''Nepenthes gymnamphora'' is a tropical

pitcher plant Pitcher plants are several different carnivorous plants which have modified leaves known as pitfall traps—a prey-trapping mechanism featuring a deep cavity filled with digestive liquid. The traps of what are considered to be "true" pitcher p ...

native to the

Indonesia Indonesia, officially the Republic of Indonesia, is a country in Southeast Asia and Oceania between the Indian and Pacific oceans. It consists of over 17,000 islands, including Sumatra, Java, Sulawesi, and parts of Borneo and New Guine ...

n islands of

Java Java (; id, Jawa, ; jv, ꦗꦮ; su, ) is one of the Greater Sunda Islands in Indonesia. It is bordered by the Indian Ocean to the south and the Java Sea to the north. With a population of 151.6 million people, Java is the world's mos ...

and Sumatra. It has a wide altitudinal range of above sea level. There is much debate surrounding the taxonomic status of this species and the

taxa In biology, a taxon (back-formation from ''taxonomy''; plural taxa) is a group of one or more populations of an organism or organisms seen by taxonomists to form a unit. Although neither is required, a taxon is usually known by a particular nam ...

''N. pectinata'' and ''N. xiphioides''. The specific epithet ''gymnamphora'' is derived from the

Greek Greek may refer to: Greece Anything of, from, or related to Greece, a country in Southern Europe: *Greeks, an ethnic group. *Greek language, a branch of the Indo-European language family. **Proto-Greek language, the assumed last common ancestor ...

words ''gymnos'' (naked) and ''amphoreus'' (pitcher).

Taxonomy

The ''N. gymnamphora'' group of related

has been variously interpreted as comprising a single extremely variable species (''N. gymnamphora'');McPherson, S.R. 2009. ''

Pitcher Plants of the Old World ''Pitcher Plants of the Old World'' is a two-volume monograph by Stewart McPherson on the pitcher plants of the genera '' Nepenthes'' and ''Cephalotus''. It was published in May 2009 by Redfern Natural History Productions and covers all species ...

''. 2 volumes. Redfern Natural History Productions, Poole. two distinct species, one from

(''N. gymnamphora'') and one from Sumatra ('' N. pectinata'');Jebb, M.H.P. & M.R. Cheek 1997. A skeletal revision of ''Nepenthes'' (Nepenthaceae). ''Blumea'' 42(1): 1–106.Cheek, M.R. & M.H.P. Jebb 2001. Nepenthaceae. ''Flora Malesiana'' 15: 1–157. or two species, one with a wide distribution covering Java and Sumatra (''N. gymnamphora'') and one with a very restricted range in Sumatra ('' N. xiphioides'').Salmon, B.R. & R.G. Maulder 1995
Two New Species of ''Nepenthes'' from North Sumatra, Indonesia
''

Carnivorous Plant Newsletter The ''Carnivorous Plant Newsletter'' is the official publication of the International Carnivorous Plant Society (ICPS), the largest such organization in the world. It is headquartered in Walnut Creek, California. History and editorship The newsle ...

'' 24(3): 77–85. An additional fourth undescribed taxon, known from Mount Sorik Merapi in Sumatra, may also fall within ''N. gymnamphora''.Clarke, C.M. 2001. ''

Nepenthes of Sumatra and Peninsular Malaysia ''Nepenthes of Sumatra and Peninsular Malaysia'' is a monograph by Charles Clarke on the tropical pitcher plants of Sumatra, Peninsular Malaysia, and their minor surrounding islands. It was published in 2001 by Natural History Publications (Bor ...

''. Natural History Publications (Borneo), Kota Kinabalu.

''Nepenthes pectinata''

''Nepenthes pectinata'' was described by B. H. Danser in his seminal 1928 monograph "

The Nepenthaceae of the Netherlands Indies "The Nepenthaceae of the Netherlands Indies" is a seminal monograph by B. H. Danser on the tropical pitcher plants of the Dutch East Indies and surrounding regions. It was originally published in the ''Bulletin du Jardin Botanique de Buitenzorg ...

