, p. 7. Neuenwalde, like Debstedt, formed part of the ''Archdeaconry of Hadeln and Wursten'',Ignaz Zeppenfeldt, „Historische Nachrichten von dem Kloster Neuenwalde im Herzogthum Bremen“, in: ''Neues vaterländisches Archiv oder Beiträge zur allseitigen Kenntniß des Königreichs Hannover und des Herzogthums Braunschweig'', Lunenburg: Herold & Wahlstab, 1822–1832, vol. 8 (1825), pp. 233–245, here p. 234. held in personal union by the dean of Bremen Cathedral.Matthias Nistal, „Die Zeit der Reformation und der Gegenreformation und die Anfänge des Dreißigjährigen Krieges (1511–1632)“, in: ''Geschichte des Landes zwischen Elbe und Weser'': 3 vols., Hans-Eckhard Dannenberg and Heinz-Joachim Schulze (eds.) on behalf of the Landschaftsverband der ehemaligen Herzogtümer Bremen und Verden, Stade: Landschaftsverband der ehemaligen Herzogtümer Bremen und Verden, 1995 and 2008, vol. I 'Vor- und Frühgeschichte' (1995; ), vol. II 'Mittelalter (einschl. Kunstgeschichte)' (1995; ), vol. III 'Neuzeit' (2008; ), (=Schriftenreihe des Landschaftsverbandes der ehemaligen Herzogtümer Bremen und Verden; vols. 7–9), vol. III: pp. 1–158, here p. 33.

On the occasion of the move the convent received the ''ius patronatus'' to the Altenwalde Ss. Cosmas and Damian Church from Hadeln's archdeacon who was compensated with the patronate to the of .Ignaz Zeppenfeldt, „Historische Nachrichten von dem Kloster Neuenwalde im Herzogthum Bremen“, in: ''Neues vaterländisches Archiv oder Beiträge zur allseitigen Kenntniß des Königreichs Hannover und des Herzogthums Braunschweig'', Lunenburg: Herold & Wahlstab, 1822–1832, vol. 8 (1825), pp. 233–245, here p. 237. The convent Church of the Holy Cross simultaneously served the Neuenwalders as parish church. The advowson was first with the provost and later with the prioress of the convent. After 1692 it was with Bremen-Verden's general government.

By way of enfeoffment and purchase the nunnery became the liege lord of serfs in surrounding villages mainly on the sandy geest ridge of the .Konrad Elmshäuser, „Die Erzbischöfe als Landesherren“, in: ''Geschichte des Landes zwischen Elbe und Weser'': 3 vols., Hans-Eckhard Dannenberg and Heinz-Joachim Schulze (eds.), Stade: Landschaftsverband der ehem. Herzogtümer Bremen und Verden, 1995 and 2008, vol. I 'Vor- und Frühgeschichte' (1995; ), vol. II 'Mittelalter (einschl. Kunstgeschichte)' (1995; ), vol. III 'Neuzeit' (2008; ), (=Schriftenreihe des Landschaftsverbandes der ehem. Herzogtümer Bremen und Verden; vols. 7–9), vol. II: pp. 159–194, here p. 179. Territorially the convent and its immediate seigniorial precinct ( lostermt Neuenwalde, i.e. onventbailiwick) formed a wedge between the Saxe-Lauenburgian semi-autonomous Land of Hadeln (east; then including the convent's former location in Altenwalde) and the autonomous Land of Wursten (west), even northerly pointing to Hamburg's Ritzebüttel Bailiwick.

Militarily and politically the Neuenwalde Bailiwick formed a prince-archiepiscopal bridgehead amidst the autonomous peasant corporations (Hadeln, Wursten) and the upstream outposts of the cities of Hamburg and Bremen (Ritzebüttel, Bederkesa). The Tiebusch, a hill of height, within the Neuenwalde boundary allows to look deeply into the Land of Hadeln. Thus the Neuenwalde Bailiwick, originally a part of the Land of Hadeln, was later considered neither part of Hadeln nor of Wursten.

The farmers in the so-called heath villages held the land they tilled in feudal tenancy (), subject to soccage and serjeanty for the convent, whereas the seigniorial jurisdiction was with the Senate of Hamburg, acquired from the Lappes by pawn in 1372.Peter Niemeyer, „Eine unbekannte Landesherrschaft? Das ehemalige Amt Ritzebüttel – Gedanken über eine landesherrschaftliche Besonderheit Hamburgs“, in: ''Zeitschrift des Vereins für Hamburgische Geschichte'', vol. 83, No. 1 (1997), pp. 151–165, here p. 152.
The convent wielded the feudal overlordship as well as the seigniorial jurisdiction over the villages of Neuenwalde proper, Krempel, the outlying farm Neumühlen, the Vorwerk Kransburg, Wanhöden, and the Altenwalde windmill.Peter von Kobbe, ''Geschichte und Landesbeschreibung der Herzogthümer Bremen und Verden'', Göttingen: Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht, 1824, p. 182.Johann Ernst Fabri, ''Geographie für alle Stände'', Leipzig: Schwickert, 1808, vol. 1 (Ausgabe 5) 'Enthaltend den bisherigen niedersächsischen Kreis, nebst Anzeige der bis zum Oktober 1807 in dem Abschnitte eingetretenen politischen Veränderungen', p. 262

The feudal tenants in Holßel, e.g., were subject to three days of serjeanty labour in the convent's premises or fields, as recorded for 1509.''Soli Deo Gloria – 1111 Holßel 2011: Festschrift zur 900-Jahr-Feier in Holßel'', Evangelisch-reformierte Kirchengemeinde Holßel (ed.), Holßel: no publ., 2011, p. 111. The inhabitants of Neuenwalde proper, forming a ''free dam'', were considered part of the convent's familia. They were subject to regular serjeanty and to additional services on demand (so-called unmeasured services; german: link=no, ungemessene Dienste). On their emigration to Hamburg in 1375, where the Ministeriales of Flögeln adopted a civic career, they made over Flögeln proper and six more villages to the convent. Their was taken over by the prince-archbishopric as another military outpost.

Most lands of the convent were located on the hardly rank sandy Hohe Lieth, thus the nunnery was not rich and the convent buildings rather modest. The dowries of the novice nuns or conventuals were therefore most welcome to the convent. The declining Knights of Bederkesa were deep in debt, and – having already sold many a possession – had even pawned half the say in their bailiwick to the aspiring . They again lost this pawn to the city of Bremen, when in 1381 its troops stopped the three Mandelsloh brothers in their attempt to coin pawns from lending to Prince-Archbishop Albert II into territorial power.Otto Edert, ''Neuenwalde: Reformen im ländlichen Raum'', Norderstedt: Books on Demand, 2010, p. 30. . So Bremen gained its foothold as to uphold peace and order in its forecourt on the lower Weser course.

At that time the nunnery experienced a period of economic and political stability. 15 to 20 nuns were sustained at a time, women from Bremian prince-archiepiscopal knighthood, daughters of free peasants from the Land of Hadeln, as well as patrician daughters from Bremen and Hamburg.June Mecham
"Neuenwalde"
(section: Social Characteristics), on
''Monastic Matrix: A scholarly resource for the study of women's religious communities from 400 to 1600 CE''
retrieved on 15 January 2015. The nuns also produced cloth for sale, as recorded by a Hamburg merchant, who in 1386 sold 44 ells of cloth woven by a Neuenwalde nun. In the late fourteenth and fifteenth centuries, the convent may have provided loans for the peasantry in return for regular payments, but records of definite possessions are lacking from this period.Heinz-Joachim Schulze, „Neuenwalde“ (article), in: ''Germania Benedictina'': 12 vols. so far, Bayerische Benediktiner-Akademie München / Abt-Herwegen-Institut Maria Laach (ed.), St. Ottilien: EOS Verlag, 1970seqq., vol. XI: 'Norddeutschland: Die Frauenklöster in Niedersachsen, Schleswig-Holstein und Hamburg' (1984), Ulrich Faust (compil.), pp. 429–446, here p. 438. .

In 1389 the convent opened a tile-making and brick-works and acquired the necessary rights, land and wood for this purpose from the Knights of Elm in Elmlohe. The convent repaired roofs in the same year. On 30 November 1390 the convent received a papal indulgence, presumably for repairs to the Holy Cross Church.Heinz-Joachim Schulze, „Neuenwalde“ (article), in: ''Germania Benedictina'': 12 vols. so far, Bayerische Benediktiner-Akademie München / Abt-Herwegen-Institut Maria Laach (ed.), St. Ottilien: EOS Verlag, 1970seqq., vol. XI: 'Norddeutschland: Die Frauenklöster in Niedersachsen, Schleswig-Holstein und Hamburg' (1984), Ulrich Faust (compil.), pp. 429–446, here p. 441. . The relations with the Land of Wursten improved and on 24 June 1383 the Wursten Consuls donated several estates left by people without heirs to the convent in order to pray requiem masses for the deceased. In 1399 the convent concluded with the consuls of the Land of Wursten that they guaranteed safe-conduct through the Midlum parish for the pilgrims on their way to the Altenwalde Holy Cross Chapel.

In 1400 Prince-Archbishop granted a privilege that authorised the transfer to the parish church and granted an indulgence of forty days to all who aided with the new construction. In 1428 renewed the convent's privilege of granting indulgences both for visiting the church on certain feast days as well as for material aid in building and decorating the Holy Cross Church.Heinz-Joachim Schulze, „Neuenwalde“ (article), in: ''Germania Benedictina'': 12 vols. so far, Bayerische Benediktiner-Akademie München / Abt-Herwegen-Institut Maria Laach (ed.), St. Ottilien: EOS Verlag, 1970seqq., vol. XI: 'Norddeutschland: Die Frauenklöster in Niedersachsen, Schleswig-Holstein und Hamburg' (1984), Ulrich Faust (compil.), pp. 429–446, here p. 432. . Again, the nuns were described as poor at this time. In 1444 a new refectory was built.

This relatively stable era ended after on 26 December 1499 the Wursten Frisians had defeated the ''Great'' or ''Black Guard'' in , hired by Hadeln's Regent Magnus, the heir apparent of Saxe-Lauenburg to subject them. On New Year's Day 1500, the surviving mercenaries — trekking on towards Saxe-Lauenburgian Hadeln — ravaged and plundered the nunnery, before burning it to ashes.Michael Schütz, „Die Konsolidierung des Erzstiftes unter Johann Rode“, in: ''Geschichte des Landes zwischen Elbe und Weser'': 3 vols., Hans-Eckhard Dannenberg and Heinz-Joachim Schulze (eds.), Stade: Landschaftsverband der ehem. Herzogtümer Bremen und Verden, 1995 and 2008, vol. I 'Vor- und Frühgeschichte' (1995; ), vol. II 'Mittelalter (einschl. Kunstgeschichte)' (1995; ), vol. III 'Neuzeit' (2008; ), (=Schriftenreihe des Landschaftsverbandes der ehem. Herzogtümer Bremen und Verden; vols. 7–9), vol. II: pp. 263–278, here p. 268. Choirbooks, documents, partially self-woven tapestries, chasubles and paraments were lost in the fire.Heinz-Joachim Schulze, „Neuenwalde“ (article), in: ''Germania Benedictina'': 12 vols. so far, Bayerische Benediktiner-Akademie München / Abt-Herwegen-Institut Maria Laach (ed.), St. Ottilien: EOS Verlag, 1970seqq., vol. XI: 'Norddeutschland: Die Frauenklöster in Niedersachsen, Schleswig-Holstein und Hamburg' (1984), Ulrich Faust (compil.), pp. 429–446, here p. 442. .

In 1503 the convent received an indulgence-privilege allowing for the reconstruction of the cloister, granted by the papal legate, Cardinal Raymond Peraudi. In circa 1508 Prince-Archbishop John III visited the convent in connection with his mission of reforming the convent along the lines of the Bursfelde Reform.June Mecham
"Neuenwalde"
(section: Visitations), on
''Monastic Matrix: A scholarly resource for the study of women's religious communities from 400 to 1600 CE''
retrieved on 15 January 2015. John III promoted a stronger adherence to the Benedictine rule and stricter claustration. During his visit John III removed the previous prioress and, the convent elected Margarethe Eytzen their new prioress, whom he consecrated.Heinz-Joachim Schulze, „Neuenwalde“ (article), in: ''Germania Benedictina'': 12 vols. so far, Bayerische Benediktiner-Akademie München / Abt-Herwegen-Institut Maria Laach (ed.), St. Ottilien: EOS Verlag, 1970seqq., vol. XI: 'Norddeutschland: Die Frauenklöster in Niedersachsen, Schleswig-Holstein und Hamburg' (1984), Ulrich Faust (compil.), pp. 429–446, here p. 433. .

In 1509, at Eytzen's request, John III issued a writ confirming her election and her power in all conventual matters. It also confirmed the nuns' right to freely elect their prioresses with the approval of the prince-archbishop. The nuns also enjoyed the right to freely elect their provosts if necessary, and for twenty years afterwards, the convent appears to have operated without a provost.

