Nepenthes Neoguineensis

''Nepenthes neoguineensis'' is a tropical pitcher plant native to the island of New Guinea, after which it is named.

Botanical history

''Nepenthes neoguineensis'' was first collected in 1828 by Alexander Zipelius near Triton Bay, New Guinea. Two further collections were made by on June 19 and September 25, 1907. ''N. neoguineensis'' was again collected on May 10, 1910, by Knud Gjellerup.Danser, B.H. 1928. The Nepenthaceae of the Netherlands Indies. ''Bulletin du Jardin Botanique de Buitenzorg'', Série III, 9(3–4): 249–438.

The first name applied to this species was ''Nepenthes leptoptera'' by Hermann Zippel in 1900. However, this name is not valid as it only appeared on the label of a herbarium specimen (HLB.908.154-597) deposited at the National Herbarium of the Netherlands in Leiden.Schlauer, J. N.d
''Nepenthes leptoptera''
Carnivorous Plant Database. The specimen was collected from New Guinea.

''Nepenthes neoguineensis'' was described by John Muirhead Macfarlane in 1911 based on the specimen ''Versteeg 1746'', which consists of female plant material.

In 1916, Henry Nicholas Ridley described what he believed represented a male plant of ''N. neoguineensis''. However, in his seminal monograph "The Nepenthaceae of the Netherlands Indies", B. H. Danser showed that it belonged to a closely related but distinct species, which he named '' N. papuana''.

Description

''Nepenthes neoguineensis'' is a climbing plant. The stem is up to 6 mm thick and cylindrical to obtusely angular in cross section, especially in the upper part of the internodes. Internodes are up to 4 cm long.

Leaves are chartaceous and petiolate. The lamina is lanceolate and reaches 25 cm in length and 4.5 cm in width. It has an acute apex and is gradually or rather abruptly attenuate towards the base. Three or four indistinct longitudinal veins are present on either side of the midrib. Pinnate veins ascend obliquely from the midrib and are irregularly reticulate in the outer part of the lamina. Tendrils are up to 4 mm thick and about as long as the lamina.

Upper pitchers gradually arise from the ends of the tendrils, forming a 7 to 23 mm wide curve. They are infundibulate in the lower part, somewhat ventricose at two-fifths of their height, and widened towards the mouth. A pair of fringed wings (≤8 mm wide) runs down the entire length of the pitcher. The pitcher mouth is oblique and acuminate towards the lid. The peristome is cylindrical or flattened and up to 1.5 mm wide. The glandular region covers the lower third of the inner surface of the pitcher. The glands occur at a density of about 700 to 900 per square centimetre. The lid is suborbicular, truncate or slightly emarginate, and rounded or slightly cordate at the base. Round, depressed glands are present on the undersurface of the lid, being concentrated and increasing in size towards the middle. A flattened, unbranched spur (≤3 mm long) is inserted at the base of the lid.

The male inflorescence is a long, cylindrical panicle. The peduncle reaches 12 cm in length and 4 mm in width. The rachis is attenuate and up to 44 cm long. Pedicels lack bracteoles, reach 55 mm in length, and are one- to four-flowered. Tepals are orbicular-elliptical and around 4 mm long. Stamens are about 4 mm long, including the anthers.

The female inflorescence is a panicle-like raceme. The peduncle may be up to 15 cm long and 2.5 mm wide. The rachis is attenuate and reaches 20 cm in length. Pedicels are up to 35 mm long and most have filiform bracteoles. They are one- to three-flowered. Tepals are oblong-lanceolate and approximately 4 mm long. The ovary is sessile.

''Nepenthes neoguineensis'' has a very sparse indumentum. The stem is virtually glabrous, as is the lamina. Tendrils are densely hirsute when young, becoming only hairy near the pitcher or entirely glabrous when mature. Pitchers have a dense covering of caducous stellate hairs. The exception is the spur, which has persistent stellate hairs. Inflorescences have a very dense indumentum of short, white or brownish stellate hairs. The pedicels, tepals and the ovary are very densely stellate-tomentose.

Lower pitchers range in colour from light green to dark purple throughout. Upper pitchers are generally yellowish-green, often with a darker peristome and bright red lid. Herbarium specimens are fallow-dun in colour.

Ecology

''Nepenthes neoguineensis'' is native to New Guinea and the nearby D'Entrecasteaux Islands, and may also occur on Misool (see ''N.'' sp. Misool). The species is relatively widespread in New Guinea, ranging across the entire length of the island and occurring in both Papua New Guinea and the Indonesian portion of the island (Western New Guinea). As such, its conservation status is listed as Least Concern on the 2006 IUCN Red List of Threatened Species.

''Nepenthes neoguineensis'' grows on river edges, river gravel bars, ridge crests, and rarely in open grassland or disturbed forest. It has a wide altitudinal distribution, occurring from sea-level to an elevation of , occasionally .Jebb, M.H.P. & M.R. Cheek 1997. A skeletal revision of ''Nepenthes'' (Nepenthaceae). ''Blumea'' 42(1): 1–106.

In the wild, ''N. neoguineensis'' occurs sympatrically with '' N. ampullaria'' and '' N. maxima''.

Related species

Danser considered '' N. tomoriana'' from Sulawesi and '' N. distillatoria'' from Sri Lanka to be the closest relatives of ''N. neoguineensis''. He also noted its similarity to '' N. papuana'', stating: "''N. papuana'' is so much alike ''N. neoguineensis'' in its vegetative parts, that only the complete knowledge of the generative parts has suggested me to establish a new species".