".Danser, B.H. 1928.

. ''Bulletin du Jardin Botanique de Buitenzorg'', Série III, 9(3–4): 249–438. Danser's description of ''N. pectinata'' was based on material that included upper pitchers of '' N. singalana''. This was first noted in 1994 by

Jan Schlauer Jan, JaN or JAN may refer to: Acronyms * Jackson, Mississippi (Amtrak station), US, Amtrak station code JAN * Jackson-Evers International Airport, Mississippi, US, IATA code * Jabhat al-Nusra (JaN), a Syrian militant group * Japanese Article Numb ...

and

Joachim Nerz Dr. Joachim Nerz (born 1964) is a German taxonomist and botanist specialising in the carnivorous plant genera ''Heliamphora'' and '' Nepenthes''. Nerz has described several new species, mostly with Andreas Wistuba. Publications * Schlauer, J. ...

, who provided a

lectotype In biology, a type is a particular specimen (or in some cases a group of specimens) of an organism to which the scientific name of that organism is formally attached. In other words, a type is an example that serves to anchor or centralizes the ...

for ''N. pectinata'': ''Bünnemeijer 700'', a specimen collected on Mount Talakmau.Schlauer, J. & J. Nerz 1994. Notes on ''Nepenthes'' (Nepenthaceae). I. Contributions to the Flora of Sumatra. ''Blumea'' 39: 139–142. Danser mentioned another specimen in his monograph that he identified as the

natural hybrid In biology, a hybrid is the offspring resulting from combining the qualities of two organisms of different breeds, varieties, species or genera through sexual reproduction. Hybrids are not always intermediates between their parents (such as in ...

''N. pectinata'' × ''N. singalana'', but which actually represented a pure ''N. singalana''. ''Nepenthes pectinata'' has a separate

conservation status The conservation status of a group of organisms (for instance, a species) indicates whether the group still exists and how likely the group is to become extinct in the near future. Many factors are taken into account when assessing conservatio ...

Least Concern A least-concern species is a species that has been categorized by the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) as evaluated as not being a focus of species conservation because the specific species is still plentiful in the wild. T ...

on the

IUCN Red List The International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) Red List of Threatened Species, also known as the IUCN Red List or Red Data Book, founded in 1964, is the world's most comprehensive inventory of the global conservation status of biol ...

.Clarke, C.M., R. Cantley, J. Nerz, H. Rischer & A. Witsuba 2000
''Nepenthes pectinata''
''2006 IUCN Red List of Threatened Species''. IUCN 2006. Retrieved on 12 May 2006.

''Nepenthes xiphioides''

''Nepenthes xiphioides'' was described by Bruce Salmon and Ricky Maulder in a 1995 issue of the ''

''. The authors treated ''N. pectinata'' as conspecific with ''N. gymnamphora'', and distinguished ''N. xiphioides'' from the latter based on a number of characters shown in the table below.

Infraspecific taxa

*''Nepenthes gymnamphora'' var. ''haematamphora'' Miq. (1851) *''Nepenthes gymnamphora'' var. ''pectinata'' (Danser) Hort.Westphal (1999) ''in sched.''

Natural hybrids

*'' N. bongso'' × ''N. gymnamphora'' *''N. gymnamphora'' × '' N. mikei'' N._×_pangulubauensis''.html" ;"title="Nepenthes × pangulubauensis">N. × pangulubauensis''">Nepenthes × pangulubauensis">N. × pangulubauensis''*''N. gymnamphora'' × '' N. ovata'' *''N. gymnamphora'' × '' N. reinwardtiana'' *? ''N. gymnamphora'' × '' N. rhombicaulis'' *''N. gymnamphora'' × '' N. singalana'' *''N. gymnamphora'' × '' N. spathulata'' *''N. gymnamphora'' × '' N. spectabilis'' *''N. gymnamphora'' × '' N. talangensis'' File:Nepenthes natural hybrid Sumatra1.jpg, ? ''N. gymnamphora'' × ''N. spectabilis''