In 1514 the convent's association with the Bursfelde Congregation, only admitting friaries as full members, was acknowledged. The abbots of served Neuenwalde as confessors and supervised the nuns' observance.Luise Michaelsen, „Das Paulskloster vor Bremen“: 2 parts, in: ''Bremisches Jahrbuch'', part 1: vol. 46 (1959), pp. 40–107, part 2: vol. 47 (1961), pp. 1–63
here p. 5.
/ref> For the elections of Neuenwalde's prioresses in 1515 (Margarethe von Reden) and 1517 (Wommella Wachmans) appeared Abbot Johannes Hesse of , Abbot Hinrich Wildeshusen (aka Heinrich Junge) of St. Paul's Friary and the abbess of Heiligenrode Nunnery.Luise Michaelsen, „Das Paulskloster vor Bremen“: 2 parts, in: ''Bremisches Jahrbuch'', part 1: vol. 46 (1959), pp. 40–107, part 2: vol. 47 (1961), pp. 1–63
here p. 6
Both abbesses, von Reden and Wachmans, were nuns from , and resigned after short times in office.Luise Michaelsen, „Das Paulskloster vor Bremen“: 2 parts, in: ''Bremisches Jahrbuch'', part 1: vol. 46 (1959), pp. 40–107, part 2: vol. 47 (1961), pp. 1–63, here pp. 6seq.

In 1517 Prince-Archbishop opened a campaign to subject the Wursten Frisians. The prince-archiepiscopal government demanded to levy taxes from newly dyked lands and the Wursten Frisians, claiming them as self-acquired, refused to pay. Thus Christopher the Spendthrift sent mercenaries into the Land of Wursten and on 23 December Wursten succumbed in the battle at the Wremer Tief. Christopher the Spendthrift declared Wursten's autonomous constitution nul and void and obtained his imperial enfeoffment with Wursten at the Diet of Augsburg of 1517.

On 4 August 1518 the consuls of the Land of Wursten,Otto Edert, ''Neuenwalde: Reformen im ländlichen Raum'', Norderstedt: Books on Demand, 2010, p. 26. . and envoys of the prince-archbishop met on the Wursten thingstead in order to fix the amount and to discuss the levying of the taxes.Peter von Kobbe, ''Geschichte und Landesbeschreibung der Herzogthümer Bremen und Verden'', Göttingen: Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht, 1824, p. 179. The parties flew into a fury and in the end the Wursten Frisians slew Dean , archdeacon of Hadeln and Wursten, Engelbert von der Malsburg, prince-archiepiscopal landdrost, and 16 more prince-archiepiscopal envoys.

For the upcoming prince-archiepiscopal response the Wursten Frisians allied with their former enemy Duke Magnus I of Saxe-Lauenburg, who confirmed their autonomy in return for rendering him homage. On 8 September 1518 ducal forces arriving by ship and Wursten fighters attacking from the land side razed the brandnew prince-archiepiscopal in Weddewarden.

The Wursten Frisians saw their chance and covered the borderland adjacent to Wursten, including the Neuenwalde seigniorial bailiwick, with raids and attacks. In 1518 Prioress Wachmans appealed to the Wursten Consuls not to incite or even undertake the ravaging of houses and looting of grain and firewood from the convent's feudal tenants. Otherwise their wives and children would have to beg and freeze in the winter. In a deed of 20 December 1520 the nunnery is characterised as the monastery impoverished by fire and harrying. The troops of Christopher the Spendthrift finally subjected the Wursten Frisians in the Battle of Mulsum on 9 August 1524. The prince-archbishop then installed a Vogt (i.e. bailiff), directly ruling over the Wursten peasants.

In the 1520s, with the advent of the Lutheran Reformation the convent suffered and lost several of its temporalities and spiritualities. Between 1522 and 1526 the capable Nikolaus Zierenberg, prior of St. Paul's Friary near Bremen, travelled around, collected data on the convent's privileges and tried to assert them against renitent feudal tenant farmers in Altenwalde, and Wanna.Luise Michaelsen, „Das Paulskloster vor Bremen“: 2 parts, in: ''Bremisches Jahrbuch'', part 1: vol. 46 (1959), pp. 40–107, part 2: vol. 47 (1961), pp. 1–63
here p. 7
The tenants in Sievern were supported in their renitence by the Bremian Bailiff of Bederkesa who thus deprived Neuenwalde of the village in favour of the Bederkesa Bailiwick.Otto Edert, ''Neuenwalde: Reformen im ländlichen Raum'', Norderstedt: Books on Demand, 2010, p. 35. . Zierenberg helped to set up a comprehensive inventory of the convent's estates and privileges.Elke Freifrau von Boeselager, „Das Land Hadeln bis zum Beginn der frühen Neuzeit“, in: ''Geschichte des Landes zwischen Elbe und Weser'': 3 vols., Hans-Eckhard Dannenberg and Heinz-Joachim Schulze (eds.), Stade: Landschaftsverband der ehem. Herzogtümer Bremen und Verden, 1995 and 2008, vol. I 'Vor- und Frühgeschichte' (1995), vol. II 'Mittelalter (einschl. Kunstgeschichte)' (1995), vol. III 'Neuzeit (2008)', (=Schriftenreihe des Landschaftsverbandes der ehem. Herzogtümer Bremen und Verden; vols. 7–9), ISBN (vol. I) , (vol. II) , (vol. III) , vol. II: pp. 321–388, here p. 375.

Northerly adjacent to the convent's seigniorial precinct in Hamburg's , the inhabitants — including the convent's vassals in the heath villages — adopted Bugenhagen's Lutheran church order of 1529.Matthias Nistal, „Die Zeit der Reformation und der Gegenreformation und die Anfänge des Dreißigjährigen Krieges (1511–1632)“, in: ''Geschichte des Landes zwischen Elbe und Weser'': 3 vols., Hans-Eckhard Dannenberg and Heinz-Joachim Schulze (eds.) on behalf of the Landschaftsverband der ehemaligen Herzogtümer Bremen und Verden, Stade: Landschaftsverband der ehemaligen Herzogtümer Bremen und Verden, 1995 and 2008, vol. I 'Vor- und Frühgeschichte' (1995; ), vol. II 'Mittelalter (einschl. Kunstgeschichte)' (1995; ), vol. III 'Neuzeit' (2008; ), (=Schriftenreihe des Landschaftsverbandes der ehemaligen Herzogtümer Bremen und Verden; vols. 7–9), vol III: pp. 1–158, here p. 34. Southerly and easterly neighbouring parishes in the Land of Hadeln also adopted Lutheranism, turning the nunnery and its immediate parish district into a Catholic diaspora.Matthias Nistal, „Die Zeit der Reformation und der Gegenreformation und die Anfänge des Dreißigjährigen Krieges (1511–1632)“, in: ''Geschichte des Landes zwischen Elbe und Weser'': 3 vols., Hans-Eckhard Dannenberg and Heinz-Joachim Schulze (eds.) on behalf of the Landschaftsverband der ehemaligen Herzogtümer Bremen und Verden, Stade: Landschaftsverband der ehemaligen Herzogtümer Bremen und Verden, 1995 and 2008, vol I 'Vor- und Frühgeschichte' (1995; ), vol II 'Mittelalter (einschl. Kunstgeschichte)' (1995; ), vol III 'Neuzeit' (2008; ), (=Schriftenreihe des Landschaftsverbandes der ehemaligen Herzogtümer Bremen und Verden; vols. 7–9), vol III: pp. 1–158, here p 80.

The convent held the ''ius patronatus'' over the Holy Cross Church in Neuenwalde,Elke Freifrau von Boeselager, „Das Land Hadeln bis zum Beginn der frühen Neuzeit“, in: ''Geschichte des Landes zwischen Elbe und Weser'': 3 vols., Hans-Eckhard Dannenberg and Heinz-Joachim Schulze (eds.), Stade: Landschaftsverband der ehem. Herzogtümer Bremen und Verden, 1995 and 2008, vol. I 'Vor- und Frühgeschichte' (1995), vol. II 'Mittelalter (einschl. Kunstgeschichte)' (1995), vol. III 'Neuzeit (2008)', (=Schriftenreihe des Landschaftsverbandes der ehem. Herzogtümer Bremen und Verden; vols. 7–9), ISBN (vol. I) , (vol. II) , (vol. III) , vol. II: pp. 321–388, here p. 366. to which the ''Holy Cross and St. Willehadus Chapel'' in Altenwalde was incorporated, whereas until the 1540s the convent could enforce its ius praesentandi over the Churches of Ss. Cosmas and Damian in Altenwalde, St. James the Greater in Holßel, St. Pancras in Midlum, St. George in Spieka, and St. George in Wanna.Elke Freifrau von Boeselager, „Das Land Hadeln bis zum Beginn der frühen Neuzeit“, in: ''Geschichte des Landes zwischen Elbe und Weser'': 3 vols., Hans-Eckhard Dannenberg and Heinz-Joachim Schulze (eds.), Stade: Landschaftsverband der ehem. Herzogtümer Bremen und Verden, 1995 and 2008, vol. I 'Vor- und Frühgeschichte' (1995), vol. II 'Mittelalter (einschl. Kunstgeschichte)' (1995), vol. III 'Neuzeit (2008)', (=Schriftenreihe des Landschaftsverbandes der ehem. Herzogtümer Bremen und Verden; vols. 7–9), ISBN (vol. I) , (vol. II) , (vol. III) , vol. II: pp. 321–388, here p. 365.

Neuenwalde serfs evaded Catholic Holy Masses and attended Lutheran services in churches outside their parish, they further refused performing tithe and serjeanty. In 1533 Christopher the Spendthrift approved the plan of Prioress Anna Willers to construct a post mill in Altenwalde and to thirl the convent's feudal tenant farmers from the heath villages to that mill. In 1535 the Altenwalde mill, also called ''Klostermühle'', was erected (demolished in 1913).

Prince-Archbishop Christopher's prodigality urged him to clutch at any available possessions in order to sell and pledge them so to satisfy his creditors. Therefore in 1541 the city of Bremen, considering the Neuenwalde Convent with also Bremian patrician daughters among its conventuals and its vicinity to Bremen's Bederkesa bailiwick part of its sphere of interest, obtained a writ of protection from Emperor Charles V for the Neuenwalde Convent preventing any pecuniary injuries by Prince-Archbishop Christopher. The frustrated estates of the prince-archbishopric even succeeded to impeach Christopher the Spendthrift.Matthias Nistal, „Die Zeit der Reformation und der Gegenreformation und die Anfänge des Dreißigjährigen Krieges (1511–1632)“, in: ''Geschichte des Landes zwischen Elbe und Weser'': 3 vols., Hans-Eckhard Dannenberg and Heinz-Joachim Schulze (eds.) on behalf of the Landschaftsverband der ehemaligen Herzogtümer Bremen und Verden, Stade: Landschaftsverband der ehemaligen Herzogtümer Bremen und Verden, 1995 and 2008, vol. I 'Vor- und Frühgeschichte' (1995; ), vol. II 'Mittelalter (einschl. Kunstgeschichte)' (1995; ), vol. III 'Neuzeit' (2008; ), (=Schriftenreihe des Landschaftsverbandes der ehemaligen Herzogtümer Bremen und Verden; vols. 7–9), vol. III: pp. 1–158, here p. 48.

The steadfastly Catholic Prioress Dorothea von der Hude upheld Catholic faith in the nunnery and its seigniorial precinct, supported by Hadeln's and Wursten's Archdeacon Ludolf Klencke, also cathedral dean in Bremen. After Klencke's death in 1544, the new Dean Ludolf von Varendorf became the archdeacon, soon becoming Lutheran himself. The Land of Wursten, westerly adjacent to the Neuenwalde estates, followed suit with its inhabitants adopting Lutheranism after 1546. In 1547 again Wursten Frisians ravaged the convent and its still Catholic villages of Krempel, Neuenwalde and Wanhöden.

With the '' ius praesentandi'' in Midlum the convent determined the priest there, in 1557 being the Catholic Nikolaus Stroßborg, and chose him as confessor for the convent. In 1557 — under pressure by Joachim Moller, Hamburg's bailiff in Ritzebüttel — Prioress von der Hude could not help it to confirm the Lutheran Hinrich Voß as preacher of Ss. Cosmas and Damian in Altenwalde, however, binding him to refrain from any hetz against the nuns. On this occasion prioress and convent appealed against the alienation of mostly liturgical devices from the Altenwalde Ss. Cosmas and Damian Church in favour of the newly founded Döse church.Hermann Joachim, „Die Begründung der Döser Kirche und des Döser Kirchspiels“, in: ''Zeitschrift des Vereins für Hamburgische Geschichte'', vol. XIII (1908), pp. 1–32, here p. 25.