The two taxa can be distinguished on the basis of several morphological features. ''N. papuana'' has a racemose inflorescence, while that of ''N. neoguineensis'' is a panicle or panicle-like raceme. Furthermore, the inflorescence of ''N. papuana'' usually bears only one-flowered pedicels, both in male and female plants. Those of ''N. neoguineensis'' can be up to four-flowered.

The lamina of ''N. papuana'' has very distinct longitudinal veins and indistinct pinnate veins, whereas in ''N. neoguineensis'' the opposite is true. In addition, the leaves of ''N. papuana'' are very densely ciliate, much more so than in ''N. neoguineensis''. The wings are less developed in the upper pitchers of ''N. papuana'' and the fringe elements are more closely spaced.

Based on the structure of its inflorescence, it has been suggested that ''N. neoguineensis'' belongs to a group of relatively primitive ''Nepenthes'' species, which includes '' N. distillatoria'' and '' N. pervillei''.

Natural hybrids

Where their ranges overlap, ''N. neoguineensis'' is known to hybridise with '' N. ampullaria'' and '' N. maxima''.McPherson, S.R. 2009. ''Pitcher Plants of the Old World''. 2 volumes. Redfern Natural History Productions, Poole. The hybrid plants are generally intermediate in appearance between their parent species.

Notes

:a.''Zippel 177'' was collected in 1828 near Triton Bay. Zipelius explored this area between June and August and probably collected it during this time.van Steenis-Kruseman, M.J., ''et al.'' 2006
Cyclopaedia of Malesian Collectors: Alexander Zip(p)elius
Nationaal Herbarium Nederland. The habitat is recorded as "ad parietines humid, in convallibus montium". The specimen is deposited at Herbarium Lugduno-Batavum in Leiden. It does not include flowers or fruits.

:b.''Versteeg 1268'' was collected on June 19, 1907, on the "first ''Nepenthes''-hill near Sabang (in West Papua near the Unir River) at an elevation of 30 m. It is deposited at the Bogor Botanical Gardens (formerly the Herbarium of the Buitenzorg Botanic Gardens) in Java. It does not include flowers or fruits.

:c.''Versteeg 1746'' was collected on September 25, 1907, on a "''Nepenthes''-hill". It is deposited at the Bogor Botanical Gardens and consists of female plant material.

:d.''Gjellerup 122'' was collected on May 10, 1910, in Hollandia at an elevation of 30 m. It is preserved in alcohol and deposited at the Bogor Botanical Gardens. It consists of male plant material.

:e.The Latin diagnosis for ''N. neoguineensis'' from Danser's monograph reads:

''Folia mediocria'' petiolata, lamina lanceolata, nervis longitudinalibus utrinque 3-4, vagina caulis 1/2 amplectente ; ''ascidia rosularum'' et ''inferiora'' ignota ; ''ascidia superiora'' mediocria, subcylindrica, sub medio et os versus paulum ampliata, alis 2 fimbriatis ; peristomio operculum versus acuminato, cylindrico v. applanato, 1-1 1/2 cm lato, costis 1/3-1/4 mm distantibus, dentibus fere 0 ; operculo suborbiculari, facie inferiore plano ; ''inflorescentia'' panicula v. racemus pedicellis inferioribus ad 35 mm longis 3-floris superioribus brevioribus, 2- v. 1-floris ; ''indumentum'' parcum villosum, in caulibus foliisque fere 0, in ascidiis iuventute densum, denique parcum, in inflorescentiis et floribus densum permanens.

References

Further reading

* Bauer, U., C.J. Clemente, T. Renner & W. Federle 2012. Form follows function: morphological diversification and alternative trapping strategies in carnivorous ''Nepenthes'' pitcher plants. ''Journal of Evolutionary Biology'' 25(1): 90–102.
* Mansur, M. 2001. In: ''Prosiding Seminar Hari Cinta Puspa dan Satwa Nasional''. Lembaga Ilmu Pengetahuan Indonesia, Bogor. pp. 244–253.
* Marwinski, D. 2014. Eine Expedition nach West-Papua oder auf den Spuren von ''Nepenthes paniculata''. ''Das Taublatt'' 78: 11–44.
* Meimberg, H., A. Wistuba, P. Dittrich & G. Heubl 2001. Molecular phylogeny of Nepenthaceae based on cladistic analysis of plastid trnK intron sequence data. ''Plant Biology'' 3(2): 164–175.
* Meimberg, H. 2002.  Ph.D. thesis, Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich, Munich.
* Meimberg, H. & G. Heubl 2006. Introduction of a nuclear marker for phylogenetic analysis of Nepenthaceae. ''Plant Biology'' 8(6): 831–840.
* Meimberg, H., S. Thalhammer, A. Brachmann & G. Heubl 2006. Comparative analysis of a translocated copy of the ''trnK'' intron in carnivorous family Nepenthaceae. ''Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution'' 39(2): 478–490.
* Wistuba, A. 1994
Re: ''Nepenthes''-discussion
Carnivorous Plant Mailing List, September 15, 1994.

External links

* Danser, B.H. 1928

In: The Nepenthaceae of the Netherlands Indies. ''Bulletin du Jardin Botanique de Buitenzorg'', Série III, 9(3–4): 249–438.

''Nepenthes neoguineensis'' in its natural habitat

{{Taxonbar, from=Q293242

Carnivorous plants of Asia
Flora of New Guinea
neoguineensis
Plants described in 1911
Least concern plants