''Nepenthes albomarginata'' is a tropical

pitcher plant Pitcher plants are several different carnivorous plants which have modified leaves known as pitfall traps—a prey-trapping mechanism featuring a deep cavity filled with digestive liquid. The traps of what are considered to be "true" pitcher p ...

native to

Borneo Borneo (; id, Kalimantan) is the third-largest island in the world and the largest in Asia. At the geographic centre of Maritime Southeast Asia, in relation to major Indonesian islands, it is located north of Java, west of Sulawesi, and eas ...

Peninsular Malaysia Peninsular Malaysia ( ms, Semenanjung Malaysia; Jawi: سمننجڠ مليسيا), or the States of Malaya ( ms, Negeri-negeri Tanah Melayu; Jawi: نڬري-نڬري تانه ملايو), also known as West Malaysia or the Malaysian Peninsula, ...

, and

Sumatra Sumatra is one of the Sunda Islands of western Indonesia. It is the largest island that is fully within Indonesian territory, as well as the sixth-largest island in the world at 473,481 km2 (182,812 mi.2), not including adjacent i ...

. The

specific epithet In taxonomy, binomial nomenclature ("two-term naming system"), also called nomenclature ("two-name naming system") or binary nomenclature, is a formal system of naming species of living things by giving each a name composed of two parts, bot ...

''albomarginata'', formed from the

Latin Latin (, or , ) is a classical language belonging to the Italic branch of the Indo-European languages. Latin was originally a dialect spoken in the lower Tiber area (then known as Latium) around present-day Rome, but through the power of the ...

words ''albus'' (white) and ''marginatus'' (margin), refers to the white band of

trichome Trichomes (); ) are fine outgrowths or appendages on plants, algae, lichens, and certain protists. They are of diverse structure and function. Examples are hairs, glandular hairs, scales, and papillae. A covering of any kind of hair on a pla ...

s that is characteristic of this species.

Botanical history

''Nepenthes albomarginata'' was first collected by Thomas Lobb in 1848. It was formally described a year later by

John Lindley John Lindley FRS (5 February 1799 – 1 November 1865) was an English botanist, gardener and orchidologist. Early years Born in Catton, near Norwich, England, John Lindley was one of four children of George and Mary Lindley. George Lindley w ...

in '' The Gardeners' Chronicle''. The species was introduced into cultivation in the

United Kingdom The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, commonly known as the United Kingdom (UK) or Britain, is a country in Europe, off the north-western coast of the continental mainland. It comprises England, Scotland, Wales and North ...

in 1856. In the 1996 book ''

Pitcher-Plants of Borneo ''Pitcher-Plants of Borneo'' is a monograph by Anthea Phillipps and Anthony Lamb on the tropical pitcher plants of Borneo. It was first published in 1996 by Natural History Publications (Borneo), in association with the Royal Botanic Gardens, Ke ...

'', ''N. albomarginata'' is given the vernacular name white-collared pitcher-plant.Phillipps, A. & A. Lamb 1996. ''

''. Natural History Publications (Borneo), Kota Kinabalu. This name, along with all others, was dropped from the much-expanded second edition, published in 2008.Phillipps, A., A. Lamb & C.C. Lee 2008. '' Pitcher Plants of Borneo''. Second Edition. Natural History Publications (Borneo), Kota Kinabalu.

Description

''Nepenthes albomarginata'' is a climbing plant. The stem may reach lengths of up to and is up to in diameter. Internodes are cylindrical in cross section and up to long. Leaves are coriaceous in texture. The lamina or leaf blade is

lanceolate The following is a list of terms which are used to describe leaf morphology in the description and taxonomy of plants. Leaves may be simple (a single leaf blade or lamina) or compound (with several leaflets). The edge of the leaf may be regular o ...

in shape and up to long by wide. It has an acute apex and its base is gradually attenuate and amplexicaul. The leaves of this species are characteristic in that they completely lack a petiole. Longitudinal veins are indistinct.