Notes

:a.''Nepenthes pectinata'' is pronounced . The specific epithet is derived from the

Latin Latin (, or , ) is a classical language belonging to the Italic branch of the Indo-European languages. Latin was originally a dialect spoken in the lower Tiber area (then known as Latium) around present-day Rome, but through the power of the ...

word ''pectinata'', meaning "comb-shaped". :b.''Nepenthes xiphioides'' is pronounced . The specific epithet is derived from the

New Latin New Latin (also called Neo-Latin or Modern Latin) is the revival of Literary Latin used in original, scholarly, and scientific works since about 1500. Modern scholarly and technical nomenclature, such as in zoological and botanical taxonomy ...

word '' xiphius'' (sword) and the

ending ''-oides'' (resembling), and refers to the long, thin teeth lining the inner margin of the peristome of this species.

References

* Adam, J.H., C.C. Wilcock & M.D. Swaine 1992. ''Journal of Tropical Forest Science'' 5(1): 13–25. * Bauer, U., C.J. Clemente, T. Renner & W. Federle 2012. Form follows function: morphological diversification and alternative trapping strategies in carnivorous ''Nepenthes'' pitcher plants. ''Journal of Evolutionary Biology'' 25(1): 90–102. * Clarke, C.M., R. Cantley, J. Nerz, H. Rischer & A. Witsuba 2000
''Nepenthes gymnamphora''
''2006 IUCN Red List of Threatened Species''. IUCN 2006. Retrieved on 10 May 2006. * Clarke, C.M. 2006. Introduction. In: Danser, B.H. ''

''. Natural History Publications (Borneo), Kota Kinabalu. pp. 1–15. * Hakim, L., A.Y. Wartono, J. Batoro & N. Nakagoshi 2006. ''Nepenthes gymnamphora'' Nees in East Java, Indonesia: Recent distribution status and new locality from Mt. Semeru. ''Hikobia'' 14(4): 493–497. * Handayani, T. 1999. onservation of ''Nepenthes'' in Indonesian botanic gardens.In: A. Mardiastuti, I. Sudirman, K.G. Wiryawan, L.I. Sudirman, M.P. Tampubolon, R. Megia & Y. Lestari (eds.) ''Prosiding II: Seminar Hasil-Hasil Penelitian Bidang Ilmu Hayat''. Pusat Antar Universitas Ilmu Hayat IPB, Bogor. pp. 365–372. * Hernawati & P. Akhriadi 2006. ''

A Field Guide to the Nepenthes of Sumatra This list of ''Nepenthes'' literature is a listing of major published works dealing with the tropical pitcher plants of the genus ''Nepenthes''. It includes specialised standalone publications and taxonomic monographs released as part of large ...

