''Nepenthes albomarginata'' is a tropical

pitcher plant Pitcher plants are several different carnivorous plants which have modified leaves known as pitfall traps—a prey-trapping mechanism featuring a deep cavity filled with digestive liquid. The traps of what are considered to be "true" pitcher p ...

native to

Borneo Borneo (; id, Kalimantan) is the third-largest island in the world and the largest in Asia. At the geographic centre of Maritime Southeast Asia, in relation to major Indonesian islands, it is located north of Java, west of Sulawesi, and eas ...

Peninsular Malaysia Peninsular Malaysia ( ms, Semenanjung Malaysia; Jawi: سمننجڠ مليسيا), or the States of Malaya ( ms, Negeri-negeri Tanah Melayu; Jawi: نڬري-نڬري تانه ملايو), also known as West Malaysia or the Malaysian Peninsula, ...

, and

Sumatra Sumatra is one of the Sunda Islands of western Indonesia. It is the largest island that is fully within Indonesian territory, as well as the sixth-largest island in the world at 473,481 km2 (182,812 mi.2), not including adjacent i ...

. The

specific epithet In taxonomy, binomial nomenclature ("two-term naming system"), also called nomenclature ("two-name naming system") or binary nomenclature, is a formal system of naming species of living things by giving each a name composed of two parts, bot ...

''albomarginata'', formed from the

Latin Latin (, or , ) is a classical language belonging to the Italic branch of the Indo-European languages. Latin was originally a dialect spoken in the lower Tiber area (then known as Latium) around present-day Rome, but through the power of the ...

words ''albus'' (white) and ''marginatus'' (margin), refers to the white band of

trichome Trichomes (); ) are fine outgrowths or appendages on plants, algae, lichens, and certain protists. They are of diverse structure and function. Examples are hairs, glandular hairs, scales, and papillae. A covering of any kind of hair on a pla ...

s that is characteristic of this species.

Botanical history

''Nepenthes albomarginata'' was first collected by

Thomas Lobb Thomas Lobb (1817–1894) was a British botanist and, along with his older brother, William Lobb, collected plants for the plant nursery Veitch. Lobb worked in India, Indonesia and the Philippines. In 1845 he discovered the first orchid species ...

in 1848. It was formally described a year later by

John Lindley John Lindley FRS (5 February 1799 – 1 November 1865) was an English botanist, gardener and orchidologist. Early years Born in Catton, near Norwich, England, John Lindley was one of four children of George and Mary Lindley. George Lindley w ...

in ''

The Gardeners' Chronicle ''The Gardeners' Chronicle'' was a British horticulture periodical. It lasted as a title in its own right for nearly 150 years and is still extant as part of the magazine '' Horticulture Week''. History Founded in 1841 by the horticulturists Jose ...

''. The species was introduced into cultivation in the

United Kingdom The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, commonly known as the United Kingdom (UK) or Britain, is a country in Europe, off the north-western coast of the continental mainland. It comprises England, Scotland, Wales and North ...

in 1856. In the 1996 book ''

Pitcher-Plants of Borneo ''Pitcher-Plants of Borneo'' is a monograph by Anthea Phillipps and Anthony Lamb on the tropical pitcher plants of Borneo. It was first published in 1996 by Natural History Publications (Borneo), in association with the Royal Botanic Gardens, Ke ...

'', ''N. albomarginata'' is given the

vernacular name A vernacular or vernacular language is in contrast with a "standard language". It refers to the language or dialect that is spoken by people that are inhabiting a particular country or region. The vernacular is typically the native language, n ...

white-collared pitcher-plant.Phillipps, A. & A. Lamb 1996. ''

''. Natural History Publications (Borneo), Kota Kinabalu. This name, along with all others, was dropped from the much-expanded second edition, published in 2008.Phillipps, A., A. Lamb & C.C. Lee 2008. ''

Pitcher Plants of Borneo ''Pitcher-Plants of Borneo'' is a monograph by Anthea Phillipps and Anthony Lamb on the tropical pitcher plants of Borneo. It was first published in 1996 by Natural History Publications (Borneo), in association with the Royal Botanic Gardens, Ke ...

''. Second Edition. Natural History Publications (Borneo), Kota Kinabalu.

Description

''Nepenthes albomarginata'' is a climbing plant. The stem may reach lengths of up to and is up to in diameter. Internodes are cylindrical in cross section and up to long. Leaves are

coriaceous This glossary of botanical terms is a list of definitions of terms and concepts relevant to botany and plants in general. Terms of plant morphology are included here as well as at the more specific Glossary of plant morphology and Glossary o ...

in texture. The

lamina Lamina may refer to: Science and technology * Planar lamina, a two-dimensional planar closed surface with mass and density, in mathematics * Laminar flow, (or streamline flow) occurs when a fluid flows in parallel layers, with no disruption betwee ...

or leaf blade is

lanceolate The following is a list of terms which are used to describe leaf morphology in the description and taxonomy of plants. Leaves may be simple (a single leaf blade or lamina) or compound (with several leaflets). The edge of the leaf may be regular o ...

in shape and up to long by wide. It has an acute apex and its base is gradually

attenuate In physics, attenuation (in some contexts, extinction) is the gradual loss of flux intensity through a medium. For instance, dark glasses attenuate sunlight, lead attenuates X-rays, and water and air attenuate both light and sound at variable a ...

and amplexicaul. The leaves of this species are characteristic in that they completely lack a petiole. Longitudinal veins are indistinct.