Tendril In botany, a tendril is a specialized stem, leaf or petiole with a threadlike shape used by climbing plants for support and attachment, as well as cellular invasion by parasitic plants such as ''Cuscuta''. There are many plants that have tendr ...

s are up to long. Rosette and lower pitchers are bulbous in the basal third and cylindrical above. They are relatively small, reaching only in height by in width. A pair of fringed wings up to wide runs down the front of each pitcher. The pitcher mouth is round and rises to form a short neck at the rear. The peristome is cylindrical in cross section, up to wide, and bears indistinct teeth. The inner portion of the peristome accounts for around 34% of its total cross-sectional surface length.Bauer, U., C.J. Clemente, T. Renner & W. Federle 2012. Form follows function: morphological diversification and alternative trapping strategies in carnivorous ''Nepenthes'' pitcher plants. ''Journal of Evolutionary Biology'' 25(1): 90–102. A dense band of short white

s is present directly below the peristome, although these may be missing from pitchers that have caught

termite Termites are small insects that live in colonies and have distinct castes (eusocial) and feed on wood or other dead plant matter. Termites comprise the infraorder Isoptera, or alternatively the epifamily Termitoidae, within the order Blattode ...

s. The

gland In animals, a gland is a group of cells in an animal's body that synthesizes substances (such as hormones) for release into the bloodstream (endocrine gland) or into cavities inside the body or its outer surface (exocrine gland). Structure De ...

ular region covers the bulbous portion of the pitcher's inner surface. The lid or operculum is suborbicular and lacks appendages. An unbranched spur (≤ long) is inserted near the base of the lid. Upper pitchers are similar to their lower counterparts in most respects. They are cylindrical-

infundibular An infundibulum (Latin for ''funnel''; plural, ''infundibula'') is a funnel-shaped cavity or organ. Anatomy * Brain: the pituitary stalk, also known as the ''infundibulum'' and ''infundibular stalk'', is the connection between the hypothalamus and ...

throughout and have a pair of ribs in place of wings. ''Nepenthes albomarginata'' has a racemose

inflorescence An inflorescence is a group or cluster of flowers arranged on a stem that is composed of a main branch or a complicated arrangement of branches. Morphologically, it is the modified part of the shoot of seed plants where flowers are formed o ...

that is usually longer in male plants. The peduncle is up to long, while the rachis reaches lengths of up to . Partial peduncles are one- or two-flowered, up to long, and lack a

bract In botany, a bract is a modified or specialized leaf, especially one associated with a reproductive structure such as a flower, inflorescence axis or cone scale. Bracts are usually different from foliage leaves. They may be smaller, larger, or of ...

Sepal A sepal () is a part of the flower of angiosperms (flowering plants). Usually green, sepals typically function as protection for the flower in bud, and often as support for the petals when in bloom., p. 106 The term ''sepalum'' was coined b ...

s are obovate to oblong in shape and up to long. A study of 120

pollen Pollen is a powdery substance produced by seed plants. It consists of pollen grains (highly reduced microgametophytes), which produce male gametes (sperm cells). Pollen grains have a hard coat made of sporopollenin that protects the gametophyt ...

samples taken from a herbarium specimen (''J.H.Adam 2417'', collected in Borneo at an altitude of ) found the mean pollen diameter to be ( SE = 0.4; CV = 6.2%). Most parts of the plant are covered in a dense indumentum of very short,

stellate Stellate, meaning star-shaped, may refer to: * Stellate cell * Stellate ganglion * Stellate reticulum * Stellate veins * Stellate trichomes (hairs) on plants * Stellate laceration or incision Wound#Open * Stellate fan-shaped Espalier (one form ...

white hairs. However, the underside of the lamina bears a dense covering of long hairs.

Ecology

''Nepenthes albomarginata'' is a widespread species, occurring in

, and

. It is also found on smaller islands such as

Nias Nias ( id, Pulau Nias, Nias language: ''Tanö Niha'') (sometimes called Little Sumatra in English) is an island located off the western coast of Sumatra, Indonesia. Nias is also the name of the archipelago () of which the island is the centre, ...

and

Penang Penang ( ms, Pulau Pinang, is a Malaysian state located on the northwest coast of Peninsular Malaysia, by the Malacca Strait. It has two parts: Penang Island, where the capital city, George Town, is located, and Seberang Perai on the Malay ...

