''Nepenthes reinwardtiana'' is a tropical

pitcher plant Pitcher plants are several different carnivorous plants which have modified leaves known as pitfall traps—a prey-trapping mechanism featuring a deep cavity filled with digestive liquid. The traps of what are considered to be "true" pitcher p ...

native to

Borneo Borneo (; id, Kalimantan) is the third-largest island in the world and the largest in Asia. At the geographic centre of Maritime Southeast Asia, in relation to major Indonesian islands, it is located north of Java, west of Sulawesi, and eas ...

and

Sumatra Sumatra is one of the Sunda Islands of western Indonesia. It is the largest island that is fully within Indonesian territory, as well as the sixth-largest island in the world at 473,481 km2 (182,812 mi.2), not including adjacent i ...

McPherson, S.R. 2009. ''

Pitcher Plants of the Old World ''Pitcher Plants of the Old World'' is a two-volume monograph by Stewart McPherson on the pitcher plants of the genera ''Nepenthes'' and ''Cephalotus''. It was published in May 2009 by Redfern Natural History Productions and covers all species kno ...

''. 2 volumes. Redfern Natural History Productions, Poole. and to a number of smaller surrounding islands including Bangka,

Natuna ''(Sacred Ocean, Fortune Land) , image_map = , pushpin_map = Indonesia Riau Islands#Indonesia Sumatra#Indonesia#South China Sea , pushpin_map_caption = Location in Riau Islands##Location in Sumatra##Location in I ...

Nias Nias ( id, Pulau Nias, Nias language: ''Tanö Niha'') (sometimes called Little Sumatra in English) is an island located off the western coast of Sumatra, Indonesia. Nias is also the name of the archipelago () of which the island is the centre, ...

, and

Siberut Siberut is the largest and northernmost of the Mentawai Islands, located 150 kilometres west of Sumatra in the Indian Ocean. It covers an area of 3,838.25 km2 including smaller offshore islands, and had a population of 35,091 at the 2010 Cens ...

.Clarke, C.M. 2001. Appendix C: Distribution Maps. In: ''

Nepenthes of Sumatra and Peninsular Malaysia ''Nepenthes of Sumatra and Peninsular Malaysia'' is a monograph by Charles Clarke on the tropical pitcher plants of Sumatra, Peninsular Malaysia, and their minor surrounding islands. It was published in 2001 by Natural History Publications (Borneo ...

''. Natural History Publications (Borneo), Kota Kinabalu. pp. 299–307. Although some sources have included

Peninsular Malaysia Peninsular Malaysia ( ms, Semenanjung Malaysia; Jawi: سمننجڠ مليسيا), or the States of Malaya ( ms, Negeri-negeri Tanah Melayu; Jawi: نڬري-نڬري تانه ملايو), also known as West Malaysia or the Malaysian Peninsula, ...

Danser, B.H. 1928.

The Nepenthaceae of the Netherlands Indies "The Nepenthaceae of the Netherlands Indies" is a seminal monograph by B. H. Danser on the tropical pitcher plants of the Dutch East Indies and surrounding regions. It was originally published in the ''Bulletin du Jardin Botanique de Buitenzorg'' ...

. ''Bulletin du Jardin Botanique de Buitenzorg'', Série III, 9(3–4): 249–438. and

Singapore Singapore (), officially the Republic of Singapore, is a sovereign island country and city-state in maritime Southeast Asia. It lies about one degree of latitude () north of the equator, off the southern tip of the Malay Peninsula, borde ...

within the range of this species, these records appear to be erroneous. ''Nepenthes reinwardtiana'' has an unusually wide altitudinal distribution of 0–2200 m, being both a "lowland" and "highland" plant. There are many different colour forms, ranging from green to dark red. This species is known for the two "eye spots" on the inside surface of its pitchers. The

specific epithet In taxonomy, binomial nomenclature ("two-term naming system"), also called nomenclature ("two-name naming system") or binary nomenclature, is a formal system of naming species of living things by giving each a name composed of two parts, bot ...

''reinwardtiana'' honours

Caspar Georg Carl Reinwardt Caspar Georg Carl Reinwardt (5 June 1773 in Lüttringhausen – 6 March 1854 in Leiden) was a Prussian-born Dutch botanist. He is considered to be the founding father of Bogor Botanical Garden in Indonesia. Biography In 1787 he was appre ...

. The species has been given the

vernacular name A vernacular or vernacular language is in contrast with a "standard language". It refers to the language or dialect that is spoken by people that are inhabiting a particular country or region. The vernacular is typically the native language, n ...

