''Nepenthes sumatrana'' is a tropical

pitcher plant Pitcher plants are several different carnivorous plants which have modified leaves known as pitfall traps—a prey-trapping mechanism featuring a deep cavity filled with digestive liquid. The traps of what are considered to be "true" pitcher p ...

endemic Endemism is the state of a species being found in a single defined geographic location, such as an island, state, nation, country or other defined zone; organisms that are indigenous to a place are not endemic to it if they are also found elsew ...

to the

Indonesia Indonesia, officially the Republic of Indonesia, is a country in Southeast Asia and Oceania between the Indian and Pacific oceans. It consists of over 17,000 islands, including Sumatra, Java, Sulawesi, and parts of Borneo and New Guine ...

n island of

Sumatra Sumatra is one of the Sunda Islands of western Indonesia. It is the largest island that is fully within Indonesian territory, as well as the sixth-largest island in the world at 473,481 km2 (182,812 mi.2), not including adjacent i ...

, after which it is named.

Discovery and taxonomy

''Nepenthes sumatrana'' was first collected by

Johannes Elias Teijsmann Johannes Elias Teijsmann (1 June 1808 – 22 June 1882) was a biologist, botanist and plant collector. He was born in Arnhem, The Netherlands. His surname is sometimes spelled ''Teysmann'', although he himself spelled it ''Teijsmann''. Teijsmann t ...

in February 1856, near the port town of

Sibolga Sibolga (formerly sometimes Siboga) is a city and a port located in the natural harbor of Sibolga Bay on the west coast of North Sumatra province, in Indonesia. It is located on the western side of North Sumatra, facing the Indian Ocean and is ...

.Teijsmann, J.E. 1857. Dagverhaal eener botanische reis over de westkust van Sumatra. ''Natuurkundig Tijdschrift voor Nederlandsch Indië'' XIV: 249–376. Teijsmann wrote the following account of his discovery:

Among the plants collected to-day and the day before yesterday ebruary 3rd and 1st there were 4 species of ''Nepenthes'' (''katoepat baroek'', ''tjalong baroek'', or ''taau-taau''), growing here on the very coast between the scrub in a thin layer of humus, under which pure sea sand, or against steep rocks and the coast, when there was only some earth or moss for the germination. Some species are very common and luxuriant here and abound in flowers and fruits. The plants are all transported to Buitenzorg in living state, but from the seeds only those of one species I have succeeded in bringing to germinate, this growing very slowly but being very interesting, as the young plants, only few
lines Line most often refers to: * Line (geometry), object with zero thickness and curvature that stretches to infinity * Telephone line, a single-user circuit on a telephone communication system Line, lines, The Line, or LINE may also refer to: Arts ...
large, already bear minute pitchers.

The plant material was initially described as a

variety Variety may refer to: Arts and entertainment Entertainment formats * Variety (radio) * Variety show, in theater and television Films * ''Variety'' (1925 film), a German silent film directed by Ewald Andre Dupont * ''Variety'' (1935 film), ...

of '' N. boschiana'' by Friedrich Miquel in 1858, and in 1886

Odoardo Beccari Odoardo Beccari (16 November 1843 – 25 October 1920) was an Italian botanist famous for his discoveries in Indonesia, particularly New Guinea, and Australia. He has been called the greatest botanist to ever study Malesia. His author abbreviat ...

considered it a variety of '' N. maxima''. Both of these species are now known to be absent from Sumatra.

Günther Beck von Mannagetta und Lerchenau Günther Ritter Beck von Mannagetta und Lerchenau (25 August 1856 in Pressburg, modern Bratislava – 23 June 1931 in Prague) was a prominent Austrian botanist. Life Ritter Beck-Mannagetta, son of a state prosecutor, studied at the University of ...

, in his 1895 work " Die Gattung ''Nepenthes''", was the first to publish ''N. sumatrana'' under its present binomial combination,Schlauer, J. N.d
''Nepenthes sumatrana''
. Carnivorous Plant Database. although he introduced it under the entry for ''N. maxima'' with the words "Hierzu gehört als Varietät: ''N. sumatrana''" (this includes a variety: ''N. sumatrana''). In his monograph of 1908, "

Nepenthaceae ''Nepenthes'' () is a genus of carnivorous plants, also known as tropical pitcher plants, or monkey cups, in the monotypic family Nepenthaceae. The genus includes about 170 species, and numerous natural and many cultivated hybrids. They are mos ...