.McPherson, S.R. & A. Robinson 2012. ''

Field Guide to the Pitcher Plants of Peninsular Malaysia and Indochina This list of ''Nepenthes'' literature is a listing of major published works dealing with the tropical pitcher plants of the genus '' Nepenthes''. It includes specialised standalone publications and taxonomic monographs released as part of larg ...

''. Redfern Natural History Productions, Poole. It has an altitudinal distribution of 0–1200 m above sea level. Its typical habitat consists of ''kerangas'' forest, but it has also been recorded from the summit vegetation of lowland peaks. It is known from

peat Peat (), also known as turf (), is an accumulation of partially decayed vegetation or organic matter. It is unique to natural areas called peatlands, bogs, mires, moors, or muskegs. The peatland ecosystem covers and is the most efficien ...

and

limestone Limestone ( calcium carbonate ) is a type of carbonate sedimentary rock which is the main source of the material lime. It is composed mostly of the minerals calcite and aragonite, which are different crystal forms of . Limestone forms whe ...

substrates.

Carnivory

''Nepenthes albomarginata'' is notable for specializing in

s; most of the species in the genus ''Nepenthes'' are unselective about their prey. According to

botanist Botany, also called , plant biology or phytology, is the science of plant life and a branch of biology. A botanist, plant scientist or phytologist is a scientist who specialises in this field. The term "botany" comes from the Ancient Greek wo ...

Marlis A. Merbach and coworkers, this specialization to a single prey taxon is unique amongst

carnivorous plant Carnivorous plants are plants that derive some or most of their nutrients from trapping and consuming animals or protozoans Protozoa (singular: protozoan or protozoon; alternative plural: protozoans) are a group of single-celled eukaryot ...

s.Merbach, M.A., D.J. Merbach, U. Maschwitz, W.E. Booth, B. Fiala & G. Zizka 2002
Mass march of termites into the deadly trap
''Nature'' 415: 36–37. ''Nepenthes albomarginata'' has a unique morphological feature: a rim of living white

s directly below the peristome. The rim's hairs tend to be missing from pitchers that have caught termites. Merbach said "For several days, nothing would happen, then — after a single night — pitchers would fill with termites and their rim hairs would disappear." Merbach investigated this phenomenon by placing fresh intact pitchers, together with pitchers with their white rims removed, near to the head of foraging columns of the termite '' Hospitalitermes bicolor''. When the column found the pitcher, termites grazed on the rim. While grazing, many termites (both workers and soldiers) fell into the pitchers. Once in the pitcher, they were unable to climb out. Merbach counted up to 22 individuals per minute falling into the pitchers and noted that the capture rate could easily exceed this for denser columns. After about an hour, the hairs were all gone and the pitcher was evidently no longer attractive to termites (and was filled with termites trying to escape). It is not known how the trichomes lure termites to the plant. Merbach detected no long-range

olfactory The sense of smell, or olfaction, is the special sense through which smells (or odors) are perceived. The sense of smell has many functions, including detecting desirable foods, hazards, and pheromones, and plays a role in taste. In humans, it ...

attraction during his experiments and noted that "all contacts seemed to happen by chance, with termites often missing pitchers less than 1 cm away from them." Merbach also points out that ''N. albomarginata'' is the only

plant Plants are predominantly photosynthetic eukaryotes of the kingdom Plantae. Historically, the plant kingdom encompassed all living things that were not animals, and included algae and fungi; however, all current definitions of Plantae exclud ...

species to offer its tissue as a bait.

Related species

In 2001, Clarke performed a cladistic analysis of the ''Nepenthes'' species of Sumatra and

using 70 morphological characteristics of each taxon. The following is a portion of the resultant cladogram, showing "Clade 6", which is only weakly supported at 50%. The sister pair of '' N. angasanensis'' and '' N. mikei'' has 79% support.