With the death of Bremen's last Catholic Prince-Archbishop in 1566 Neuenwalde's position as a Catholic stronghold became more difficult.Heinz-Joachim Schulze, „Neuenwalde“ (article), in: ''Germania Benedictina'': 12 vols. so far, Bayerische Benediktiner-Akademie München / Abt-Herwegen-Institut Maria Laach (ed.), St. Ottilien: EOS Verlag, 1970seqq., vol. XI: 'Norddeutschland: Die Frauenklöster in Niedersachsen, Schleswig-Holstein und Hamburg' (1984), Ulrich Faust (compil.), pp. 429–446, here p. 434. In 1568 von der Hude negotiated with envoys of the Lutheran Senate of Hamburg and of George's successor on the Bremen see, the Lutheran Administrator regnant Henry III of Saxe-Lauenburg, on the Altenwalde church affairs, the binding of convent's tenants in the heath villages to allegiance with Hamburg, and the billetting of its bailiff's beadles there. When in 1569 von der Hude tried to present Father Dyrdyck as the Catholic successor of the first Lutheran preacher at St. James in Holßel, she succumbed to the opposition of the Bremian Drost in the Bederkesa Bailiwick.Matthias Nistal, „Die Zeit der Reformation und der Gegenreformation und die Anfänge des Dreißigjährigen Krieges (1511–1632)“, in: ''Geschichte des Landes zwischen Elbe und Weser'': 3 vols., Hans-Eckhard Dannenberg and Heinz-Joachim Schulze (eds.) on behalf of the Landschaftsverband der ehemaligen Herzogtümer Bremen und Verden, Stade: Landschaftsverband der ehemaligen Herzogtümer Bremen und Verden, 1995 and 2008, vol. I 'Vor- und Frühgeschichte' (1995; ), vol. II 'Mittelalter (einschl. Kunstgeschichte)' (1995; ), vol. III 'Neuzeit' (2008; ), (=Schriftenreihe des Landschaftsverbandes der ehemaligen Herzogtümer Bremen und Verden; vols. 7–9), vol. III: pp. 1–158, here p. 81. In Neuenwalde von der Hude defended the Catholic faith throughout 30 years until her death in 1571.

Prioress von der Hude was succeeded by the likewise Catholic Anna Brummers. Hamburg's Bailiff Balthasar von Meinssen forbade the convent's feudal tenants in the heath villages within Hamburg's Ritzebüttel Bailiwick to obey to their feudal lord, the new prioress, and to deliver her the feudal . The bailiff further billeted his beadles with the convent's tenant farmers in the heath villages, whom he further made swear allegiance to the Hamburg senate. Brummers employed Father Hesius as Catholic confessor. In 1576, however, Brummers was forced to resign after years of quarrel with Lutheran conventuals and under pressure of the cathedral chapter and Administrator Henry III.Ida-Christine Riggert-Mindermann, „Neuenwalde — Das Damenstift der Bremischen Ritterschaft“, in: ''Evangelisches Klosterleben: Studien zur Geschichte der evangelischen Klöster und Stifte in Niedersachsen'', Hans Otte (ed.), Göttingen: V & R Unipress, 2013, (=Studien zur Kirchengeschichte Niedersachsens; vol. 46), pp. 273–279, here pp. 273seq. . Brummers was reproached with a too intimate interaction with Father Hesius and the convent's forest manager as well as with her careless management of the convent's possessions.

In 1584 the first Lutheran pastor is recorded for the Neuenwalde parish. Since the preachers were to be appointed in consensus with the prioress, the employment of a Lutheran pastor indicates the conversion of most nuns to Lutheranism too. The nunnery as an institution to sustain unmarried women, Catholic nuns and Lutheran conventuals side by side, was to be maintained, thus it was transformed into a Lutheran damsels' convent. The convent was supported and protected by the Knighthood of the Bremian prince-archbishopric whose kinswomen made up the nuns and conventuals.

In 1586 the convent and the Land of Hadeln settled a long-lasting boundary dispute within the scope of the Buxtehude Recess.Elke Freifrau von Boeselager, „Das Land Hadeln bis zum Beginn der frühen Neuzeit“, in: ''Geschichte des Landes zwischen Elbe und Weser'': 3 vols., Hans-Eckhard Dannenberg and Heinz-Joachim Schulze (eds.), Stade: Landschaftsverband der ehem. Herzogtümer Bremen und Verden, 1995 and 2008, vol. I 'Vor- und Frühgeschichte' (1995), vol. II 'Mittelalter (einschl. Kunstgeschichte)' (1995), vol. III 'Neuzeit (2008)', (=Schriftenreihe des Landschaftsverbandes der ehem. Herzogtümer Bremen und Verden; vols. 7–9), ISBN (vol. I) , (vol. II) , (vol. III) , vol. II: pp. 321–388, here p. 337. The recess further provided that Hamburg's bailiff in Ritzebüttel, then Joachim Beckendorff, ended billetting beadles in the heath villages and prompted the restitution of the abducted liturgical devices to the Ss. Cosmas and Damian Church in Altenwalde. In 1588 the number of conventuals amounted to 15 or 16. They elected Margarethe Wevers their new prioress. She chose Oswald Brügmann as Catholic confessor. Provost Ortgis von Wersabe rented out Kransburg Vorwerk to the Bremen citizen BolteOtto Edert, ''Neuenwalde: Reformen im ländlichen Raum'', Norderstedt: Books on Demand, 2010, p. 43. . which measured about at that time.Heinrich Wilhelm Rotermund, „Einige Nachrichten von den ehemaligen Klöstern im Herzogthum Bremen“, in: ''Neues vaterländisches Archiv oder Beiträge zur allseitigen Kenntniß des Königreichs Hannover und des Herzogthums Braunschweig'', Lunenburg: Herold & Wahlstab, 1822–1832, vol. 6, no. 2 (1828), pp. 191–232, here p. 224.

In 1595 Father Antonius Meyer (then , formerly St. Paul's Friary outside of Bremen) visited the convent in order to invest new Catholic nuns. When in the 1580s and 1590s the Senate of Bremen urged the adoption of Calvinism in the then Lutheran parishes in Bremen's Bailiwick of Bederkesa (Amt Bederkesa, between 1381/1421 and 1654 under the city's rule), Neuenwalde remained Lutheran, whereas the senate succeeded in Bederkesa proper, Debstedt, Flögeln, Holßel, , and in Ringstedt.

After Administrator regnant John Frederick had found the convent in disorder as to the discipline (unchastity) and the management, in 1606 he decreed a new monastic order, prescribing to learn according to Luther's Catechism. The mismanagement, the withholding of revenues and dues, the theft of timber from the convent forests forced the reduction of the number of conventuals to maximally ten. The conventuals were ordered to hold a more sober diet, as was their regular attendance of the Lutheran services. In 1606 Administrator John Frederick ordered the election of a new provost who would also keep the books of the convent, before done very unorderly. In 1614 John Frederick again reformed the monastic order. The convent sold the relics, anyway useless for Lutherans, to the Administrator regnant in 1620, and later the cathedral chapter resold them in order to raise money.

In the Thirty Years' War after the Battle of Lutter on 17/27 August 1626 ^O.S./N.S. the Catholic Leaguist forces invaded the Prince-Bishopric of Verden and threatened the neighbouring Bremen Prince-Archbishopric. Meanwhile Christian IV of Denmark, Duke of Holstein, since May 1625 officiating in the latter of his functions as Circle Colonel (commander-in-chief) of the joint troops of the Lower Saxon Circle, and allied with the Anglo-Dutch war coalition, concentrated Lower Saxon troops in the prince-archbishopric and ordered additional Dutch, English and French troops to land in the prince-archbishopric. By 1627 Christian IV had de facto dismissed his cousin Administrator regnant John Frederick from the Bremian see.

Wallenstein invaded Christian IV's Duchy of Holstein, who therefore deployed his forces in order to fight that invasion. Tilly then invaded the exposed prince-archbishopric and captured its southern parts. The Bremian cities shut their gates and entrenched behind their fortifications. Tilly captured one fortified city after the other.Georg von Issendorff, ''Kloster und Amt Himmelpforten. Nach Akten und Urkunden dargestellt'', reprint of the edition by "Stader Archiv", 1911/1913, extended by Clemens Förster, Stade and Buxtehude: Krause, 1979, p. 31. No ISBN. On 20 January 1628 in his encampment near Buxtehude Tilly personally wrote out a for the Neuenwalde Convent.Ignaz Zeppenfeldt, „Historische Nachrichten von dem Kloster Neuenwalde im Herzogthum Bremen“, in: ''Neues vaterländisches Archiv oder Beiträge zur allseitigen Kenntniß des Königreichs Hannover und des Herzogthums Braunschweig'', Lunenburg: Herold & Wahlstab, 1822–1832, vol. 8 (1825), pp. 233–245, here p. 244. In 1628 he beleaguering Stade with its remaining garrison of 3,500 Danish and English soldiers. On 25 April/5 May 1628^O.S./N.S. Tilly granted them safe-conduct to England and Denmark–Norway and on 27 April/7 May 1628^O.S./N.S. the complete prince-archbishopric was in his hands. Between 1628 and 1629 most Protestant preachers fled the area.

On 6 June 1629 playing children caused a fire, destroying all the convent buildings, including the Holy Cross Church. Only the closeby watermill survived. Six conventuals, all Lutheran, were rehoused in emergency shelters. The reconstruction started right away.Otto Edert, ''Neuenwalde: Reformen im ländlichen Raum'', Norderstedt: Books on Demand, 2010, p. 33. . The Holy Cross Church was restored between 1630 and 1634 with most of its interior dating back to the following decades.

From 1630 to 1685

In March 1629 Emperor Ferdinand II had decreed the Edict of Restitution, by which possessions of Roman Catholic ecclesiastical entities converted after 1552 (Peace of Passau) to Protestantism, Calvinist or Lutheran alike, and acquired before the conversion, and possessions deprived after 1552 from Catholic entities had to be restituted to Catholic institutions. A Jesuit college based in Stade was installed in order to Catholicise the population in the Bremen prince-archbishopric.

In December 1629 subdelegates of the Restitution Commission appeared in Neuenwalde in order to take possession of the convent.Matthias Nistal, „Die Zeit der Reformation und der Gegenreformation und die Anfänge des Dreißigjährigen Krieges (1511–1632)“, in: ''Geschichte des Landes zwischen Elbe und Weser'': 3 vols., Hans-Eckhard Dannenberg and Heinz-Joachim Schulze (eds.) on behalf of the Landschaftsverband der ehemaligen Herzogtümer Bremen und Verden, Stade: Landschaftsverband der ehemaligen Herzogtümer Bremen und Verden, 1995 and 2008, vol. I 'Vor- und Frühgeschichte' (1995; ), vol. II 'Mittelalter (einschl. Kunstgeschichte)' (1995; ), vol. III 'Neuzeit' (2008; ), (=Schriftenreihe des Landschaftsverbandes der ehemaligen Herzogtümer Bremen und Verden; vols. 7–9), vol. III: pp. 1–158, here p. 23. On 17/27 July 1630^O.S./N.S. the convent was then conveyanced to Jesuits, represented by Father Matthias Kalkhoven, superior of the Stade Jesuits,Matthias Nistal, „Die Zeit der Reformation und der Gegenreformation und die Anfänge des Dreißigjährigen Krieges (1511–1632)“, in: ''Geschichte des Landes zwischen Elbe und Weser'': 3 vols., Hans-Eckhard Dannenberg and Heinz-Joachim Schulze (eds.) on behalf of the Landschaftsverband der ehemaligen Herzogtümer Bremen und Verden, Stade: Landschaftsverband der ehemaligen Herzogtümer Bremen und Verden, 1995 and 2008, vol. I 'Vor- und Frühgeschichte' (1995; ), vol. II 'Mittelalter (einschl. Kunstgeschichte)' (1995; ), vol. III 'Neuzeit' (2008; ), (=Schriftenreihe des Landschaftsverbandes der ehemaligen Herzogtümer Bremen und Verden; vols. 7–9), vol. III: pp. 1–158, here p. 82. expelling the conventuals, after they had refused to convert to Catholicism, but granting them a small compensation. The convent's revenues were used to finance the Jesuit college in Stade.Heinz-Joachim Schulze, „Neuenwalde“ (article), in: ''Germania Benedictina'': 12 vols. so far, Bayerische Benediktiner-Akademie München / Abt-Herwegen-Institut Maria Laach (ed.), St. Ottilien: EOS Verlag, 1970seqq., vol. XI: 'Norddeutschland: Die Frauenklöster in Niedersachsen, Schleswig-Holstein und Hamburg' (1984), Ulrich Faust (compil.), pp. 429–446, here p. 436.

In the second half of April 1632, after the Swedish victory in the Battle of Rain, the Imperialist and Leaguist forces left the prince-archbishopric and with them the foreign Catholic clergy.Georg von Issendorff, ''Kloster und Amt Himmelpforten. Nach Akten und Urkunden dargestellt'', reprint of the edition by "Stader Archiv", 1911/1913, extended by Clemens Förster, Stade and Buxtehude: Krause, 1979, p. 38. No ISBN. Then the allied troops of Sweden, of the city of Bremen and of the Prince-Archbishopric of Bremen, under command of Achatius Tott, captured the prince-archbishopricSilvia Schulz-Hauschildt, ''Himmelpforten — Eine Chronik'', Gemeinde Himmelpforten municipality (ed.), Stade: Hansa-Druck Stelzer, 1990, p. 57. No ISBN. and John Frederick resumed his office as Administrator regnant.