Reinwardt's pitcher-plant.Phillipps, A. & A. Lamb 1996. ''

Pitcher-Plants of Borneo ''Pitcher-Plants of Borneo'' is a monograph by Anthea Phillipps and Anthony Lamb on the tropical pitcher plants of Borneo. It was first published in 1996 by Natural History Publications (Borneo), in association with the Royal Botanic Gardens, Ke ...

''. Natural History Publications (Borneo), Kota Kinabalu.

Taxonomy and systematics

''Nepenthes naquiyuddinii''

''Nepenthes naquiyuddinii'' was described in 2006 by

J. H. Adam Jumaat Haji Adam (born 1956) is a botanist and taxonomist specialising in the carnivorous plants, carnivorous pitcher plant genus ''Nepenthes''. Adam has described numerous ''Nepenthes'' taxon, taxa, mostly with C. C. Wilcock, including the spec ...

and

Hafiza A. Hamid Hafiz (; ar, حافظ, ḥāfiẓ, plural, pl. ''ḥuffāẓ'' , feminine (grammar), f. ''ḥāfiẓa'' ), literally meaning "memorizer", depending on the context, is a term used by Muslims for someone who has completely memorization, memorized ...

. The

taxon In biology, a taxon (back-formation from ''taxonomy''; plural taxa) is a group of one or more populations of an organism or organisms seen by taxonomists to form a unit. Although neither is required, a taxon is usually known by a particular nam ...

is only known from

Keningau Keningau ( ms, Pekan Keningau) is the capital of the Keningau District in the Interior Division of Sabah, Malaysia. It is the fifth-largest town in Sabah, as well one of the oldest. Keningau is between Tambunan and Tenom. The town had an estim ...

Kimanis Kimanis (Chinese: 金馬利) is a town and also a parliamentary constituency in Papar District, West Coast Division of Sabah, Malaysia. It is located approximately 45 kilometres south of the city of Kota Kinabalu, halfway between Papar and Beau ...

Road and the foot of

Mount Trus Madi Mount Trusmadi or Trus Madi ( ms, Gunung Trusmadi) is a mountain located at the Interior Division of Sabah, Malaysia. It is considered as the second highest mountain in both Sabah and Malaysia at , after Mount Kinabalu with Trusmadi offering a ...

, both in

Sabah Sabah () is a States and federal territories of Malaysia, state of Malaysia located in northern Borneo, in the region of East Malaysia. Sabah borders the Malaysian state of Sarawak to the southwest and the North Kalimantan province of Indone ...

, where it grows at an elevation of 1400 to 1424 m in open

secondary vegetation A secondary forest (or second-growth forest) is a forest or woodland area which has re-grown after a timber harvest or clearing for agriculture, until a long enough period has passed so that the effects of the disturbance are no longer evident. I ...

. Although acknowledging close affinities between ''N. naquiyuddinii'' and ''N. reinwardtiana'', Adam and Hafiza stated that the "two species exhibit many morphological differences and therefore they cannot be united into the same species". However, some authors consider these differences too small for species status and treat ''N. naquiyuddinii'' as a

heterotypic synonym The Botanical and Zoological Codes of nomenclature treat the concept of synonymy differently. * In botanical nomenclature, a synonym is a scientific name that applies to a taxon that (now) goes by a different scientific name. For example, Linnae ...

of ''N. reinwardtiana''. Alternatively, ''N. naquiyuddinii'' may represent a natural

hybrid Hybrid may refer to: Science * Hybrid (biology), an offspring resulting from cross-breeding ** Hybrid grape, grape varieties produced by cross-breeding two ''Vitis'' species ** Hybridity, the property of a hybrid plant which is a union of two dif ...

involving '' N. fusca'' and ''N. reinwardtiana'', the only species that are sympatric with it.

Phylogeny

In 2001,

Charles Clarke Charles Rodway Clarke (born 21 September 1950) is a British Labour Party politician, who was the Member of Parliament (MP) for Norwich South from 1997 until 2010, and served as Home Secretary from December 2004 until May 2006. Early life Th ...

performed a

cladistic analysis Cladistics (; ) is an approach to biological classification in which organisms are categorized in groups ("clades") based on hypotheses of most recent common ancestry. The evidence for hypothesized relationships is typically shared derived chara ...

of the ''Nepenthes'' species of Sumatra and

using 70 morphological characteristics of each taxon. The following is a portion of the resultant

cladogram A cladogram (from Greek ''clados'' "branch" and ''gramma'' "character") is a diagram used in cladistics to show relations among organisms. A cladogram is not, however, an evolutionary tree because it does not show how ancestors are related to d ...