Infraspecific taxa

*''N. albomarginata'' f. ''sanguinea'' Toyoda ''ex'' Hinode-Kadan (1985) '' nom.nud.'' *''N. albomarginata'' var. ''rubra'' (Hort. ''ex'' Macfarl.) Macfarl. (1908)Macfarlane, J.M. 1908.

Nepenthaceae ''Nepenthes'' () is a genus of carnivorous plants, also known as tropical pitcher plants, or monkey cups, in the monotypic family Nepenthaceae. The genus includes about 170 species, and numerous natural and many cultivated hybrids. They are mos ...

. In: A. Engler. ''Das Pflanzenreich IV'', III, Heft 36: 1–91. *''N. albomarginata'' var. ''tomentella'' ( Miq.)

Beck Beck David Hansen (born Bek David Campbell; July 8, 1970) is an American musician, singer, songwriter, and record producer. He rose to fame in the early 1990s with his Experimental music, experimental and Lo-fi music, lo-fi style, and became ...

(1895) Beck, G. 1895. Die Gattung ''Nepenthes''. ''Wiener Illustrirte Garten-Zeitung'' 20(3–6): 96–107, 141–150, 182–192, 217–229. *''N. albomarginata'' var. ''typica''

(1895) '' nom.illeg.'' *''N. albomarginata'' var. ''villosa''

Hook.f. Sir Joseph Dalton Hooker (30 June 1817 – 10 December 1911) was a British botanist and explorer in the 19th century. He was a founder of geographical botany and Charles Darwin's closest friend. For twenty years he served as director of t ...

(1873) Hooker, J.D. 1873. Ordo CLXXV bis. Nepenthaceæ. In: A. de Candolle ''

Prodromus Systematis Naturalis Regni Vegetabilis ''Prodromus Systematis Naturalis Regni Vegetabilis'' (1824–1873), also known by its standard botanical abbreviation ''Prodr. (DC.)'', is a 17-volume treatise on botany initiated by Augustin Pyramus de Candolle. De Candolle intended it as a summa ...

'' 17: 90–105.

Natural hybrids

*''N. albomarginata'' × '' N. ampullaria''Clarke, C.M. 1997. '' Nepenthes of Borneo''. Natural History Publications (Borneo), Kota Kinabalu. *? ''N. albomarginata'' × '' N. chaniana''McPherson, S.R. 2009. ''

Pitcher Plants of the Old World ''Pitcher Plants of the Old World'' is a two-volume monograph by Stewart McPherson on the pitcher plants of the genera ''Nepenthes'' and ''Cephalotus''. It was published in May 2009 by Redfern Natural History Productions and covers all species kno ...

''. 2 volumes. Redfern Natural History Productions, Poole. *''N. albomarginata'' × '' N. clipeata'' *''N. albomarginata'' × '' N. eustachya''Clarke, C.M. 2001. ''

Nepenthes of Sumatra and Peninsular Malaysia ''Nepenthes of Sumatra and Peninsular Malaysia'' is a monograph by Charles Clarke on the tropical pitcher plants of Sumatra, Peninsular Malaysia, and their minor surrounding islands. It was published in 2001 by Natural History Publications (Borneo ...

''. Natural History Publications (Borneo), Kota Kinabalu. *''N. albomarginata'' × '' N. gracilis'' *''N. albomarginata'' × '' N. hirsuta'' *''N. albomarginata'' × '' N. macrovulgaris'' *''N. albomarginata'' × '' N. northiana'' N. × cincta''">Nepenthes_x_cincta.html" ;"title="'' N. × cincta''ref name=Clarke97 /> *''N. albomarginata'' × '' N. rafflesiana'' *''N. albomarginata'' × '' N. reinwardtiana'' N. × ferrugineomarginata''">Nepenthes reinwardtiana">N. reinwardtiana'' [=''Nepenthes x ferrugineomarginata">N. × ferrugineomarginata''ref name=Clarke97 /> *? ''N. albomarginata'' × ''Nepenthes sanguinea">N. sanguinea''Shivas, R.G. 1985
Variation in ''Nepenthes albo-marginata''.
'' Carnivorous Plant Newsletter'' 14(1): 13–14. *''N. albomarginata'' × ''Nepenthes veitchii, N. veitchii''