John Muirhead Macfarlane John Muirhead Macfarlane FRSE LLD (28 September 1855, Kirkcaldy, Fife – 16 September 1943, Lancaster) was a Scottish botanist. Life He was born in Kirkcaldy in Fife on 28 September 1855. He was educated locally, then studied sciences at the ...

placed ''N. sumatrana'' in synonymy with '' N. treubiana'', a species native to

New Guinea New Guinea (; Hiri Motu Hiri Motu, also known as Police Motu, Pidgin Motu, or just Hiri, is a language of Papua New Guinea, which is spoken in surrounding areas of Port Moresby (Capital of Papua New Guinea). It is a simplified version of ...

B. H. Danser Benedictus Hubertus Danser (May 24, 1891, Schiedam – October 18, 1943, Groningen), often abbreviated B. H. Danser, was a Dutch taxonomist and botanist. Danser specialised in the plant families Loranthaceae, Nepenthaceae, and Polygonaceae. In 1928 ...

supported this interpretation in his seminal monograph, "

The Nepenthaceae of the Netherlands Indies "The Nepenthaceae of the Netherlands Indies" is a seminal monograph by B. H. Danser on the tropical pitcher plants of the Dutch East Indies and surrounding regions. It was originally published in the ''Bulletin du Jardin Botanique de Buitenzorg'' ...

", published in 1928.Danser, B.H. 1928.

. ''Bulletin du Jardin Botanique de Buitenzorg'', Série III, 9(3–4): 249–438. In 1986, ''N. sumatrana'' was again recognised as a distinct species by Rusjdi Tamin and

Mitsuru Hotta (23 July 1935 – 8 July 2015) was a Japanese botanist best known for his research on Araceae.van Steenis-Kruseman, M.J., ''et al.'' 2006Cyclopaedia of Malesian Collectors: Mitsuru Hotta Nationaal Herbarium Nederland. Hotta was born in Osaka, ...

, who noted significant differences between it and ''N. treubiana''.

Matthew Jebb Matthew Hilary Peter Jebb (born 1958) is an Irish botanist and taxonomist specialising in the ant plant genera ''Squamellaria'', ''Myrmecodia'', ''Hydnophytum'', ''Myrmephytum'' and ''Anthorrhiza'', as well as the carnivorous plant genus ''Nepe ...

also treated ''N. sumatrana'' separately in his 1991 monograph, " An account of ''Nepenthes'' in New Guinea", as did

Joachim Nerz Dr. Joachim Nerz (born 1964) is a German taxonomist and botanist specialising in the carnivorous plant genera ''Heliamphora'' and '' Nepenthes''. Nerz has described several new species, mostly with Andreas Wistuba. Publications * Schlauer, J. ...

and

Andreas Wistuba Andreas Wistuba (born 4 March 1967) is a German taxonomist and botanist specialising in the carnivorous plant genera ''Heliamphora'' and '' Nepenthes''. More than half of all known ''Heliamphora'' species have been described by Wistuba. Pub ...

in 1994, when they described the closely related '' N. longifolia''. ''Nepenthes sumatrana'' was formally restored in Matthew Jebb and

Martin Cheek Martin Roy Cheek (born 1960) is a botanist and taxonomist at the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew.A skeletal revision of ''Nepenthes'' (Nepenthaceae)", although the authors sunk ''N. longifolia'' in synonymy with ''N. sumatrana''.Jebb, M.H.P. & M.R. Cheek 1997. A skeletal revision of ''Nepenthes'' (Nepenthaceae). ''Blumea'' 42 (1): 1–106.Clarke, C.M. 2006. Introduction. In: Danser, B.H. ''

''. Natural History Publications (Borneo), Kota Kinabalu. pp. 1–15. This latter decision was reversed by

Charles Clarke Charles Rodway Clarke (born 21 September 1950) is a British Labour Party politician, who was the Member of Parliament (MP) for Norwich South from 1997 until 2010, and served as Home Secretary from December 2004 until May 2006. Early life Th ...

in his 2001 work, ''

Nepenthes of Sumatra and Peninsular Malaysia ''Nepenthes of Sumatra and Peninsular Malaysia'' is a monograph by Charles Clarke on the tropical pitcher plants of Sumatra, Peninsular Malaysia, and their minor surrounding islands. It was published in 2001 by Natural History Publications (Borneo ...