''. PILI-NGO Movement, Bogor. * Jebb, M. 1994
NEPENTHES revision for Flora Malesiana
Carnivorous Plant Mailing List, September 9, 1994. * Kitching, R.L. 2000
''Food Webs and Container Habitats: The natural history and ecology of phytotelmata''
Cambridge University Press, Cambridge. * Korthals, P.W. 1839. Over het geslacht ''Nepenthes''. In: C.J. Temminck 1839–1842. ''Verhandelingen over de Natuurlijke Geschiedenis der Nederlandsche overzeesche bezittingen; Kruidkunde''. Leiden. pp. 1–44, t. 1–4, 13–15, 20–22. * Kurata, S. 1973. ''Nepenthes'' from Borneo, Singapore and Sumatra. ''The Gardens' Bulletin Singapore'' 26(2): 227–232. * Mansur, M. 2001. In: ''Prosiding Seminar Hari Cinta Puspa dan Satwa Nasional''. Lembaga Ilmu Pengetahuan Indonesia, Bogor. pp. 244–253. * Meimberg, H., A. Wistuba, P. Dittrich & G. Heubl 2001. Molecular phylogeny of Nepenthaceae based on cladistic analysis of plastid trnK intron sequence data. ''Plant Biology'' 3(2): 164–175. * Meimberg, H. 2002. Ph.D. thesis, Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich, Munich. * Meimberg, H. & G. Heubl 2006. Introduction of a nuclear marker for phylogenetic analysis of Nepenthaceae. ''Plant Biology'' 8(6): 831–840. * Meimberg, H., S. Thalhammer, A. Brachmann & G. Heubl 2006. Comparative analysis of a translocated copy of the ''trnK'' intron in carnivorous family Nepenthaceae. ''Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution'' 39(2): 478–490. * Menzel, R. 1922. Beiträge zur Kenntnis der Mikrofauna von Niederländisch Ost-Indien. II. Über den tierischen Inhalt der Kannen von ''Nepenthes melamphora'' Reinw. mit besonderer berücksichtigung der Nematoden. ''Treubia'' 3: 116–122. * Micoletzky, H. & R. Menzel 1928. Beiträge zur Kenntnis der Mikrofauna von Niederländisch Ost-Indien. VII. ''Anguillula nepenthicola'' Menzel aus kannen von ''Nepenthes gymnaphora'' Nees bei Tjibodas. ''Treubia'' 10: 285–290. * Mulyanto, H., D. Cahyuningdari & A.D. Setyawan 2000
Kantung semar (''Nepenthes'' sp.) di lereng Gunung Merbabu.
nsectivore plants ''Nepenthes'' sp. at Mount Merbabu.''Biodiversitas'' 1(2): 54–58.
Cover
* van Oye, P. 1921. Zur Biologie der Kanne von ''Nepenthes melamphora'' Reinw.. ''Biologisches Zentralblatt'' 41: 529–534. * Puspitaningtyas, D.M. & H. Wawangningrum 2007
Keanekaragaman ''Nepenthes'' di Suaka Alam Sulasih Talang - Sumatera Barat.
'Nepenthes'' diversity in Sulasih Talang Nature Reserve - West Sumatra.''Biodiversitas'' 8(2): 152–156.
Cover
* Renner, T. & C.D. Specht 2011. A sticky situation: assessing adaptations for plant carnivory in the Caryophyllales by means of stochastic character mapping. ''International Journal of Plant Sciences'' 172(7): 889–901. * Schlauer, J. 1995

Carnivorous Plant Mailing List, September 26, 1995. * Shivas, R.G. 1984. ''

'' 13(1): 10–15. * Syamsuardi & R. Tamin 1994
Kajian kekerabatan jenis-jenis ''Nepenthes'' di Sumatera Barat.
Project report, Andalas University, Padang
Abstract
* Syamsuardi 1995
Klasifikasi numerik kantong semar (''Nepenthes'') di Sumatera Barat.
umerical classification of pitcher plants (''Nepenthes'') in West Sumatra.''Journal Matematika dan Pengetahuan Alam'' 4(1): 48–57
Abstract
* Whitten, T., S.J. Damanik, J. Anwar & N. Hisyam 2000
''The Ecology of Sumatra''
Periplus Editions, Hong Kong. * Yogiara 2004. M.Sc. thesis, Bogor Agricultural University, Bogor. * Yogiara, A. Suwanto & M.T. Suhartono 2006
A complex bacterial community living in pitcher plant fluid
''Jurnal Mikrobiologi Indonesia'' 11(1): 9–14.

External links

at the Carnivorous Plant Photofinder
Documentary film about ''N. gymnamphora''
{{Taxonbar, from=Q4189835 Carnivorous plants of Asia gymnamphora Plants described in 1824 Least concern plants