''N. albomarginata'' × ''N. northiana''

''Nepenthes × cincta'' is a rare plant and, due to the localised distribution of ''N. northiana'', only grows at a few sites in Bau,

Sarawak Sarawak (; ) is a States and federal territories of Malaysia, state of Malaysia. The largest among the 13 states, with an area almost equal to that of Peninsular Malaysia, Sarawak is located in northwest Borneo Island, and is bordered by the M ...

, usually on a substrate of

. The traits of ''N. albomarginata'' are very dominant in this hybrid; the wide flared peristome of its larger parent species (''N. northiana'') is almost completely lost. Pitchers are narrowly infundibulate (funnel-shaped) throughout and range in colour from cream to dusky purple with red or black spots.Clarke, C.M. & C.C. Lee 2004. ''

Pitcher Plants of Sarawak This list of ''Nepenthes'' literature is a listing of major published works dealing with the tropical pitcher plants of the genus ''Nepenthes''. It includes specialised standalone publications and taxonomic monographs released as part of larger ...

''. Natural History Publications (Borneo), Kota Kinabalu.

''N. albomarginata'' × ''N. reinwardtiana''

Its natural range covers the islands

and

. The

type specimen In biology, a type is a particular wiktionary:en:specimen, specimen (or in some cases a group of specimens) of an organism to which the scientific name of that organism is formally attached. In other words, a type is an example that serves to a ...

was collected by

Shigeo Kurata is a Japanese botanist and '' Nepenthes'' taxonomist whose work in the 1960s and 1970s contributed much to the current popularity of these plants.Clarke, C.M. & C.C. Lee 2004. ''Pitcher Plants of Sarawak''. Natural History Publications (Borneo), ...

in Kenukat, West Kalimantan, in 1981. Kurata described the hybrid the following year.

References

* nonymous1877
Reports of Societies. Royal Horticultural
''The Gardeners' Chronicle'' 8(197): 441. * nonymous1883
Mr. A. E. Ratcliff's ''Nepenthes''
''The Gardeners' Chronicle'' 20(497): 18–19. * Adam, J.H. 1997
Prey spectra of Bornean ''Nepenthes'' species (Nepenthaceae) in relation to their habitat.
''Pertanika Journal of Tropical Agricultural Science'' 20(2–3): 121–134. * Beveridge, N.G.P., C. Rauch, P.J.A. Keßler, R.R. van Vugt & P.C. van Welzen 2013. A new way to identify living species of ''Nepenthes'' (Nepenthaceae): more data needed! '' Carnivorous Plant Newsletter'' 42(4): 122–128. * Blondeau, G. 2001. ''Nepenthes albomarginata''. In: ''Les Plantes Carnivores''. De Vecchi, Paris. p. 69. * Bonhomme, V., H. Pelloux-Prayer, E. Jousselin, Y. Forterre, J.-J. Labat & L. Gaume 2011. Slippery or sticky? Functional diversity in the trapping strategy of ''Nepenthes'' carnivorous plants. ''New Phytologist'' 191(2): 545–554. * * Dixon, W.E. 1889
''Nepenthes''.
''The Gardeners' Chronicle'', series 3, 6(144): 354. * Fashing, N.J. 2010
Two novel adaptations for dispersal in the mite family Histiostomatidae (Astigmata).
In: M.W. Sabelis & J. Bruin (eds.)
Trends in Acarology: Proceedings of the 12th International Congress
'. Springer Science, Dordrecht. pp. 81–84. * Hernawati & P. Akhriadi 2006. ''

A Field Guide to the Nepenthes of Sumatra This list of ''Nepenthes'' literature is a listing of major published works dealing with the tropical pitcher plants of the genus ''Nepenthes''. It includes specialised standalone publications and taxonomic monographs released as part of larger ...