''. Despite the numerous taxonomic revisions, it appears that none of these authors (with the exception of Clarke) saw living plants of ''N. sumatrana''. The first person to knowingly observe ''N. sumatrana'' in the wild since Teijsmann's original collection is thought to have been

Ch'ien Lee Ch'ien C. Lee (Chinese: 李乾; pinyin: Lǐ Qián) is a photographer and botanist specialising in the carnivorous plant genus ''Nepenthes''. Lee has described several new ''Nepenthes'' species, including '' N. baramensis''Clarke, C., J.A. Mora ...

, in 1998.

Description

''Nepenthes sumatrana'' produces sub-cylindrical climbing stems up to 15 m long and 0.9 cm thick. These have

internodes A stem is one of two main structural axes of a vascular plant, the other being the root. It supports leaves, flowers and fruits, transports water and dissolved substances between the roots and the shoots in the xylem and phloem, stores nutrien ...

up to 20 cm long. Leaves are

coriaceous This glossary of botanical terms is a list of definitions of terms and concepts relevant to botany and plants in general. Terms of plant morphology are included here as well as at the more specific Glossary of plant morphology and Glossary o ...

and

petiolate Petiole may refer to: *Petiole (botany), the stalk of a leaf, attaching the blade to the stem *Petiole (insect anatomy) In entomology, petiole is the technical term for the narrow waist of some hymenopteran insects, especially ants, bees, a ...

. The

lamina Lamina may refer to: Science and technology * Planar lamina, a two-dimensional planar closed surface with mass and density, in mathematics * Laminar flow, (or streamline flow) occurs when a fluid flows in parallel layers, with no disruption betwee ...

lanceolate The following is a list of terms which are used to describe leaf morphology in the description and taxonomy of plants. Leaves may be simple (a single leaf blade or lamina) or compound (with several leaflets). The edge of the leaf may be regular o ...

obovate The following is a list of terms which are used to describe leaf morphology in the description and taxonomy of plants. Leaves may be simple (a single leaf blade or lamina) or compound (with several leaflets). The edge of the leaf may be regular o ...

in form and grows to 55 cm in length and 9 cm in width. Longitudinal veins are present in 6–8 pairs together with numerous

pinnate Pinnation (also called pennation) is the arrangement of feather-like or multi-divided features arising from both sides of a common axis. Pinnation occurs in biological morphology, in crystals, such as some forms of ice or metal crystals, and in ...

veins.

Tendril In botany, a tendril is a specialized stem, leaf or petiole with a threadlike shape used by climbing plants for support and attachment, as well as cellular invasion by parasitic plants such as ''Cuscuta''. There are many plants that have tendr ...

s are up to 60 cm long.Clarke, C.M. 2001. ''

''. Natural History Publications (Borneo), Kota Kinabalu. Rosette pitchers may be ovoid throughout or narrowly ovoid in the lower half and cylindrical above. They grow up to 10 cm high and 4 cm wide. Two fringed wings, up to 8 mm wide, run along the front of rosette pitchers. The

peristome Peristome (from the Greek ''peri'', meaning 'around' or 'about', and ''stoma'', 'mouth') is an anatomical feature that surrounds an opening to an organ or structure. Some plants, fungi, and shelled gastropods have peristomes. In mosses In mosses, ...

is cylindrical in cross-section and up to 4 mm wide, bearing indistinct teeth. The pitcher lid or operculum is sub-orbiculate and has no appendages. An unbranched

spur A spur is a metal tool designed to be worn in pairs on the heels of riding boots for the purpose of directing a horse or other animal to move forward or laterally while riding. It is usually used to refine the riding aids (commands) and to back ...

(≤15 mm long) is inserted at the base of the lid. Lower pitchers are wholly ovoid, with the hip located just below the peristome. They grow to 20 cm high and 10 cm wide, and possess a pair of fringed wings up to 6 mm wide. The peristome is cylindrical in cross-section and up to 10 mm wide. The lid is orbiculate and, as in rosette pitchers, bears an unbranched spur. Upper pitchers are

infundibular An infundibulum (Latin for ''funnel''; plural, ''infundibula'') is a funnel-shaped cavity or organ. Anatomy * Brain: the pituitary stalk, also known as the ''infundibulum'' and ''infundibular stalk'', is the connection between the hypothalamus and ...