Highly indebted as he was after recruiting and arming his troops allied with the Swedes, he brought in a bill to confiscate all the monasteries in the prince-archbishopric.Matthias Nistal, „Die Zeit der Reformation und der Gegenreformation und die Anfänge des Dreißigjährigen Krieges (1511–1632)“, in: ''Geschichte des Landes zwischen Elbe und Weser'': 3 vols., Hans-Eckhard Dannenberg and Heinz-Joachim Schulze (eds.) on behalf of the Landschaftsverband der ehemaligen Herzogtümer Bremen und Verden, Stade: Landschaftsverband der ehemaligen Herzogtümer Bremen und Verden, 1995 and 2008, vol. I 'Vor- und Frühgeschichte' (1995; ), vol. II 'Mittelalter (einschl. Kunstgeschichte)' (1995; ), vol. III 'Neuzeit' (2008; ), (=Schriftenreihe des Landschaftsverbandes der ehemaligen Herzogtümer Bremen und Verden; vols. 7–9), vol. III: pp. 1–158, here p. 79. However, on 20 and 28 May 1633^O.S. on the diet in Basdahl the estates of the prince-archbishopric rejected that, but allowed Administrator John Frederick to collect the revenues of the monasteries until the Thirty Years' War would end. Some conventuals returned to Neuenwalde.

With the leaguist occupiers gone and John Frederick's death in 1634 the greatest antagonists to the continued existence of the convents had disappeared, since the estates supporting them prevailed again.Matthias Nistal, „Die Zeit der Reformation und der Gegenreformation und die Anfänge des Dreißigjährigen Krieges (1511–1632)“, in: ''Geschichte des Landes zwischen Elbe und Weser'': 3 vols., Hans-Eckhard Dannenberg and Heinz-Joachim Schulze (eds.) on behalf of the Landschaftsverband der ehemaligen Herzogtümer Bremen und Verden, Stade: Landschaftsverband der ehemaligen Herzogtümer Bremen und Verden, 1995 and 2008, vol. I 'Vor- und Frühgeschichte' (1995; ), vol. II 'Mittelalter (einschl. Kunstgeschichte)' (1995; ), vol. III 'Neuzeit' (2008; ), (=Schriftenreihe des Landschaftsverbandes der ehemaligen Herzogtümer Bremen und Verden; vols. 7–9), vol. III: pp. 1–158, here p. 88. By 1634 the convent had been reëstablished. Definitely then the conventuals elected Otto Asche(n) their new provost and obliged him to protect them in their Lutheran faith as traditional by the Augsburg Confession.Sabine Graf, „Die Einführung der Reformation im Kloster Neuenwalde“, in: ''Jahrbuch der Gesellschaft für niedersächsische Kirchengeschichte'' (vol. 99, 2001), pp. 101–121, here p. 116. Since 1634 Frese took care of the reconstruction of convent and cloister.

The conventuals committed themselves to live a life pleasing to the Lord (german: link=no, gottgefälliges Leben).Ida-Christine Riggert-Mindermann, „Neuenwalde — Das Damenstift der Bremischen Ritterschaft“, in: ''Evangelisches Klosterleben: Studien zur Geschichte der evangelischen Klöster und Stifte in Niedersachsen'', Hans Otte (ed.), Göttingen: V & R Unipress, 2013, (=Studien zur Kirchengeschichte Niedersachsens; vol. 46), pp. 273–279, here p. 275. . On 10 October 1635 provost and conventuals elected a new prioress, then titled domina, Margarete Drewes. In 1636 the convent buildings were externally reconstructed. The conventuals resumed educating and lodging noble girls as had been the practice of old.

By the Peace of Westphalia in 1648 the prince-archiepiscopal elective monarchy was secularised as the heritable Duchy of Bremen, which was jointly ruled with the new Principality of Verden, as Bremen-Verden, since both imperial fiefs were bestowed on the Swedish crown. By the 1650s the previous religious bodies, such as the Lutheran cathedral chapter or the archdeaconries, had been abolished, their revenues mostly confiscated, with only few of them not granted to Swedish war veterans.Beate-Christine Fiedler, „Bremen und Verden als schwedische Provinz (1633/45–1712)“, in: ''Geschichte des Landes zwischen Elbe und Weser'': 3 vols., Hans-Eckhard Dannenberg and Heinz-Joachim Schulze (eds.) on behalf of the Landschaftsverband der ehemaligen Herzogtümer Bremen und Verden, Stade: Landschaftsverband der ehemaligen Herzogtümer Bremen und Verden, 1995 and 2008, vol. I 'Vor- und Frühgeschichte' (1995; ), vol. II 'Mittelalter (einschl. Kunstgeschichte)' (1995; ), vol. III 'Neuzeit' (2008; ), (=Schriftenreihe des Landschaftsverbandes der ehemaligen Herzogtümer Bremen und Verden; vols. 7–9), vol. III: pp. 173–253, here p. 189. .

On 20 June 1648 Queen Christina of Sweden invested the veteran and former Paymaster General Melchior Degingk (Degens) 1616–1683; later ennobled von Schlangenfel ) with the convent as a fief heritable in the male line ().''Neue Sammlung geographisch-historisch-statistischer Schriften'': 17 vols., Johann Georg Friedrich Jacobi (ed.), Weißenburg in Bavaria and Schwabach (as of 1787): Mizler, vol. 5 (1786): 'Die geographischen Einleitung= und Beschreibungen der meisten Länder der Westphälisch= und Niedersächsischen Kreise', p. 401 The revenues of the convent then amounted to Rixdollar (Rtlr) 1,214 annually. Degingk had to aliment the then remaining conventuals for their lifetime and allowed them continue living in the convent.Johann Hinrich Pratje, ''Nachrichten von dem adlichen Jungfrauenkloster Neuenwalde Herzogthums Bremen: Samt einer Anzeige der Generalkirchenvisitation in der Neuhäusischen Probstey, und Synoden in dem Beverstedter und Osterstadischen Kirchenkreise'', Stade: Erbrich, 1758, p. 11. New conventuals were not admitted any more, the convent was to die out.Johann Hinrich Pratje, ''Nachrichten von dem adlichen Jungfrauenkloster Neuenwalde Herzogthums Bremen: Samt einer Anzeige der Generalkirchenvisitation in der Neuhäusischen Probstey, und Synoden in dem Beverstedter und Osterstadischen Kirchenkreise'', Stade: Erbrich, 1758, p. 12.

Since the Knighthood runs the convent

The Knighthood objected the Swedish closure of all damsels' convents in the Duchy of Bremen and tried to rescue at least one of them. The Knighthood argued that — for the benefit for their unmarried kinswomen — especially their families had donated the estates which the queen — ignoring that purpose — enfeoffed to foreign war veterans. Led by its President Görd (Gerhard) von der Lieth (in office from 1672 to 1679) the Knighthood undertook long negotiations.Johann Hinrich Pratje, ''Nachrichten von dem adlichen Jungfrauenkloster Neuenwalde Herzogthums Bremen: Samt einer Anzeige der Generalkirchenvisitation in der Neuhäusischen Probstey, und Synoden in dem Beverstedter und Osterstadischen Kirchenkreise'', Stade: Erbrich, 1758, p. 29. On 17 April 1676 Charles XI of Sweden finally promised Neuenwalde to the Knighthood on Degingk's death.Johann Hinrich Pratje, ''Nachrichten von dem adlichen Jungfrauenkloster Neuenwalde Herzogthums Bremen: Samt einer Anzeige der Generalkirchenvisitation in der Neuhäusischen Probstey, und Synoden in dem Beverstedter und Osterstadischen Kirchenkreise'', Stade: Erbrich, 1758, p. 13.

After the Bremen-Verden Campaign troops of Duke George William of Brunswick and Lunenburg, Prince of Lunenburg-Celle occupied among others the Neuenwalde Bailiwick from August 1676 to 1679.Beate-Christine Fiedler, „Bremen und Verden als schwedische Provinz (1633/45–1712)“, in: ''Geschichte des Landes zwischen Elbe und Weser'': 3 vols., Hans-Eckhard Dannenberg and Heinz-Joachim Schulze (eds.) on behalf of the Landschaftsverband der ehemaligen Herzogtümer Bremen und Verden, Stade: Landschaftsverband der ehemaligen Herzogtümer Bremen und Verden, 1995 and 2008, vol. I 'Vor- und Frühgeschichte' (1995; ), vol. II 'Mittelalter (einschl. Kunstgeschichte)' (1995; ), vol. III 'Neuzeit' (2008; ), (=Schriftenreihe des Landschaftsverbandes der ehemaligen Herzogtümer Bremen und Verden; vols. 7–9), vol. III: pp. 173–253, here p. 195. .
In 1683 Degingk died without heirsPeter von Kobbe, ''Geschichte und Landesbeschreibung der Herzogthümer Bremen und Verden'', Göttingen: Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht, 1824, p. 180 and the former convent with its estates reverted to the crown, i.e. Charles XI. On 3 July 1683 he conveyanced the convent to the Knighthood for the "sustenance and education of the non-provided daughters" (german: link=no, Erhaltung und Education der nicht vergebenen Töchter).„Kloster“
on
''Kloster Neuenwalde: Aktuelles''
retrieved on 2 December 2014.Johann Hinrich Pratje, ''Nachrichten von dem adlichen Jungfrauenkloster Neuenwalde Herzogthums Bremen: Samt einer Anzeige der Generalkirchenvisitation in der Neuhäusischen Probstey, und Synoden in dem Beverstedter und Osterstadischen Kirchenkreise'', Stade: Erbrich, 1758, p. 15.

On 3 and 4 June 1684 the Knighthood convened for a diet in Basdahl and passed a new convent statute (Klosterordnung), confirmed that year on October 21 in Stockholm by Charles XI. The statute remained, slightly altered, valid until 2004.Ida-Christine Riggert-Mindermann, „Neuenwalde — Das Damenstift der Bremischen Ritterschaft“, in: ''Evangelisches Klosterleben: Studien zur Geschichte der evangelischen Klöster und Stifte in Niedersachsen'', Hans Otte (ed.), Göttingen: V & R Unipress, 2013, (=Studien zur Kirchengeschichte Niedersachsens; vol. 46), pp. 273–279, here pp. 275seq. . The statute stipulated that on its diets the Knighthood — in case of a vacancy — would elect prioresses, directors, and bailiffs (Amtleute).Johann Hinrich Pratje, ''Nachrichten von dem adlichen Jungfrauenkloster Neuenwalde Herzogthums Bremen: Samt einer Anzeige der Generalkirchenvisitation in der Neuhäusischen Probstey, und Synoden in dem Beverstedter und Osterstadischen Kirchenkreise'', Stade: Erbrich, 1758, p. 19. The conventuals, however, were granted the right to present two candidates to the Knighthood which then elects one of them the prioress.Johann Hinrich Pratje, ''Nachrichten von dem adlichen Jungfrauenkloster Neuenwalde Herzogthums Bremen: Samt einer Anzeige der Generalkirchenvisitation in der Neuhäusischen Probstey, und Synoden in dem Beverstedter und Osterstadischen Kirchenkreise'', Stade: Erbrich, 1758, p. 20.

Through the statute the Knighthood committed itself to provide "necessary sustenance of noble damsels" (german: link=no, nothdürftige Unterhaltung adelicher Jungfrauen). The Knighthood granted its members the privilege to enlist kinswomen in the convent.Peter von Kobbe, ''Geschichte und Landesbeschreibung der Herzogthümer Bremen und Verden'', Göttingen: Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht, 1824, p. 291 Women aspirants from other families had to bring evidence that they were of knightly origin.Elke Freifrau von Boeselager, „Das Land Hadeln bis zum Beginn der frühen Neuzeit“, in: ''Geschichte des Landes zwischen Elbe und Weser'': 3 vols., Hans-Eckhard Dannenberg and Heinz-Joachim Schulze (eds.), Stade: Landschaftsverband der ehem. Herzogtümer Bremen und Verden, 1995 and 2008, vol. I 'Vor- und Frühgeschichte' (1995), vol. II 'Mittelalter (einschl. Kunstgeschichte)' (1995), vol. III 'Neuzeit (2008)', (=Schriftenreihe des Landschaftsverbandes der ehem. Herzogtümer Bremen und Verden; vols. 7–9), ISBN (vol. I) , (vol. II) , (vol. III) , vol. II: pp. 321–388, here p. 376. On its diets, convening twice a year, the Knighthood admitted the new conventuals. Due to the restricted resources never more than two sisters or half-sisters at a time were to be admitted as conventuals or aspirants.Johann Hinrich Pratje, ''Nachrichten von dem adlichen Jungfrauenkloster Neuenwalde Herzogthums Bremen: Samt einer Anzeige der Generalkirchenvisitation in der Neuhäusischen Probstey, und Synoden in dem Beverstedter und Osterstadischen Kirchenkreise'', Stade: Erbrich, 1758, p. 21. Their minimum age was fixed at 18 years.