, showing part of "Clade 6", which includes ''N. reinwardtiana''.Clarke, C.M. 2001. ''

''. Natural History Publications (Borneo), Kota Kinabalu.

Intraspecific taxa

*''Nepenthes reinwardtiana'' var. ''samarindaensis'' J.H.Adam & Wilcock (1993)Adam, J.H. & C.C. Wilcock 1993. A new variety of ''Nepenthes reinwardtiana'' Miquel from Kalimantan, Borneo. ''Edinburgh Journal of Botany'' 50(1): 99–104.

Natural hybrids

The following natural hybrids involving ''N. reinwardtiana'' have been recorded. *'' N. albomarginata'' × ''N. reinwardtiana'' N. × ferrugineomarginata''">Nepenthes x ferrugineomarginata">N. × ferrugineomarginata''ref name=Clarke97>Clarke, C.M. 1997. ''

Nepenthes of Borneo ''Nepenthes of Borneo'' is a monograph by Charles Clarke (botanist), Charles Clarke on the Nepenthes, tropical pitcher plants of Borneo.Clarke, C.M. 1997. ''Nepenthes of Borneo''. Natural History Publications (Borneo), Kota Kinabalu. It was first p ...

''. Natural History Publications (Borneo), Kota Kinabalu. *'' N. ampullaria'' × ''N. reinwardtiana'' *'' N. clipeata'' × ''N. reinwardtiana'' *'' N. fusca'' × ''N. reinwardtiana'' N. naquiyuddinii''">Nepenthes_naquiyuddinii.html" ;"title="?'' N. naquiyuddinii''ref name=P&L2008 /> *'' N. gracilis'' × ''N. reinwardtiana'' *'' N. gymnamphora'' × ''N. reinwardtiana'' *'' N. hispida'' × ''N. reinwardtiana'' *''Nepenthes macrovulgaris">N. macrovulgaris'' × ''N. reinwardtiana'' *''Nepenthes mirabilis">N. mirabilis'' × ''N. reinwardtiana''Phillipps, A., A. Lamb & C.C. Lee 2008. ''Pitcher Plants of Borneo''. Second Edition. Natural History Publications (Borneo), Kota Kinabalu. *''N. reinwardtiana'' × ''Nepenthes spathulata, N. spathulata'' *''N. reinwardtiana'' × ''Nepenthes stenophylla, N. stenophylla'' *''N. reinwardtiana'' × '' Nepenthes tentaculata, N. tentaculata'' N. murudensis''">Nepenthes_murudensis.html" ;"title="?''Nepenthes murudensis">N. murudensis''ref name=Clarke97 /> *''N. reinwardtiana'' × ''Nepenthes tobaica">N. tobaica'' Dariana 2010
Keanekaragaman ''Nepenthes'' dan pohon inang di Taman Wisata Alam Sicikeh-Cikeh Kabupaten Dairi Sumatera Utara
M.Sc. thesis, University of North Sumatra, Medan.

Notes

:a.The species was named after the Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia Pro-Chancellor, Tunku Naquiyuddin, Yang Amat Mulia Tunku Laxamana Tunku Dato' Seri Utama Naquiyuddin Ibni Tuanku Ja'afar.

References

* Adam, J.H. 1997. ''Pertanika Journal of Tropical Agricultural Science'' 20(2–3): 121–134. * Adam, J.H. & C.C. Wilcock 1999. ''Pertanika Journal of Tropical Agricultural Science'' 22(1): 1–7. * Akhriadi, P. 2007
Kajian taksonomi hibrid alami ''Nepenthes'' (Nepenthaceae) di Kerinci
Working paper, Andalas University, Padang
Abstract
* Bauer, U., C.J. Clemente, T. Renner & W. Federle 2012. Form follows function: morphological diversification and alternative trapping strategies in carnivorous ''Nepenthes'' pitcher plants. ''Journal of Evolutionary Biology'' 25(1): 90–102. * Beaman, J.H. & C. Anderson 2004. ''The Plants of Mount Kinabalu: 5. Dicotyledon Families Magnoliaceae to Winteraceae''. Natural History Publications (Borneo), Kota Kinabalu. * Bourke, G. 2010. ''Captive Exotics Newsletter'' 1(1): 4–7. * Bourke, G. 2011. The ''Nepenthes'' of Mulu National Park. ''

Carniflora Australis ''Carniflora Australis'' was a biannual English-language periodical and the official publication of the Australasian Carnivorous Plant Society.Rice, B. 2010Carnivorous Plant Society Archives The Carnivorous Plant FAQ. rchived page from October 1 ...