(funnel-shaped) throughout. They are by far the largest of the traps produced by this species, reaching 30 cm in height and 15 cm in width. As in many ''Nepenthes'' species, the wings are reduced to ribs in aerial pitchers. The mouth has a distinctive raised section at the front, a feature also exhibited by the related '' N. rafflesiana''. ''Nepenthes sumatrana'' has a

racemose A raceme ( or ) or racemoid is an unbranched, indeterminate type of inflorescence bearing flowers having short floral stalks along the shoots that bear the flowers. The oldest flowers grow close to the base and new flowers are produced as the s ...

inflorescence An inflorescence is a group or cluster of flowers arranged on a stem that is composed of a main branch or a complicated arrangement of branches. Morphologically, it is the modified part of the shoot of seed plants where flowers are formed o ...

. In male plants, the peduncle grows to 20 cm, while the

rachis In biology, a rachis (from the grc, ῥάχις [], "backbone, spine") is a main axis or "shaft". In zoology and microbiology In vertebrates, ''rachis'' can refer to the series of articulated vertebrae, which encase the spinal cord. In this c ...

may be 70 cm tall. Female inflorescences have a longer peduncle (≤30 cm) and a shorter rachis (≤40 cm). Partial peduncles are one- or two-flowered and up to 15 mm long.

Sepal A sepal () is a part of the flower of angiosperms (flowering plants). Usually green, sepals typically function as protection for the flower in bud, and often as support for the petals when in bloom., p. 106 The term ''sepalum'' was coined b ...

s are

ovate Ovate may refer to: *Ovate (egg-shaped) leaves, tepals, or other botanical parts *Ovate, a type of prehistoric stone hand axe *Ovates, one of three ranks of membership in the Welsh Gorsedd *Vates In modern English, the nouns vates () and ovat ...

and up to 6 mm long. Some parts of the plant are sparsely covered with short simple or branched hairs, although these are mostly

caducous Dehiscence is the splitting of a mature plant structure along a built-in line of weakness to release its contents. This is common among fruits, anthers and sporangia. Sometimes this involves the complete detachment of a part; structures that op ...

. Short brown hairs are present on the leaf margins. No forms or varieties of ''N. sumatrana'' have been described.

Distribution and habitat

''Nepenthes sumatrana'' is

to the

n provinces of

North Sumatra North Sumatra ( id, Sumatra Utara) is a province of Indonesia located on the northern part of the island of Sumatra. Its capital and largest city is Medan. North Sumatra is Indonesia's fourth most populous province after West Java, East Java and ...

and

West Sumatra West Sumatra ( id, Sumatra Barat) is a Provinces of Indonesia, province of Indonesia. It is located on the west coast of the island of Sumatra and includes the Mentawai Islands off that coast. The province has an area of , with a population of 5, ...

. It is best known from the hills around

, where it was first collected. The species has a patchy distribution and the full extent of its geographical range is uncertain. Specimens collected near

Sawahlunto Sawahlunto (Jawi script, Jawi: ) is a city in West Sumatra, Western Sumatra province, Indonesia, and lies 90 kilometres (a 2-hour drive) from Padang, the provincial capital. Sawahlunto is known as the site for the oldest coal mining site in Southe ...

and named ''Nepenthes spinosa'' by Tamin and Hotta appear to be conspecific with ''N. sumatrana'', although trips to the area in 1995Clarke, C. .1997
Another Nice Trip to Sumatra
. ''

Carnivorous Plant Newsletter The ''Carnivorous Plant Newsletter'' is the official publication of the International Carnivorous Plant Society (ICPS), the largest such organization in the world. It is headquartered in Walnut Creek, California. History and editorship The newsle ...

'' 26(1): 4–10. and 2001 failed to locate any plants. ''Nepenthes sumatrana'' grows terrestrially in dense, undisturbed lowland forest on

sandstone Sandstone is a clastic sedimentary rock composed mainly of sand-sized (0.0625 to 2 mm) silicate grains. Sandstones comprise about 20–25% of all sedimentary rocks. Most sandstone is composed of quartz or feldspar (both silicates) ...

substrates. Moist, shady conditions appear to be vital to the survival of the species, as it has not been recorded from areas that have been cleared due to

logging Logging is the process of cutting, processing, and moving trees to a location for transport. It may include skidding, on-site processing, and loading of trees or logs onto trucks or skeleton cars. Logging is the beginning of a supply chain ...

agricultural Agriculture or farming is the practice of cultivating Plant, plants and livestock. Agriculture was the key development in the rise of Sedentism, sedentary human civilization, whereby farming of Domestication, domesticated species created food ...

activities. These requirements might explain the fragmented nature of its distribution and suggest that ''N. sumatrana'' is more seriously threatened with

extinction Extinction is the termination of a kind of organism or of a group of kinds (taxon), usually a species. The moment of extinction is generally considered to be the death of the last individual of the species, although the capacity to breed and ...

than previously thought. Plants are often found on very steep slopes. Seedlings of ''N. sumatrana'' have been recorded from open cliff faces, but it is uncertain whether these survive to maturity, as larger plants are only known from the forests, where their stems can use surrounding objects for support and climb into the

canopy Canopy may refer to: Plants * Canopy (biology), aboveground portion of plant community or crop (including forests) * Canopy (grape), aboveground portion of grapes Religion and ceremonies * Baldachin or canopy of state, typically placed over an a ...