The 1684 Convent Statute stipulated that the conventuals must not wear gold or silver jewellery, and should don preferentially black or white cloth, allowing also silk.Peter von Kobbe, ''Geschichte und Landesbeschreibung der Herzogthümer Bremen und Verden'', Göttingen: Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht, 1824, p. 181 They had to be of Augsburg Confession and to attend daily common prayers between 8 and 9 o'clock and from 17:00 to 18:00 hours. The conventuals were provided free heating, board and lodge, as well as annually Rtlr 30 (the prioress the double sum).Heinrich Wilhelm Rotermund, „Einige Nachrichten von den ehemaligen Klöstern im Herzogthum Bremen“, in: ''Neues vaterländisches Archiv oder Beiträge zur allseitigen Kenntniß des Königreichs Hannover und des Herzogthums Braunschweig'', Lunenburg: Herold & Wahlstab, 1822–1832, vol. 6, no. 2 (1828), pp. 191–232, her
p. 227

Conventuals were allowed to temporarily leave the convent, e.g. for travels, only with a permit of the prioress. An absence longer than two months entailed a reduction of the maintenance.Heinrich Wilhelm Rotermund, „Einige Nachrichten von den ehemaligen Klöstern im Herzogthum Bremen“, in: ''Neues vaterländisches Archiv oder Beiträge zur allseitigen Kenntniß des Königreichs Hannover und des Herzogthums Braunschweig'', Lunenburg: Herold & Wahlstab, 1822–1832, vol. 6, no. 2 (1828), pp. 191–232, here p. 226. Conventuals were allowed to quit the convent in order to marry if they paid Rtlr 80 to it, and several women took the opportunity.

Until 6 June 1689 meals were taken communally,Johann Hinrich Pratje, ''Nachrichten von dem adlichen Jungfrauenkloster Neuenwalde Herzogthums Bremen: Samt einer Anzeige der Generalkirchenvisitation in der Neuhäusischen Probstey, und Synoden in dem Beverstedter und Osterstadischen Kirchenkreise'', Stade: Erbrich, 1758, p. 36.Ida-Christine Riggert-Mindermann, „Neuenwalde — Das Damenstift der Bremischen Ritterschaft“, in: ''Evangelisches Klosterleben: Studien zur Geschichte der evangelischen Klöster und Stifte in Niedersachsen'', Hans Otte (ed.), Göttingen: V & R Unipress, 2013, (=Studien zur Kirchengeschichte Niedersachsens; vol. 46), pp. 273–279, here p. 277. . and each conventual was allowed to host one noble young damsel for education. Each girl's family had to pay annually M.lb. 100 for their board and lodge. Men, however, with the exception of male servants, were forbidden to stay overnight within the convent. Sick male relatives hosted and taken care by a conventual were excepted from the prohibition.

On 27 August 1685 the inauguration of the convent was celebrated. The number of conventuals was initially restricted to eight, among them Anna von der Lieth, who had already lived in the convent before the Thirty Years' War, Metta Maria Clüver (1667–1759), Gerdruth von der Lieth, Barbara Magdalena von der Decken, Judith Maria Lütcken, Sophia Hedewig Lütcken, and Caecilia Maria von der Medem.Johann Hinrich Pratje, ''Nachrichten von dem adlichen Jungfrauenkloster Neuenwalde Herzogthums Bremen: Samt einer Anzeige der Generalkirchenvisitation in der Neuhäusischen Probstey, und Synoden in dem Beverstedter und Osterstadischen Kirchenkreise'', Stade: Erbrich, 1758, p. 34.

In 1684 the Knighthood had claimed the advowson, including it in the monastic statute (Klosterordnung) royally confirmed in the same year, erroneously assuming the advowson had been with Degingk before.Johann Hinrich Pratje, ''Nachrichten von dem adlichen Jungfrauenkloster Neuenwalde Herzogthums Bremen: Samt einer Anzeige der Generalkirchenvisitation in der Neuhäusischen Probstey, und Synoden in dem Beverstedter und Osterstadischen Kirchenkreise'', Stade: Erbrich, 1758, p. 32. Thus on the occasion of the next vacancy at the Holy Cross Church the Knighthood elected Pastor Valentin Bothe in 1687. Bremen-Verden's general government protested this and by a declaratory action enforced its advowson.''Neue Sammlung geographisch-historisch-statistischer Schriften'': 17 vols., Johann Georg Friedrich Jacobi (ed.), Weißenburg in Bavaria and Schwabach (after 1787): Mizler, vol. 5 (1786): 'Die geographischen Einleitung= und Beschreibungen der meisten Länder der Westphälisch= und Niedersächsischen Kreise', p. 402. In the dispute on appointing preachers to the Holy Cross Church the general government conceded only the ''ius praesentandi'' to the Knighthood.Johann Hinrich Pratje, ''Nachrichten von dem adlichen Jungfrauenkloster Neuenwalde Herzogthums Bremen: Samt einer Anzeige der Generalkirchenvisitation in der Neuhäusischen Probstey, und Synoden in dem Beverstedter und Osterstadischen Kirchenkreise'', Stade: Erbrich, 1758, p. 25. In 1701 Christoph and Arp von Düring (1728–1732 president of the Knighthood) erected an additional lodging (''Düringsches Haus'') for their sister Auguste Hedwig von Düring in order to get her accepted into the convent.

By the Treaty of Stockholm of 1715 Bremen-Verden was transferred in personal union to the Electorate of Hanover. On 19/30 September 1716^O.S./N.S. George I, King of Great Britain and Elector of Hanover, donated Rtlr 500 in cash to extend the lodgings, and another annual Rtlr 225 from fiscal revenues (amounting to Rtlr 4,500 at an imagined interest of 5%Johann Hinrich Pratje, ''Nachrichten von dem adlichen Jungfrauenkloster Neuenwalde Herzogthums Bremen: Samt einer Anzeige der Generalkirchenvisitation in der Neuhäusischen Probstey, und Synoden in dem Beverstedter und Osterstadischen Kirchenkreise'', Stade: Erbrich, 1758, p. 35.) in order to sustain two more conventuals (thus 10).Heinrich Wilhelm Rotermund, „Einige Nachrichten von den ehemaligen Klöstern im Herzogthum Bremen“, in: ''Neues vaterländisches Archiv oder Beiträge zur allseitigen Kenntniß des Königreichs Hannover und des Herzogthums Braunschweig'', Lunenburg: Herold & Wahlstab, 1822–1832, vol. 6, no. 2 (1828), pp. 191–232, here p. 228. On 11/22 June 1717^O.S./N.S. George I ordered the Hanoverian Privy Council to defray the payments.Johann Hinrich Pratje, ''Nachrichten von dem adlichen Jungfrauenkloster Neuenwalde Herzogthums Bremen: Samt einer Anzeige der Generalkirchenvisitation in der Neuhäusischen Probstey, und Synoden in dem Beverstedter und Osterstadischen Kirchenkreise'', Stade: Erbrich, 1758, pp. 34seq.

The Christmas Flood of 1717 and the one on 15 February 1718 destroyed the dikes and flooded Neuenfelde, acreages in the Land of Wursten in which the convent had the major share. The dike reconstruction was a lengthy and costly effort for the convent and the other parties holding land in the area.''Annalen der Braunschweig-Lüneburgischen Churlande'': 9 vols., Hanover: Pockwitz, 1787–1795, vol. 5, no. 1, p. 37. In 1718 Sebastian von der Lieth donated Rtlr 600 for another place (thus 11), first given to his sister Lücke Judith von der Lieth.

From 1719 to 1721 the ''Altes Kloster'' building was extended by a timber-framed southern wing in order to increase the lodgings. However, always more unmarried noblewomen applied than could be admitted. Living in the convent provided the women with a reliable living and allowed a conduct of life not influenced and depending on the goodwill by male kinsfolk.

In 1756 Maria Amalia Marschalken paid Rtlr 300 for the installation of another lodging for herself as additional conventual (thus 12). In 1758 Margaretha von Düring, sister of Johann Christian von Düring, president of the Knighthood, lived in the ''Düringsches Haus''. A donation of Rtlr 400 in 1764 allowed hosting one more conventual (thus 13, including the prioress). Which was still the case in 1786.

After on 18 May 1803 Britain had declared war on France, French troops invaded and occupied Bremen-Verden, arriving in Neuenwalde on June 10.Otto Edert, ''Neuenwalde: Reformen im ländlichen Raum'', Norderstedt: Books on Demand, 2010, p. 40. . In autumn of 1805, at the beginning of the War of the Third Coalition against France (1805–1806) the Imperial French occupational troops left in a campaign against the Archduchy of Austria. British, Swedish and Russian coalition forces took over. In early 1806 the French-Allied Brandenburg-Prussia captured Bremen-Verden.

But when Prussia had turned against France, entailing the latter's victory over the former (Jena-Auerstedt, 11 November 1806), France recaptured the area. Napoléon ceded Bremen-Verden to his client state, the Kingdom of Westphalia. On 7 October 1810 King Jérôme Bonaparte seized the convent with all its pertinent estates, revenues and dues in favour of the royal government. After the French annexation of all the Westphalian coastal departments in December 1810, on 27 August 1811 the French government dissolved the convent. Despite the Napoleonic discourse about freedom there was no emancipation of the serfs in the Hanseatic Departments, neither under Westphalian nor under French rule.

After the end of the French annexation (1811–1813) it took some time until the convent was restituted to the Knighthood. In 1816 the conventuals returned, their number was increased to 14 and remained at that level throughout the nineteenth century.

Between 1831 and 1833 King William IV of Hanover and the United Kingdom decreed several acts allowing tenant farmers to become proprietors of the land they tilledSilvia Schulz-Hauschildt, ''Himmelpforten — Eine Chronik'', Gemeinde Himmelpforten municipality (ed.), Stade: Hansa-Druck Stelzer, 1990, p. 44. No ISBN. thus effectuating the emancipation of the serfs in the Kingdom of Hanover,Otto Edert, ''Neuenwalde: Reformen im ländlichen Raum'', Norderstedt: Books on Demand, 2010, p. 48. . of which Bremen-Verden formed part since 1814. However, the laws paved the way for the emancipation, but specific procedures, in order to find out the actual dues, monetarised or in kind alike, the lands subject to socage, the services to be delivered to the masters, and fixing the payments redeeming these burdens, and finally assigning the lands as property to the former tenants and the former lords, only started on request of the tenants wishing their emancipation. Unlike the earlier emancipation of the serfs in Prussia (1810, with redemption procedures starting in 1811) the Hanoverian laws provided only for payments, in instalments, but not generally for cessions of land the tenants tilled, in order to compensate their former feudal lords.Otto Edert, ''Neuenwalde: Reformen im ländlichen Raum'', Norderstedt: Books on Demand, 2010, p. 49. .

In 1841 the convent still concluded a new feudal tenancy. In the following years a royal land surveyor measured all the land and estimated the soil quality,Otto Edert, ''Neuenwalde: Reformen im ländlichen Raum'', Norderstedt: Books on Demand, 2010, p. 50. . an authorised agent prepared the redemption procedure of dues and service duties, annulling the convent of its feudal privileges and fixing annuity payments to the convent by which its former tenants would redeem their former feudal duties.Christa Kraemer, „Die Ritterschaft übernahm das Kloster: Vor 325 Jahren gaben die Schweden den Neuenwalder Besitz ab“, in: ''Niederdeutsches Heimatblatt'' (No. 728, August 2010), pp. 1seq., here p. 1. In 1852 Neuenwalde comprised Calenberg Morgen (Mg) 11,662 (=), of which Mg 8225 (=) were to be redistributed.Otto Edert, ''Neuenwalde: Reformen im ländlichen Raum'', Norderstedt: Books on Demand, 2010, p. 51. .

The overall arable surface was divided into forests amounting to Mg 622 (), village green (Angerweiden) to Mg 218 (), heaths to Mg 3,353 (), mires to Mg 4,030 (), lakes () to Mg 221 (), specific convent possessions to Mg 676 (), and private possessions to Mg 2,541 (). The redemption procedure proposed that Mg 2,229.09 () would be assigned to the convent as its property. The new proprietors annual instalments of payments to redeem their former tenant dues and service duties lasted until 1876, partially longer. In lieu of part of their payments the proprietors of Krempel ceded of sandy heath to the convent, which it subsequently reforested.

In 1944 and 1945 bombed out people from cities such as Bremen, Bremerhaven and Hamburg and refugees and expellees from the eastern territories of Germany were billeted in the convent. In the 1950s they gradually evacuated the building again to other places (labour migration) or into newly built homes in the area.