'' 8(1): 20–31. * Chung, A.Y.C. 2006. ''Biodiversity and Conservation of The Meliau Range: A Rain Forest in Sabah's Ultramafic Belt''. Natural History Publications (Borneo), Kota Kinabalu. . * Deswita, E. 2010
Perkembangan ginesium beberapa jenis ''Nepenthes'' (''N. ampullaria'' Jack., ''N. gracilis'' Korth. dan ''N. reinwardtiana'' Miq.).
Thesis, Andalas University, Padang
Abstract
* Fretwell, S. 2013. Back in Borneo for giant ''Nepenthes''. Part 1: Mesilau Nature Reserve, Ranau. ''

Victorian Carnivorous Plant Society Journal ''Victorian Carnivorous Plant Society Inc.'', formerly titled simply ''Victorian Carnivorous Plant Society'' and also known as the ''VCPS Journal'', is a quarterly periodical A periodical literature (also called a periodical publication or simp ...

'' 107: 6–13. * Fretwell, S. 2013. Back in Borneo to see giant ''Nepenthes''. Part 3: Mt. Trusmadi and Mt. Alab. ''

'' 109: 6–15. * Handayani, T. 1999. onservation of ''Nepenthes'' in Indonesian botanic gardens.In: A. Mardiastuti, I. Sudirman, K.G. Wiryawan, L.I. Sudirman, M.P. Tampubolon, R. Megia & Y. Lestari (eds.) ''Prosiding II: Seminar Hasil-Hasil Penelitian Bidang Ilmu Hayat''. Pusat Antar Universitas Ilmu Hayat IPB, Bogor. pp. 365–372. * Hartini, S. 2007
Keragaman flora dari Monumen Alam Kersik Luway, Kalimantan Timur.

lora diversity from Kersik Luway Nature Monument, East Kalimantan. Lora is a female given name and family name in the Spanish language of French origin meaning from Lorraine, a region in Northeastern France. As a given name, Lora may also be a variant of Laura (given name), Laura or derived from an Italian hypoco ...

''Biodiversitas'' 8(1): 67–72. * Hernawati & P. Akhriadi 2006. ''

A Field Guide to the Nepenthes of Sumatra This list of ''Nepenthes'' literature is a listing of major published works dealing with the tropical pitcher plants of the genus ''Nepenthes''. It includes specialised standalone publications and taxonomic monographs released as part of larger ...

''. PILI-NGO Movement, Bogor. * Kato, M., M. Hotta, R. Tamin & T. Itino 1993. Inter- and intra-specific variation in prey assemblages and inhabitant communities in ''Nepenthes'' pitchers in Sumatra. ''Tropical Zoology'' 6(1): 11–25
Abstract
* Lee, C.C. 2000
Recent ''Nepenthes'' Discoveries

ideo IDEO () is a design and consulting firm with offices in the U.S., England, Germany, Japan, and China. It was founded in Palo Alto, California, in 1991. The company's 700 staff uses a design thinking approach to design products, services, environ ...

The 3rd Conference of the International Carnivorous Plant Society, San Francisco, USA. * Lee, C.C. 2002. ''Proceedings of the 4th International Carnivorous Plant Conference, Hiroshima University, Tokyo'': 25–30. * Macfarlane, J.M. 1914
Family XCVI. Nepenthaceæ.
p. 279–288In: J.S. Gamble
Materials for a flora of the Malayan Peninsula, No. 24.
''Journal & Proceedings of the Asiatic Society of Bengal'' 75(3): 279–391. * Mansur, M. 2001. In: ''Prosiding Seminar Hari Cinta Puspa dan Satwa Nasional''. Lembaga Ilmu Pengetahuan Indonesia, Bogor. pp. 244–253. * Mansur, M. 2007. Keanekaragaman jenis ''Nepenthes'' (kantong semar) dataran rendah di Kalimantan Tengah. iversity of lowland ''Nepenthes'' (kantong semar) in Central Kalimantan.''Berita Biologi'' 8(5): 335–341
Abstract
* Mansur, M. & F.Q. Brearley 2008
Ecological studies on ''Nepenthes'' at Barito Ulu, Central Kalimantan, Indonesia
''Jurnal Teknologi Lingkungan'' 9(3): 271–276. * McPherson, S.R. & A. Robinson 2012. ''

Field Guide to the Pitcher Plants of Borneo This list of ''Nepenthes'' literature is a listing of major published works dealing with the tropical pitcher plants of the genus '' Nepenthes''. It includes specialised standalone publications and taxonomic monographs released as part of larg ...