. ''Nepenthes sumatrana'' has been recorded from elevations of between 0 and 800 m

above sea level Height above mean sea level is a measure of the vertical distance (height, elevation or altitude) of a location in reference to a historic mean sea level taken as a vertical datum. In geodesy, it is formalized as ''orthometric heights''. The comb ...

.McPherson, S.R. & A. Robinson 2012. ''

Field Guide to the Pitcher Plants of Sumatra and Java This list of ''Nepenthes'' literature is a listing of major published works dealing with the tropical pitcher plants of the genus ''Nepenthes''. It includes specialised standalone publications and taxonomic monographs released as part of larger ...

''. Redfern Natural History Productions, Poole.

Conservation status

The

conservation status The conservation status of a group of organisms (for instance, a species) indicates whether the group still exists and how likely the group is to become extinct in the near future. Many factors are taken into account when assessing conservation ...

of ''N. sumatrana'' is listed as Critically Endangered on the 2014 IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. However, prior to the 2013 re-evaluation, N. sumatrana had not been re-evaluated since 2000 and treated '' N. longifolia'' in synonymy with ''N. sumatrana''. Recent studies have shown that these two

taxa In biology, a taxon (back-formation from ''taxonomy''; plural taxa) is a group of one or more populations of an organism or organisms seen by taxonomists to form a unit. Although neither is required, a taxon is usually known by a particular nam ...

are distinct species. In 2001, based on first hand observations of wild populations,

informally reclassified ''N. sumatrana'' as Critically Endangered according to the

IUCN The International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN; officially International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources) is an international organization working in the field of nature conservation and sustainable use of natu ...

criteria. Clarke notes that ''N. sumatrana'' seems to be unable to survive in disturbed habitats. As such, rapid development around

poses a particularly serious threat to the survival of the species in the wild. In comparison, the threat of over-collection is relatively small, since many plants grow on very steep slopes which are virtually inaccessible. Taxonomic confusion concerning ''N. sumatrana'' and closely related species such as ''N. beccariana'' and ''N. longifolia'' makes the implementation of new conservation projects all but unfeasible.

Related species

''Nepenthes sumatrana'' is most closely related to '' N. beccariana'', '' N. longifolia'', and '' N. rafflesiana''. In 2001,

published a

cladistic analysis Cladistics (; ) is an approach to biological classification in which organisms are categorized in groups ("clades") based on hypotheses of most recent common ancestry. The evidence for hypothesized relationships is typically shared derived chara ...

of the ''Nepenthes'' species of Sumatra and

Peninsular Malaysia Peninsular Malaysia ( ms, Semenanjung Malaysia; Jawi: سمننجڠ مليسيا), or the States of Malaya ( ms, Negeri-negeri Tanah Melayu; Jawi: نڬري-نڬري تانه ملايو), also known as West Malaysia or the Malaysian Peninsula, ...

based on 70 morphological characteristics of each taxon. The following is a portion of the resultant

cladogram A cladogram (from Greek ''clados'' "branch" and ''gramma'' "character") is a diagram used in cladistics to show relations among organisms. A cladogram is not, however, an evolutionary tree because it does not show how ancestors are related to d ...