''. PILI-NGO Movement, Bogor. * Hooker, J.D. 1859
XXXV. On the origin and development of the pitchers of ''Nepenthes'', with an account of some new Bornean plants of that genus
''The Transactions of the Linnean Society of London'' 22(4): 415–424. * Kato, M., M. Hotta, R. Tamin & T. Itino 1993. Inter- and intra-specific variation in prey assemblages and inhabitant communities in ''Nepenthes'' pitchers in Sumatra. ''Tropical Zoology'' 6(1): 11–25
Abstract
* Kitching, R.L. 2000
''Food Webs and Container Habitats: The natural history and ecology of phytotelmata''
Cambridge University Press, Cambridge. * Kurniawati, R. 2010
Serangga yang terdapat pada kantong ''Nepenthes albomarginata'' T. Lobb ex Lindl. dan ''Nepenthes eustachya'' Miq. di Kawasan Cagar Alam Lembah Harau Kabupaten Limapuluh Kota.
Thesis, Andalas University, Padang
Abstract
* Kurup, R., A.J. Johnson, S. Sankar, A.A. Hussain, C.S. Kumar & S. Baby 2013. Fluorescent prey traps in carnivorous plants. ''Plant Biology'' 15(3): 611–615. * Lecoufle, M. 1990. ''Nepenthes albo-marginata''. In: ''Carnivorous Plants: Care and Cultivation''. Blandford, London. pp. 128–129. * Lee, C.C. 2000
Recent ''Nepenthes'' Discoveries
ideoThe 3rd Conference of the International Carnivorous Plant Society, San Francisco, USA. * Macák, M. 1998
Portréty rostlin - ''Nepenthes albomarginata''
''

Trifid Trifid is Latin for "split into three parts" or "threefold" and may refer to: * ''Trifid'' (journal), a Czech-language periodical *Trifid Nebula in the constellation Sagittarius *Trifid cipher, a fractionated cipher * Trifid (software), suite of m ...

'' 1998(3–4): 57–59.
page 2page 3
* Macfarlane, J.M. 1914
Family XCVI. Nepenthaceæ.
p. 279–288In: J.S. Gamble
Materials for a flora of the Malayan Peninsula, No. 24.
''Journal & Proceedings of the Asiatic Society of Bengal'' 75(3): 279–391. * Mansur, M. 2001
Koleksi ''Nepenthes'' di Herbarium Bogoriense: prospeknya sebagai tanaman hias.
In: ''Prosiding Seminar Hari Cinta Puspa dan Satwa Nasional''. Lembaga Ilmu Pengetahuan Indonesia, Bogor. pp. 244–253. * Mansur, M. 2007. Keanekaragaman jenis ''Nepenthes'' (kantong semar) dataran rendah di Kalimantan Tengah.

iversity of lowland ''Nepenthes'' (kantong semar) in Central Kalimantan. Iversity is a Berlin-based online education platform. Since October 2013, iversity has specialised in providing online courses and lectures in higher education, specifically MOOCs (Massive Open Online Courses). Courses are free and open for anyo ...

''Berita Biologi'' 8(5): 335–341
Abstract
* Mansur, M. & F.Q. Brearley 2008
Ecological studies on ''Nepenthes'' at Barito Ulu, Central Kalimantan, Indonesia
''Jurnal Teknologi Lingkungan'' 9(3): 271–276. * Masters, M.T. 1872
The cultivated species of ''Nepenthes''.
''The Gardeners' Chronicle and Agricultural Gazette'' 1872(16): 540–542. * McPherson, S.R. & A. Robinson 2012. ''

Field Guide to the Pitcher Plants of Borneo This list of ''Nepenthes'' literature is a listing of major published works dealing with the tropical pitcher plants of the genus '' Nepenthes''. It includes specialised standalone publications and taxonomic monographs released as part of larg ...