''. Redfern Natural History Productions, Poole. * McPherson, S.R. & A. Robinson 2012. ''

Field Guide to the Pitcher Plants of Sumatra and Java This list of ''Nepenthes'' literature is a listing of major published works dealing with the tropical pitcher plants of the genus ''Nepenthes''. It includes specialised standalone publications and taxonomic monographs released as part of larger ...

''. Redfern Natural History Productions, Poole. * Meimberg, H., A. Wistuba, P. Dittrich & G. Heubl 2001. Molecular phylogeny of Nepenthaceae based on cladistic analysis of plastid trnK intron sequence data. ''Plant Biology'' 3(2): 164–175. * Meimberg, H. 2002. Ph.D. thesis, Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich, Munich. * Meimberg, H. & G. Heubl 2006. Introduction of a nuclear marker for phylogenetic analysis of Nepenthaceae. ''Plant Biology'' 8(6): 831–840. * Meimberg, H., S. Thalhammer, A. Brachmann & G. Heubl 2006. Comparative analysis of a translocated copy of the ''trnK'' intron in carnivorous family Nepenthaceae. ''Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution'' 39(2): 478–490. * Meriko, L. 2010
Perkembangan androesium beberapa jenis ''Nepenthes'' (''N. ampullaria'' Jack., ''N. gracilis'' Korth. dan ''N. reinwardtiana'' Miq.).
M.Sc. thesis, Andalas University, Padang
Abstract
* Oikawa, T. 1992. ''Nepenthes reinwardtiana'' Miq.. In: . 'The Grief Vanishing''.Parco Co., Japan. pp. 40–41. * Renner, T. & C.D. Specht 2011. A sticky situation: assessing adaptations for plant carnivory in the Caryophyllales by means of stochastic character mapping. ''International Journal of Plant Sciences'' 172(7): 889–901. * Rosyida, U. & S. Hut 2010
Keberadaan ''Nepenthes'' di cagar alam Padang Luway
Balai Konservasi Sumber Daya Alam Kalimantan Timur. * Syamsuardi & R. Tamin 1994
Kajian kekerabatan jenis-jenis ''Nepenthes'' di Sumatera Barat.
Project report, Andalas University, Padang
Abstract
* Syamsuardi 1995
Klasifikasi numerik kantong semar (''Nepenthes'') di Sumatera Barat.
umerical classification of pitcher plants (''Nepenthes'') in West Sumatra.''Journal Matematika dan Pengetahuan Alam'' 4(1): 48–57
Abstract
* Syamswisna 2009
Analisis vegetasi pada habitat kantong semar (''Nepenthes reinwardtiana'' Miq.) di Paninjauan, Kabupaten Solok.
M.Sc. thesis, Andalas University, Padang
Abstract
* Syamswisna 2010
Studi habitat kantong semar (''Nepenthes reinwardtiana'' Miq.) di Paninjauan, Kabupaten Solok
''Jurnal Guru Membangun'' 24(2): [unpaginated; 10 pp.
Abstract
* Thong, J. 2006. ''

'' 81: 12–17. * Thorogood, C. 2010. ''The Malaysian Nepenthes: Evolutionary and Taxonomic Perspectives''. Nova Science Publishers, New York. * Yogiara 2004. M.Sc. thesis, Bogor Agricultural University, Bogor. * Yogiara, A. Suwanto & M.T. Suhartono 2006
A complex bacterial community living in pitcher plant fluid
''Jurnal Mikrobiologi Indonesia'' 11(1): 9–14. * Yusmad, R. 2008
Stuktur anatomi daun dan sulur serta perkembangan kantung pada kantung semar (''Nepenthes reinwardtana'' Miq).
M.Sc. thesis, Andalas University, Padang
Abstract
{{Taxonbar, from=Q5405743 Carnivorous plants of Asia reinwardtiana Flora of Borneo Flora of Sumatra Plants described in 1852 Taxa named by Friedrich Anton Wilhelm Miquel