, showing part of "Clade 5", which has 69% bootstrap support. The sister pair of ''N. rafflesiana'' and ''N. sumatrana'' has 58% support. ''N. beccariana'' was not included in this study. ''Nepenthes rafflesiana'' and ''N. sumatrana'' differ primarily in the peristome structure of lower pitchers. ''N. sumatrana'' has indistinct peristome teeth, whereas those of ''N. rafflesiana'' are pronounced. The peristome of ''N. rafflesiana'' also has a characteristic elongated neck which is absent in ''N. sumatrana''. Lower pitchers of ''N. sumatrana'' are completely ovoid, whereas those of ''N. rafflesiana'' are cylindrical in the upper part. Furthermore, the leaves of ''N. sumatrana'' are narrower and fringed with short brown hairs. When

and

Martin Cheek Martin Roy Cheek (born 1960) is a botanist and taxonomist at the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew.hybrids involving this species have been recorded. *? '' N. beccariana'' × ''N. sumatrana'' *'' N. eustachya'' × ''N. sumatrana'' *'' N. gracilis'' × ''N. sumatrana''McPherson, S.R. 2009. ''

Pitcher Plants of the Old World ''Pitcher Plants of the Old World'' is a two-volume monograph by Stewart McPherson on the pitcher plants of the genera ''Nepenthes'' and ''Cephalotus''. It was published in May 2009 by Redfern Natural History Productions and covers all species kno ...

''. 2 volumes. Redfern Natural History Productions, Poole. *? '' N. longifolia'' × ''N. sumatrana'' *'' N. mirabilis'' × ''N. sumatrana'' The cross with ''N. eustachya'' has been known since at least 1990, when it was recorded as '' N. alata'' × '' N. treubiana''.Hopkins, M., R. Maulder & B. .Salmon 1990. ''

'' 19(1–2): 19–28.

Notes

:a.The

holotype A holotype is a single physical example (or illustration) of an organism, known to have been used when the species (or lower-ranked taxon) was formally described. It is either the single such physical example (or illustration) or one of several ...

of ''N. sumatrana'', ''Teijsmann 535'', consists of female specimens, three of which are deposited at the

Bogor Botanical Gardens The Bogor Botanical Gardens ( id, Kebun Raya Bogor) is a botanical garden located in Bogor, Indonesia, 60 km south of central Jakarta. It is currently operated by Indonesian Institute of Sciences (Indonesian: ''Lembaga Ilmu Pengetahuan Indo ...

(formerly the Herbarium of the Buitenzorg Botanic Gardens), as well as one at the

National Herbarium of the Netherlands National may refer to: Common uses * Nation or country ** Nationality – a ''national'' is a person who is subject to a nation, regardless of whether the person has full rights as a citizen Places in the United States * National, Maryland, ce ...

Leiden Leiden (; in English and archaic Dutch also Leyden) is a city and municipality in the province of South Holland, Netherlands. The municipality of Leiden has a population of 119,713, but the city forms one densely connected agglomeration wit ...

and one at the herbarium of

Utrecht University Utrecht University (UU; nl, Universiteit Utrecht, formerly ''Rijksuniversiteit Utrecht'') is a public research university in Utrecht, Netherlands. Established , it is one of the oldest universities in the Netherlands. In 2018, it had an enrollme ...

. :b.The vernacular names mentioned by Teijsmann refer to all the ''Nepenthes'' species found by him near Sibolga. Danser notes that the first two originate from the

Minangkabau language Minangkabau (Minangkabau: , Pegon script: ; id, Bahasa Minangkabau; ms, Bahasa Minangkabau or , Jawi: ) is an Austronesian language spoken by the Minangkabau of West Sumatra, the western part of Riau, South Aceh Regency, the northern part of ...

, whereas the latter is an orthographical error for ''tahoel-tahoel'', which is the common

Batak Batak is a collective term used to identify a number of closely related Austronesian ethnic groups predominantly found in North Sumatra, Indonesia, who speak Batak languages. The term is used to include the Karo, Pakpak, Simalungun, Toba, ...

name for ''Nepenthes''. :c.Plant material identified as ''N. spinosa'' by Tamin and Hotta consists of two main specimens: ''Tamin & Asmiati 425'' and ''Tamin & Asmiati 426''. Both are deposited at the Herbarium of Andalas University in

Padang Padang () is the capital and largest city of the Indonesian province of West Sumatra. With a Census population of 1,015,000 as of 2022, it is the 16th most populous city in Indonesia and the most populous city on the west coast of Sumatra. Th ...

and appear to represent ''N. sumatrana''. However, Figure 8 in Tamin and Hotta's treatment illustrates a lower pitcher (''Hotta 31158'', held at the Herbarium of Kyoto University) that probably belongs to '' N. gymnamphora''.

References

External links

*Danser, B.H. 1928

In:

. ''Bulletin du Jardin Botanique de Buitenzorg'', Série III, 9(3–4): 249–438. {{Taxonbar, from=Q1100262 Carnivorous plants of Asia sumatrana Endemic flora of Sumatra Plants described in 1856 Critically endangered plants