On 3 December 1963, at the behest of the Knighthood, the Lower Saxon cabinet recognised King Charles XI's bestowal of the convent with its estates to the Knighthood, stating: "Due to its historical development and especially to the deed of the Swedish King Charles XI of 3 July 1683 the Neuenwalde Convent is the property of the Knighthood of the Duchy of Bremen based in Stade."„Klosterordnung“
on
''Kloster Neuenwalde: Aktuelles''
retrieved on 19 December 2014. Therefore, the cabinet concluded, "it is only up to the Knighthood to update the antiquated convent statute."

Between 2009 and 2011 the convent exchanged its dated oil-fired heating system for wood chip heating.N.N. (ire), „Der Winter kann kommen“, in: ''Nordsee-Zeitung'', 29 September 2011. The new heating system reduces the fuel bill by €18,800 or 75% annually and will thus amortise within seven to eight years. Since 2012 the Neuenwalde Convent coöperates with the ''Evangelisches Bildungszentrum Bad Bederkesa''. , land superintendent of the Lutheran and head of the board of the Bildungszentrum, aims to broaden the role of the Neuenwalde Convent as a centre of encounter and education for the people in the Elbe–Weser triangle. Jörg Matzen, chief manager of the Bildungszentrum, announced that in future guests will be offered opportunities to retreat. Groups and single guests as well as delegations from institutions and enterprises will be addressed.

Convent buildings

Convent and church were built on boulders on a sand spit amidst of mires. The construction was arduous and took many years. A stream was diverted from the Westerwedele creek to the convent buildings in order to serve as a fresh water supply and a sewer.

The convent building ''Altes Kloster'' is long, and the whole compound covers . The cells were directed westwards, the window form was later changed and some of the cell windows are recognisable, though bricked up with hand-made brick of ''Klosterformat'' (height: , length: , and width: ) size. A long corridor on the eastern side connected the cells most likely to the 1444-built refectory, not preserved. On the first floor a bridge connected the ''Altes Kloster'' directly with Holy Cross Church, to the so-called nuns' gallery, today's organ loft. Above the western portal the inscription gives the year 1636 as the year of reconstruction after the 1629 fire.

General Superintendent reports that Neuenwalde comprised the convent building, the church, the bailiff's office (Amtshaus), the parsonage, the sextry, the watermill and 53 more hearthes (i.e. households) for the second half of the eighteenth century. In 1775 the Knighthood built a school for the children of its feudal tenant farmers. Later more extensions followed, a turf barn and a granary (1873). In 1888 the tithebarn (Zehntscheune), anyway tithes were no more collected, was rebuilt into apartments for conventuals,Otto Edert, ''Neuenwalde: Reformen im ländlichen Raum'', Norderstedt: Books on Demand, 2010, p. 62. . one of them for the prioress.

Holy Cross Church

Seals

The convent had a seal prior to 1282, but it is no longer extant.June Mecham
"Neuenwalde"
(section: Art & Artifacts), on
''Monastic Matrix: A scholarly resource for the study of women's religious communities from 400 to 1600 CE''
retrieved on 15 January 2015. The earliest preserved conventual seal dates to 1289. Unfortunately, this seal has shattered into several splintered pieces and cannot be reconstructed. It is believed, from documentary references to it, to have depicted Mary next to the cross or that an older seal from Midlum with the Virgin was used.Heinz-Joachim Schulze, „Neuenwalde“ (article), in: ''Germania Benedictina'': 12 vols. so far, Bayerische Benediktiner-Akademie München / Abt-Herwegen-Institut Maria Laach (ed.), St. Ottilien: EOS Verlag, 1970seqq., vol. XI: 'Norddeutschland: Die Frauenklöster in Niedersachsen, Schleswig-Holstein und Hamburg' (1984), Ulrich Faust (compil.), pp. 429–446, here p. 446. . A later seal from the fourteenth century depicts the cross with the words: «Sigillum Sancte Crucis in Wolde». Another, smaller seal was also used up until 1417. It is round and depicts a shield with a cross on it with the words: « des cruce to ». Both seals appear with that of Provost Herbord (1360) in the appendix of the ''Urkundenbuch des Klosters Neuenwalde'' by .

Possessions and revenues

The offshoots of the range (part of Wesermünde Geest) mark the westerly part of the Neuenwalde local subdistrict within the city of Geestland. Here the forests of the convent are to be found. The forests of the convent are the Dahlemer Holz, the Fahlenbruch, the Heubusch, the Klosterbruch, the Rhodenbruch, and the Stühbusch.Johann Hinrich Pratje, ''Nachrichten von dem adlichen Jungfrauenkloster Neuenwalde Herzogthums Bremen: Samt einer Anzeige der Generalkirchenvisitation in der Neuhäusischen Probstey, und Synoden in dem Beverstedter und Osterstadischen Kirchenkreise'', Stade: Erbrich, 1758, p. 17.

Besides the forests, the serf farmers in a number of villages were subject to dues to be delivered and duties to be provided to the convent, before their emancipation. With the foundation of the convent in 1219, the Knights of Diepholz granted the convent their possessions and rights in and around Midlum in the Land of Wursten.June Mecham
"Neuenwalde"
(section: Assets/Property), on
''Monastic Matrix: A scholarly resource for the study of women's religious communities from 400 to 1600 CE''
retrieved on 15 January 2015. In the subsequent years the convent purchased privileges in the villages of Honstede (Hustedt), Da(h)lem, Krempel, and rights to tithes in Wenekenbutle (Wenckenbüttel).Heinz-Joachim Schulze, „Neuenwalde“ (article), in: ''Germania Benedictina'': 12 vols. so far, Bayerische Benediktiner-Akademie München / Abt-Herwegen-Institut Maria Laach (ed.), St. Ottilien: EOS Verlag, 1970seqq., vol. XI: 'Norddeutschland: Die Frauenklöster in Niedersachsen, Schleswig-Holstein und Hamburg' (1984), Ulrich Faust (compil.), pp. 429–446, here p. 437. .

By 1280 the provost of the convent had at his disposal dues from the villages of Holßel, Esigstedt (Esigstede) and Sorthum (a part of today's Midlum). Following disputes between the local nobles and the Wursten Frisians over privileges to fields and woods, the convent grew more impoverished.June Mecham
"Neuenwalde"
(section: Relative Wealth ), on
''Monastic Matrix: A scholarly resource for the study of women's religious communities from 400 to 1600 CE''
retrieved on 15 January 2015. The charter of transfer stated that the nuns suffered from poverty in 1282.

With the convent's transfer to Altenwalde in 1282 came new acquisitions in the villages of Walle and of Northum. The convent grew in land possessions and tithes from Arensch, Berensch, , , and . The convent also received a third of the revenues from the parish Church of Ss. Cosmas and Damian in Altenwalde.

The convent's relocation to Wolde (present Altenwalde) and its takeover of the pilgrimage ''Chapel of the Holy Cross and St. Willehadus on the Mount'' was undoubtedly intended to place the convent in a better material position. From Wolde the convent established an outlying watermill, the Erbzinsmühle, later included in the 1334-founded Neuenwalde. The convent's transfer into the vicinity of that watermill (present Neuenwalde) appears to have been materially advantageous, and the fourteenth century probably was the most prosperous in the convent's history.

At this time the convent's possessions and privileges reached southwards towards Sievern, , and Lehe (a part of today's Bremerhaven). The convent acquired goods, dues in kind and tithes from the holdings of the Knights of Bederkesa and their vassals and also purchased other lands. On 11 November 1376 the priests of Wanna, Lehe and Nordleda confirmed the pawning of two farms in Nordleda to the Neuenwalde Convent.''Urkundenbuch zur Geschichte der Herzöge von Braunschweig und Lüneburg und ihrer Lande'': 11 parts, Hans Sudendorf (compil. and ed.), Hanover et al.: Rümpler et al., 1859–1883, pt. 11: 'Register' (1883; compil. Carl Sattler), p. 67. In 1389 the convent acquired the rights to construct a brickworks from the Knights of Elm. Today the brickworks is recalled by a field name in former Dahlem. In July 1406 Heine Brand conveyanced his homestead in Nordleda to the convent.''Urkundenbuch zur Geschichte der Herzöge von Braunschweig und Lüneburg und ihrer Lande'': 11 parts, Hans Sudendorf (compil. and ed.), Hanover et al.: Rümpler et al., 1859–1883, pt. 11: 'Vom 18. März 1405 bis zum Schlusse des Jahres 1406' (1880), p. 308.

The convent's feudal tenant farmers were charged with the great and small tithe, as well as with serjeanty as to manual labour and transport duties (so-called harness duties; Spanndienste) too. Neuenwalde's cotters paid annually Shilling (Sh) 32.Otto Edert, ''Neuenwalde: Reformen im ländlichen Raum'', Norderstedt: Books on Demand, 2010, p. 37. . Every Easter the tenant farmers in Neuenwalde proper had to pay Rtlr 13:20 Sh of Grundheuer (a land tax), all numbers recorded for 1778.Otto Edert, ''Neuenwalde: Reformen im ländlichen Raum'', Norderstedt: Books on Demand, 2010, p. 36. . Every St. Martin's Day, e.g., they each were to pay Rtlr:Sh 142:16:²/₃ estate service money (Hofdienstgeld; i.e. the monetarised duty to work on the convent's premises) and to deliver 8 tonnes and 3 Himten of rye (all numbers for 1778). On each Christmas they had to pay Rtlr:Sh 20:28 of hire guilder (Heuergulden; i.e. another land tax).

Generally the convent was considered to be poor. Therefore also the convent's share in contributing to the expenses of a coronation of a new Holy Roman Emperor and the necessary first was rather low, it was less than 0.0014% (or ) of the total sum to be levied in the prince-archbishopric. During the fifteenth century the convent was systematically deprived of its possessions and dependents. By turn of the fifteenth to sixteenth century the annual revenues of Neuenwalde were recorded with a low Rtlr 600, whereas the total revenues of all ten monasteries within the prince-archbishopric (without those in the city of Bremen proper) amounted to Rtlr 37,100.Peter von Kobbe, ''Geschichte und Landesbeschreibung der Herzogthümer Bremen und Verden'', Göttingen: Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht, 1824, p. 280 In 1648, when Degingk was enfeoffed with the convent, the revenues amounted to Rtlr 1,214 annually.

Several of the formerly feudally dependent villages, such as Da(h)lem (last mentioned as a settled place in 1367), Holte (near Altenwalde), and Honstede (Hustedt), were abandoned until the fourteenth century, with some (Esigstedt and Wenckebüttel) even of presently unknown former location. The feudal dues collected from feudal tenant farmers in the so-called heath villages (Heidedörfer; Arensch, Berensch, Gudendorf, Holte, and Oxstedt) were lost to Hamburg by the end of the sixteenth century. Among the villages whose feudal tenants were emancipated in the mid-nineteenth century, their dues thus lost for the convent, are Wanhöden, and the Kransburg Vorwerk.

The annual directorial honorarium of Rtlr 100 was always donated to the convent, and at times other members of the Knighthood made their own endowments. Other occasional revenues were the fees of Rtlr 80 charged when conventuals quit in order to marry. If the family of a deceased conventual wanted to inherit her estate her heirs were charged with Rtlr 20 or 24, according to different sources. New noble families aiming at being admitted as members of the Knighthood had to pay ducat 100, as decided by the diet of the Knighthood in 1721.Peter von Kobbe, ''Geschichte und Landesbeschreibung der Herzogthümer Bremen und Verden'', Göttingen: Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht, 1824, p. 293

Leadership

The provost and prioress stewarded the convent's possessions together.