''. Redfern Natural History Productions, Poole. * Meimberg, H., A. Wistuba, P. Dittrich & G. Heubl 2001. Molecular phylogeny of Nepenthaceae based on cladistic analysis of plastid trnK intron sequence data. ''Plant Biology'' 3(2): 164–175. * Meimberg, H. 2002.�
Molekular-systematische Untersuchungen an den Familien Nepenthaceae und Ancistrocladaceae sowie verwandter Taxa aus der Unterklasse Caryophyllidae s. l..
Ph.D. thesis, Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich, Munich. * Meimberg, H. & G. Heubl 2006. Introduction of a nuclear marker for phylogenetic analysis of Nepenthaceae. ''Plant Biology'' 8(6): 831–840. * Meimberg, H., S. Thalhammer, A. Brachmann & G. Heubl 2006. Comparative analysis of a translocated copy of the ''trnK'' intron in carnivorous family Nepenthaceae. ''Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution'' 39(2): 478–490. * Merbach, M.A., G. Zizka, B. Fiala, U. Maschwitz & W.E. Booth 2001
Patterns of nectar secretion in five ''Nepenthes'' species from Brunei Darussalam, Northwest Borneo, and implications for ant-plant relationships
''Flora'' 196: 153–160. * Moran, J.A., W.E. Booth & J.K. Charles 1999
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''Annals of Botany'' 83: 521–528. * Murniati, Syamswisna & A. Nurdini 2013
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* Nurita, E. 2010
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Abstract
* Osunkoya, O.O., S.D. Daud & F.L. Wimmer 2008. Longevity, lignin content and construction cost of the assimilatory organs of ''Nepenthes'' species. ''Annals of Botany'' 102(5): 845–853. * Renner, T. & C.D. Specht 2011. A sticky situation: assessing adaptations for plant carnivory in the Caryophyllales by means of stochastic character mapping. ''International Journal of Plant Sciences'' 172(7): 889–901. * Riedel, M., A. Eichner, H. Meimberg & R. Jetter 2007. Chemical composition of epicuticular wax crystals on the slippery zone in pitchers of five ''Nepenthes'' species and hybrids. ''Planta'' 225(6): 1517–1534. * Shivas, R.G. 1984. ''Pitcher Plants of Peninsular Malaysia & Singapore''. Maruzen Asia, Kuala Lumpur. * Smythies, B.E. 1965. The distribution and ecology of pitcher-plants (''Nepenthes'') in Sarawak. UNESCO Humid Tropics Symposium, June–July 1963, Kuching, Sarawak. * Sukamto, L.A. 2005
Kultur ''Nepenthes albomarginata'' secara ''in vitro''.
In: ''Laporan Teknik Pusat Penelitian Biologi-LIPI''. Lembaga Ilmu Pengetahuan Indonesia, Bogor. pp. 433–438. * Syamsuardi & R. Tamin 1994
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Project report, Andalas University, Padang
Abstract
* Syamsuardi 1995
Klasifikasi numerik kantong semar (''Nepenthes'') di Sumatera Barat.
umerical classification of pitcher plants (''Nepenthes'') in West Sumatra.''Journal Matematika dan Pengetahuan Alam'' 4(1): 48–57
Abstract
* Takeuchi, Y., M.M. Salcher, M. Ushio, R. Shimizu-Inatsugi, M.J. Kobayashi, B. Diway, C. von Mering, J. Pernthaler & K.K. Shimizu 2011. ''In situ'' enzyme activity in the dissolved and particulate fraction of the fluid from four pitcher plant species of the genus ''Nepenthes''. ''PLoS ONE'' 6(9): e25144. * Thorogood, C. 2010. '' The Malaysian Nepenthes: Evolutionary and Taxonomic Perspectives''. Nova Science Publishers, New York. * Wan, A.S., R.T. Aexel, R.B. Ramsey & H.J. Nicholas 1972. Nepenthaceae: sterols and triterpenes of the pitcher plant. ''Phytochemistry'' 11(1): 456–461.

External links

Photographs of ''N. albomarginata ''
at the Carnivorous Plant Photofinder

{{Taxonbar, from=Q137234 Carnivorous plants of Asia albomarginata Flora of Borneo Flora of Peninsular Malaysia Flora of Sumatra Conservation dependent plants