Prioresses and dominae

In German the prioress is called Priorin, at times also Priörin. According to the monastic statute of 1684, the prioress should be of noble descent, of Augsburg Confession, a kinswomen of a nobleman seated in the diet, and not insane.
* Mechthildis: mentioned in 1311 and 1315June Mecham
"Neuenwalde"
(section: Notable Heads), on
''Monastic Matrix: A scholarly resource for the study of women's religious communities from 400 to 1600 CE''
retrieved on 15 January 2015.Ignaz Zeppenfeldt, „Historische Nachrichten von dem Kloster Neuenwalde im Herzogthum Bremen“, in: ''Neues vaterländisches Archiv oder Beiträge zur allseitigen Kenntniß des Königreichs Hannover und des Herzogthums Braunschweig'', Lunenburg: Herold & Wahlstab, 1822–1832, vol. 8 (1825), pp. 233–245, here p. 243.
* Dorothea von der Heyde: mentioned in 1319
* Yde: mentioned in 1333
* Catharina von Levenberg: mentioned in 1356 and 1362
* Adelheid von Duvensee: 1363–1383 in office''Urkundenbuch zur Geschichte der Herzöge von Braunschweig und Lüneburg und ihrer Lande'': 11 parts, Hans Sudendorf (compil. and ed.), Hanover et al.: Rümpler et al., 1859–1883, pt. IX: 'Vom 3. April 1399 bis zum 15. März 1405' (1877), p. 88.
* Liutgard/Lutgarde von Gröpelingen: 1389–1417 in office, mentioned also in 1363, 1365, and 1370
* Alleke Hollinges/Adelheid Hollynges: 1427–1445 in office
* Adelheid Hanenpiepen: mentioned in 1484 and 1487
* Margarethe Eytzen/ Margaretha Eytzem: mentioned in 1489, 1508, 1509 and 1515
* Margarethe von Reden: 1515–1517 in office; came from Heiligenrode Convent, whereto she returned, 1551 she was prioress there
* Wommella Wachmans/Wommela Wachmann(s): 1517–1520 in office; came from Heiligenrode Convent, whereto she returned, 1541 she was prioress there, after 1549 abbess, died in 1554
* Anna Willers: 1520–1538 in office
* Dorothea von Hude: 1538–1571 in office
* Anna Brummer(s): 1571–1576 in office; also mentioned in 1573, converted to Lutheranism while in office
* Margarethe Wevers: 1588–1598 in office, converted to Lutheranism while in office
* Adelheid von Sutholte/Sudtholdt: 1598–1599 in office,Ida-Christine Riggert-Mindermann, „Neuenwalde — Das Damenstift der Bremischen Ritterschaft“, in: ''Evangelisches Klosterleben: Studien zur Geschichte der evangelischen Klöster und Stifte in Niedersachsen'', Hans Otte (ed.), Göttingen: V & R Unipress, 2013, (=Studien zur Kirchengeschichte Niedersachsens; vol. 46), pp. 273–279, here p. 274. . she was the first prioress appointed as a Lutheran
* vacancy: 1599–1635, maybe due to quarrels between Catholic nuns and Lutheran conventuals
* Margarete Drewes: 1635–1648 in office, titled domina
* vacancy: 1648–1685
* Ottilia Margarethe Marschalck: 1685–1715 in officeIda-Christine Riggert-Mindermann, „Neuenwalde — Das Damenstift der Bremischen Ritterschaft“, in: ''Evangelisches Klosterleben: Studien zur Geschichte der evangelischen Klöster und Stifte in Niedersachsen'', Hans Otte (ed.), Göttingen: V & R Unipress, 2013, (=Studien zur Kirchengeschichte Niedersachsens; vol. 46), pp. 273–279, here p. 276. .Johann Hinrich Pratje, ''Nachrichten von dem adlichen Jungfrauenkloster Neuenwalde Herzogthums Bremen: Samt einer Anzeige der Generalkirchenvisitation in der Neuhäusischen Probstey, und Synoden in dem Beverstedter und Osterstadischen Kirchenkreise'', Stade: Erbrich, 1758, p. 39.
* Cæcilia Maria von der Me(h)den: 1716–1740 in office
* Elisabeth Dorothea von Wersebe: 1740–1750 in office
* Anna Catharina von der Lieth: 1751–1755 in office
* Augusta Louise von Oldenburg: 1755–1758 in office
* Miss von Düring: by 1761
* Miss von Issendorff: by 1819
* Miss von Düring: by 1888Stefan Amt
''Heilig-Kreuz-Kirche in Neuenwalde: Bauhistorische Untersuchung''
, Hanover: Büro für Historische Bauforschung, 2005, p. 35.
* Dr. Thora-Elisabeth von der Decken (1921–2012): 1988–2007 in office
* Veronika von der Decken (b. 1936): since 2007 in office

Vögte / (ad)vocates

The (ad)vocate (German: Vogt) exerted military protection, managed the Vorwerk, and exercised police function in the convent's seigniorial bailiwick. Initially the Knights of Diepholz wielded the Vogtei, later succeeded by the Knights of Bederkesa,Bernd Ulrich Hucker, „Die landgemeindliche Entwicklung in Landwürden, Kirchspiel Lehe und Kirchspiel Midlum im Mittelalter“ (first presented in 1972 as a lecture at a conference of the historical work study association of the northern Lower Saxon Landschaftsverbände held at Oldenburg in Oldenburg), in: ''Oldenburger Jahrbuch'', vol. 72 (1972), pp. 1—22, here p. 18. related by marriage, but declining since the mid-fourteenth century.

Provosts

The nuns elected a male provost as their legal wardenSabine Graf, „Die vier katholischen Klöster Harsefeld, Altkloster, Neukloster und Zeven im evangelischen Erzstift Bremen“, in: ''Stader Jahrbuch'', N.F. 91/92 (2001/2002), pp. 51–78, here p. 64. as well as their representative at the diets of the prince-archbishopric.Peter von Kobbe, ''Geschichte und Landesbeschreibung der Herzogthümer Bremen und Verden'', Göttingen: Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht, 1824, p. 279 The provost also wielded the summary jurisdiction in Neuenwalde's manorial court precinct, and in absence of a(n ad)vocate the provost also collected the dues and leases. Until 1282 two provosts originated from the family of the Knights of Bederkesa. The German term is Propst or, less colloquial Probst.
* Marquardus: mentioned in 1281
* Thiderich: mentioned in 1311 and 1315
* Nicolaus: mentioned in 1332 and 1333
* Willekinus: mentioned in 1338
* Meinardus: mentioned in 1339
* Herbordus: mentioned in 1356 and 1360
* Lambertus: mentioned in 1365
* Swedere Krusen: mentioned in 1398
* Gerward von Sandbeke: mentioned in 1427
* Gerhardus Suidewind: mentioned in 1432, also canon at
* Nicolaus Ossenwerder: mentioned in 1445
* Bernardus Staffhorst: mentioned in 1481
* Nicolaus Rust: mentioned in 1481
* Nicolaus Minstedt the Elder (Mynstede : mentioned in 1483 and in 1495,''Soli Deo Gloria — 1111 Holßel 2011: Festschrift zur 900-Jahr-Feier in Holßel'', Evangelisch-reformierte Kirchengemeinde Holßel (ed.), Holßel: no publ., 2011, p. 55. died in 1508
* Vacancy: 1508–1529
* Who?: 1529–1542
* Nicolaus Minstedt the Younger (My tede): 1542–1547 in office; simultaneously ecclesiastical counsellor of the prince-archbishopric
* Dieterich Slepegrel: mentioned in 1528
* Ortgis von Wersebe: 1562–1594 in office; 1558–1561 Landdrost of the prince-archbishopric
* vacancy: 1594–1615?
**Gotthardt Brobergen: 1610 as steward on behalf of the Administrator regnant
* Levin Marschalck: 1615–1627 in office; simultaneously Landdrost of the prince-archbishopric,Karl Schleif, ''Regierung und Verwaltung des Erzstifts Bremen'', Hamburg: no publ., 1972, (=Schriftenreihe des Landschaftsverbandes der ehemaligen Herzogtümer Bremen und Verden; vol. 1), p. 196, also Hamburg, Univ., Diss., 1968. No ISBN. also mentioned in 1622
* vacancy: 1627–1633?
** Laurentius Marquardi: 1632–1633 as steward on behalf of the Administrator regnant, 1630–1632 Landdrost of the prince-archbishopric
* Otto Asche Frese: 1634–????; since 1625 already provost of the , advanced in 1638 from magister scholarum to dean at Bremen Cathedral

Directors

The directors of the convent are elected by the diets of the Bremian Knighthood from its midst. Since 1691 the president of the Knighthood serves in personal union as the director. Until 1866 the director was an ex officio member (Landrat) of the parliament, the , thus representing the convent with the estates as earlier used to be the task of the provosts. The presidents of the Knighthood never took their annual directorial honorarium of Rtlr 100, but donated it to the convent. At times the directors used to appoint an administrator (Klosterverwalter), at times also called Amtmann (bailiff), presiding over the Neuenwalde Bailiwick.
* 1684–1688: Joachim Lüt(tc)kenJohann Hinrich Pratje, ''Nachrichten von dem adlichen Jungfrauenkloster Neuenwalde Herzogthums Bremen: Samt einer Anzeige der Generalkirchenvisitation in der Neuhäusischen Probstey, und Synoden in dem Beverstedter und Osterstadischen Kirchenkreise'', Stade: Erbrich, 1758, p. 31.
* 1688–1696: , since 1691 also president of the Knighthood
* 1696–1715: Johann Hinrich Pratje, ''Nachrichten von dem adlichen Jungfrauenkloster Neuenwalde Herzogthums Bremen: Samt einer Anzeige der Generalkirchenvisitation in der Neuhäusischen Probstey, und Synoden in dem Beverstedter und Osterstadischen Kirchenkreise'', Stade: Erbrich, 1758, p. 30.
* 1715–1728:
* 1728–1732:
* 1733–1751:
* 1752–1766:
* 1767–1803:
* 1804–1808: Otto Detlev Marschalck
* 1809–1816:
* 1817–1819:
* ~1846: Wilhelm Otto von der Decken
* 18??–18??:
* 18??–1881:
* 1881–19??: ?
* 19??–1954:
* 1954–1963: ?
* 1963–1989:
* 1989–2001:
* since 2002: Dr.

Amt Neuenwalde

Since the enfeoffment of Degingk with the former convent its precinct as a seigniorial entity with its former Vorwerk Kransburg, its socage farmers and revenues from dues and fines in its jurisdiction was called the ''Neuenwalde onventBailiwick'' (german: link=no, lostermt Neuenwalde). The term convent continued to be in use, but referred more to the buildings than to the wider administrative subdivision, including Neuenwalde proper and the neighbouring villages of Krempel, Wanhöden, Kransburg Vorwerk, Neumühlen outlying farm, and the Altenwalde Klostermühle windmill (the latter till 1768), all subject to the former convent's seigniorial jurisdiction and to dues to be collected.C. H. C. F. Jansen, ''Statistisches Handbuch des Königreichs Hannover'', Hanover: Helwing, 1824, p. 123.

In 1715 the Danes, occupying since 1712 in the course of the Great Northern War, ceded Bremen-Verden to their ally Great Britain-Hanover for Rtlr 600,000, which in 1719 again compensated Sweden with Speziestaler 1,000,000 for its loss, thus gaining the Swedish consent.Georg von Issendorff, ''Kloster und Amt Himmelpforten. Nach Akten und Urkunden dargestellt'', reprint of the edition by "Stader Archiv", 1911/1913, extended by Clemens Förster, Stade and Buxtehude: Krause, 1979, p. 56. No ISBN. British-Hanoverian Bremen-Verden retained the Neuenwalde Bailiwick as a rather administrative subdivision, but reorganised it according to the Hanoverian Bailiwick Ordinance (Amtsordnung) of 1674.Klaus Isensee, ''Die Region Stade in westfälisch-französischer Zeit 1810–1813: Studien zum napoleonischen Herrschaftssystem unter besonderer Berücksichtigung des Stadt Stade und des Fleckens Harsefeld'', Stade: Stader Geschichts- und Heimatverein, 2003, simultaneously: Hanover, Univ., Diss., 1991, (=Einzelschriften des Stader Geschichts- und Heimatvereins; vol. 33), p. 30. No ISBN.

During the short-lived Westphalian annexation (1810) the territory of the Neuenwalde Bailiwick formed part of the within the of the . The Canton of Dorum was established on 1 September 1810 and seated in Dorum. With effect of 1 January 1811 all the South Elbian German coast and its hinterland was annexed to France and the '' Canton of Dorum'' became part of the new within the Bouches-du-Weser Department.

During the French occupation the Amtshaus (bailiff's office) burned down (later rebuilt). In 1813 after the French defeat the Neuenwalde Bailiwick was restored, and Bremen-Verden was reestablished too, however, all its grown local peculiarities in administration were levelled when this Hanoverian province became the High-Bailiwick of Stade in 1823. The Amt, having lost its seignorial character through the abolition of feudalism after 1832,Silvia Schulz-Hauschildt, ''Himmelpforten — Eine Chronik'', Gemeinde Himmelpforten municipality (ed.), Stade: Hansa-Druck Stelzer, 1990, p. 72. No ISBN. became a merely administrative subdivision.

The convent's seigniorial jurisdiction comprised the Neuenwalde parish with Kransburg (hamlet), Krempel, Neuenwalde proper, the Neumühlen farm as well as Wanhöden and the Altenwalde windmill (the latter both part of the Altenwalde parish). The civilian jurisprudence was with the Neuenwalde bailiff, whereas to the criminal jurisdiction the relatively small Neuenwalde Bailiwick formed part of the precinct of the Bederkesa Bailiwick. On 1 January 1843 the Neuenwalde Bailiwick, in its jurisdictional function, merged into the Bederkesa Bailiwick. In 1852 the Neuenwalde Bailiwick, in its administrative function, was merged in the Bederkesa Bailiwick too, which again in 1859 was itself merged into the .

Amtleute / bailiffs

The Amt Neuenwalde was presided over by the Amtmann (pl. Amtleute; bailiff), later also granted other titles such as Drost (bailiff), Oberamtmann (superior bailiff). The bailiff replaced at times the provost.Otto Edert, ''Neuenwalde: Reformen im ländlichen Raum'', Norderstedt: Books on Demand, 2010, p. 34. .
* Bernhard Gogreve (Gogräfe): 1592–1593, appointed by the Administrator regnant of the prince-archbishopric
* Heinrich von Cappeln (Bremen, 10 July 1554 – 10 May 1623): 1606–1611; also 1586–1606 Amtmann in Neuhaus upon Oste, appointed by the Administrator regnant of the prince-archbishopric

=Convent administrators appointed by the directors

=
* Mr. Meier: by 1684Johann Hinrich Pratje, ''Nachrichten von dem adlichen Jungfrauenkloster Neuenwalde Herzogthums Bremen: Samt einer Anzeige der Generalkirchenvisitation in der Neuhäusischen Probstey, und Synoden in dem Beverstedter und Osterstadischen Kirchenkreise'', Stade: Erbrich, 1758, p. 33.
* Mr. Bremer: by 1689
* Mr. Ottens
* Mr. von Schwanewede
* Conrad David Gerhard Kühlbrunn: by 1758, and 1761
* W. von Hartwig: by 1816
* L. Dallmann: 1830s
* Mr. Sievers: by 1876Otto Edert, ''Neuenwalde: Reformen im ländlichen Raum'', Norderstedt: Books on Demand, 2010, p. 54. .

Conventuals

In 2012 there were five conventuals living in Neuenwalde. A list of conventuals who lived in Neuenwalde between 1685 and 1758 was delivered by Pratje.Cf. Johann Hinrich Pratje, ''Nachrichten von dem adlichen Jungfrauenkloster Neuenwalde Herzogthums Bremen: Samt einer Anzeige der Generalkirchenvisitation in der Neuhäusischen Probstey, und Synoden in dem Beverstedter und Osterstadischen Kirchenkreise'', Stade: Erbrich, 1758, pp. 40–43. In the nineteenth century the French term ''chanoinesse'' (i.e. canoness) was widely used to denote the conventuals. Before their decline in the mid-fourteenth century again and again daughters of the Knights of Bederkesa entered the nunnery.
* 2013, conventuals: Frau Brauns, Christa Kraemer und Imelda Renndorff
* 2012, death: Ingeborg Maria von Troilo (Forst in Lusatia, 21 September 1924—18 November 2012, Langen)
* 2012, death: Dr. Thora-Elisabeth von der Decken (1921–2012)
* 2007, elected prioress: Veronika von der Decken
* 2000, conventuals: two only
* 1997, death: Gisela von Wersebe (22 December 1900—6 September 1997)
* 1951, death: Elisabeth Hermine Luise von Wersebe (Meyenburg in Osterstade, *7 January 1871—8 October 1951*, Neuenwalde)
* 1930s, about: Annemarie von Gröning (daughter of Countess Margarete von Schlieben 870-1954and 861-1944
* 1935, death: Margarethe Ottilie Alma von Wersebe (Meyenburg in Osterstade, *2 April 1866—21 September 1935*, Neuenwalde)
* 1930, death: Friederike Helene Josephine Christiane von Wersebe (Meyenburg in Osterstade, *12 June 1860—14 May 1930*, Neuenwalde)
* 1922, death: Hildur Freiin Marschalck von Bachtenbrock (Aurich, *17 August 1842—25 January 1922*, Salzdetfurth)
* 1912 and after: Viktoria Elisabeth von Holleuffer
* 1891, admitted: Luise von Borries (Dorum, 10 May 1807—1 February 1897, Celle)
* 1890, death: Anna von Marschalck (27 December 1837—21 February 1890)
* 1890, death: Louise von Holleuffer (5 November 1803—20 February 1890)
* mid-nineteenth century: Miss Frese (daughter of an East Frisian member of the Hanoverian Estates Assembly)
* 1840, 15 conventuals and one prioress
* 1836, admitted: Elisabeth Gertrud Eleonore von Borries (Dorum, 19 October 1803—23 January 1887, Neuenwalde)
* 1819, admitted: Hermine Luise Ferdinande von Düring (died at Bothmer Mühle on 6 January 1830), daughter of Friedrich Ernst von Düring and Christiane von Dudden
* 1791, admitted: Miss von Wersebe (Cassebruch line)''Annalen der Braunschweig-Lüneburgischen Churlande'': 9 vols., Hanover: Pockwitz, 1787–1795, vol. 5, no. 1, p. 203.
* 1750s, admitted: Miss von Göben
* 1701, admitted: Augusta Hedwig von Düring (Horneburg, 24 June 1669 baptism, died on 10 December 1715*, Bremen), daughter of Arp von Düring (1630—1687) and Maria Sylluke von Brobergen (died 18 December 1674)
* 1690, death: Gerdrut von der Lieth, daughter of Christoph von der Lieth
* 1658, death: Maria Magdalena FresenHeinrich Wilhelm Rotermund, ''Das gelehrte Hannover oder Lexicon von Schriftstellern und Schriftstellerinnen, gelehrten Geschäftsmännern und Künstlern die seit der Reformation in und außerhalb den sämtlichen zum jetzigen Königreich Hannover gehörigen Provinzen gelebt haben und noch leben: aus den glaubwürdigsten Schriftstellern zusammen getragen'': 2 parts, Bremen: Schünemann, 1823, part 1, p. 419.
* 1576, mentioned: Katharine LammersOtto Edert, ''Neuenwalde: Reformen im ländlichen Raum'', Norderstedt: Books on Demand, 2010, p. 68. .

Notes

References

* , ''Kloster Neuenwalde: zur Geschichte des ehemaligen Nonnenklosters und heutigen Damenstiftes Neuenwalde'', Bremische Ritterschaft (ed.), Stade: 1993
* Nicola Borger-Keweloh, „Das Kloster Neuenwalde — wie es zur Gründung kam“, in: ''Niederdeutsches Heimatblatt'' (No. 718, October 2009), p. 2.
* ''Der frühere Kreis Lehe'', Oskar Kiecker (compil.), Osnabrück: Wenner, 1980 eprint = ''Der frühere Kreis Lehe'', Oskar Kiecker (compil.), Hanover: Provinzialverwaltung Hannover, 1939, (=Die Kunstdenkmäler der Provinz Hannover [1899–1941 vol. 25; =vol. 5 'Regierungsbezirk Stade', no. 2 'Die Kunstdenkmale des Kreises Wesermünde', pt. 1)], (=Kunstdenkmälerinventare Niedersachsens, vol. 43), ed. in collab. with the Niedersächsisches Landesverwaltungsamt / Institut für Denkmalpflege, .
* Friedel Dohrmann and Robert Wöbber, ''Festschrift Neuenwalde 1334–1984'', Bremerhaven: Eigenverlag, 1984.
* Beate-Christine Fiedler, „Bremen und Verden als schwedische Provinz (1633/45–1712)“, in: ''Geschichte des Landes zwischen Elbe und Weser'': 3 vols., Hans-Eckhard Dannenberg and Heinz-Joachim Schulze (eds.) on behalf of the Landschaftsverband der ehemaligen Herzogtümer Bremen und Verden, Stade: Landschaftsverband der ehemaligen Herzogtümer Bremen und Verden, 1995 and 2008, vol. I 'Vor- und Frühgeschichte' (1995; ), vol. II 'Mittelalter (einschl. Kunstgeschichte)' (1995; ), vol. III 'Neuzeit' (2008; ), (=Schriftenreihe des Landschaftsverbandes der ehemaligen Herzogtümer Bremen und Verden; vols. 7–9), vol. III: pp. 173–253, here p. 189. .
* Sabine Graf, „Die Einführung der Reformation im Kloster Neuenwalde“, in: ''Jahrbuch der Gesellschaft für niedersächsische Kirchengeschichte'' (vol. 99, 2001), pp. 101–121.
* , ''Evangelische Konvente in den welfischen Landen und der Grafschaft Schaumburg. Studien zum Nachleben klösterlicher und stiftischer Formen seit Einführung der Reformation'', Hildesheim: Lax, 1961, simultaneously Münster, Univ., Diss., 1959
* , „Die landgemeindliche Entwicklung in Landwürden, Kirchspiel Lehe und Kirchspiel Midlum im Mittelalter“ (first presented in 1972 as a lecture at a conference of the historical work study association of the northern Lower Saxon Landschaftsverbände held at Oldenburg in Oldenburg), in: ''Oldenburger Jahrbuch'', vol. 72 (1972)
pp. 1—22

* Karl von Kamptz, ''Über die Theilnahme an adlichen Klosterstellen in Deutschland besonders in Mecklenburg'', Berlin: no publ., 1842
* , ''Geschichte und Landesbeschreibung der Herzogthümer Bremen und Verden'', Göttingen: Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht, 1824
* Christa Kraemer, „675 Jahre Kloster Neuenwalde — Rückblick auf viele Jahrhunderte Klosterleben“, in: ''Niederdeutsches Heimatblatt'' (No. 718, October 2009), p. 1.
* Christa Kraemer, „Die Ritterschaft übernahm das Kloster: Vor 325 Jahren gaben die Schweden den Neuenwalder Besitz ab“, in: ''Niederdeutsches Heimatblatt'' (No. 728, August 2010), pp. 1seq.
* Matthias Nistal, „Die Zeit der Reformation und der Gegenreformation und die Anfänge des Dreißigjährigen Krieges (1511–1632)“, in: ''Geschichte des Landes zwischen Elbe und Weser'': 3 vols., Hans-Eckhard Dannenberg and Heinz-Joachim Schulze (eds.) on behalf of the Landschaftsverband der ehemaligen Herzogtümer Bremen und Verden, Stade: Landschaftsverband der ehemaligen Herzogtümer Bremen und Verden, 1995 and 2008, vol. I 'Vor- und Frühgeschichte' (1995; ), vol. II 'Mittelalter (einschl. Kunstgeschichte)' (1995; ), vol. III 'Neuzeit' (2008; ), (=Schriftenreihe des Landschaftsverbandes der ehemaligen Herzogtümer Bremen und Verden; vols. 7–9), vol. III: pp. 1–158. .
*
''Nachrichten von dem adlichen Jungfrauenkloster Neuenwalde Herzogthums Bremen: Samt einer Anzeige der Generalkirchenvisitation in der Neuhäusischen Probstey, und Synoden in dem Beverstedter und Osterstadischen Kirchenkreise''
Stade: Erbrich, 1758
* Ida-Christine Riggert-Mindermann, „Kloster Neuenwalde — eine geistliche Einrichtung der Bremischen Ritterschaft“, in: ''Evangelische Klöster in Niedersachsen'', Klosterkammer Hannover (ed.), Rostock: Hinstorff, 2008, pp. 144–148. .
* Ida-Christine Riggert-Mindermann, „Neuenwalde — Das Damenstift der Bremischen Ritterschaft“, in: ''Evangelisches Klosterleben: Studien zur Geschichte der evangelischen Klöster und Stifte in Niedersachsen'', Hans Otte (ed.), Göttingen: V & R Unipress, 2013, (=Studien zur Kirchengeschichte Niedersachsens; vol. 46), pp. 273–279. .
* , „Einige Nachrichten von den ehemaligen Klöstern im Herzogthum Bremen“, in: ''Neues vaterländisches Archiv oder Beiträge zur allseitigen Kenntniß des Königreichs Hannover und des Herzogthums Braunschweig'', Lunenburg: Herold & Wahlstab, 1822-1832, vol. 6, no. 2 (1828), pp. 191–232.
* , „Das Kloster Neuenwalde als Grundherrschaft“, in: ''Jahresbericht der Männer vom Morgenstern'', vol. 11 (1908/1909), pp. 85–109
* Heinrich Rüther, ''Geschichte des Klosters Neuenwalde'', Otterndorf: Hottendorff, 1950
* Heinrich Rüther, „Kloster Neuenwalde, das adelige Fräuleinstift Neuenwalde 1934: 600jähriges Bestehen“, in: ''Niederdeutsches Heimatblatt'', No. 4 (1933).
* Heinrich Rüther, „Kloster Neuenwalde im 30jährigen Kriege“, in: ''Niederdeutsches Heimatblatt'', No. 2 (1933).
* Heinrich Rüther, ''Urkundenbuch des Klosters Neuenwalde'', ed. on behalf of the Stader Verein für Geschichte und Altertümer with support by the Bremian Knighthood, Hanover: Hahn'sche Buchhandlung, 1905.
* Heinz-Joachim Schulze, „Neuenwalde“ (article), in: ''Germania Benedictina'': 12 vols. so far, Bayerische Benediktiner-Akademie München / Abt-Herwegen-Institut Maria Laach (ed.), St. Ottilien: EOS Verlag Erzabtei St. Ottilien, 1970seqq., vol. XI: 'Norddeutschland: Die Frauenklöster in Niedersachsen, Schleswig-Holstein und Hamburg' (1984), Ulrich Faust (compil.), pp. 429–446.
* Ignaz Zeppenfeldt, „Historische Nachrichten von dem Kloster Neuenwalde im Herzogthum Bremen“, in: ''Neues vaterländisches Archiv oder Beiträge zur allseitigen Kenntniß des Königreichs Hannover und des Herzogthums Braunschweig'', Lunenburg: Herold & Wahlstab, 1822–1832, vol. 8 (1825)
pp. 233–245

External links

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