Tendril In botany, a tendril is a specialized stem, leaf or petiole with a threadlike shape used by climbing plants for support and attachment, as well as cellular invasion by parasitic plants such as ''Cuscuta''. There are many plants that have tendr ...

s are up to long. Rosette and lower pitchers are bulbous in the basal third and cylindrical above. They are relatively small, reaching only in height by in width. A pair of fringed wings up to wide runs down the front of each pitcher. The pitcher mouth is round and rises to form a short neck at the rear. The

peristome Peristome (from the Greek ''peri'', meaning 'around' or 'about', and ''stoma'', 'mouth') is an anatomical feature that surrounds an opening to an organ or structure. Some plants, fungi, and shelled gastropods have peristomes. In mosses In mosses, ...

is cylindrical in cross section, up to wide, and bears indistinct teeth. The inner portion of the peristome accounts for around 34% of its total cross-sectional surface length.Bauer, U., C.J. Clemente, T. Renner & W. Federle 2012. Form follows function: morphological diversification and alternative trapping strategies in carnivorous ''Nepenthes'' pitcher plants. ''Journal of Evolutionary Biology'' 25(1): 90–102. A dense band of short white

s is present directly below the peristome, although these may be missing from pitchers that have caught

termite Termites are small insects that live in colonies and have distinct castes (eusocial) and feed on wood or other dead plant matter. Termites comprise the infraorder Isoptera, or alternatively the epifamily Termitoidae, within the order Blattode ...

s. The

gland In animals, a gland is a group of cells in an animal's body that synthesizes substances (such as hormones) for release into the bloodstream (endocrine gland) or into cavities inside the body or its outer surface (exocrine gland). Structure De ...

ular region covers the bulbous portion of the pitcher's inner surface. The lid or operculum is suborbicular and lacks appendages. An unbranched

spur A spur is a metal tool designed to be worn in pairs on the heels of riding boots for the purpose of directing a horse or other animal to move forward or laterally while riding. It is usually used to refine the riding aids (commands) and to back ...

(≤ long) is inserted near the base of the lid. Upper pitchers are similar to their lower counterparts in most respects. They are cylindrical-

infundibular An infundibulum (Latin for ''funnel''; plural, ''infundibula'') is a funnel-shaped cavity or organ. Anatomy * Brain: the pituitary stalk, also known as the ''infundibulum'' and ''infundibular stalk'', is the connection between the hypothalamus and ...

throughout and have a pair of ribs in place of wings. ''Nepenthes albomarginata'' has a

racemose A raceme ( or ) or racemoid is an unbranched, indeterminate type of inflorescence bearing flowers having short floral stalks along the shoots that bear the flowers. The oldest flowers grow close to the base and new flowers are produced as the s ...

inflorescence An inflorescence is a group or cluster of flowers arranged on a stem that is composed of a main branch or a complicated arrangement of branches. Morphologically, it is the modified part of the shoot of seed plants where flowers are formed o ...

that is usually longer in male plants. The peduncle is up to long, while the

rachis In biology, a rachis (from the grc, ῥάχις [], "backbone, spine") is a main axis or "shaft". In zoology and microbiology In vertebrates, ''rachis'' can refer to the series of articulated vertebrae, which encase the spinal cord. In this c ...

reaches lengths of up to . Partial peduncles are one- or two-flowered, up to long, and lack a

bract In botany, a bract is a modified or specialized leaf, especially one associated with a reproductive structure such as a flower, inflorescence axis or cone scale. Bracts are usually different from foliage leaves. They may be smaller, larger, or of ...

Sepal A sepal () is a part of the flower of angiosperms (flowering plants). Usually green, sepals typically function as protection for the flower in bud, and often as support for the petals when in bloom., p. 106 The term ''sepalum'' was coined b ...

s are

obovate The following is a list of terms which are used to describe leaf morphology in the description and taxonomy of plants. Leaves may be simple (a single leaf blade or lamina) or compound (with several leaflets). The edge of the leaf may be regular o ...

to oblong in shape and up to long. A study of 120

pollen Pollen is a powdery substance produced by seed plants. It consists of pollen grains (highly reduced microgametophytes), which produce male gametes (sperm cells). Pollen grains have a hard coat made of sporopollenin that protects the gametophyt ...

samples taken from a herbarium specimen (''J.H.Adam 2417'', collected in Borneo at an altitude of ) found the mean pollen diameter to be ( SE = 0.4; CV = 6.2%). Most parts of the plant are covered in a dense

indumentum In biology, an indumentum (Latin, literally: "garment") is a covering of trichomes (fine "hairs") on a plant Davis, Peter Hadland and Heywood, Vernon Hilton (1963) ''Principles of angiosperm taxonomy'' Van Nostrandpage, Princeton, New Jersey, pa ...

of very short, stellate white hairs. However, the underside of the lamina bears a dense covering of long hairs.

Ecology

''Nepenthes albomarginata'' is a widespread species, occurring in

, and

. It is also found on smaller islands such as

Nias Nias ( id, Pulau Nias, Nias language: ''Tanö Niha'') (sometimes called Little Sumatra in English) is an island located off the western coast of Sumatra, Indonesia. Nias is also the name of the archipelago () of which the island is the centre, ...

and

Penang Penang ( ms, Pulau Pinang, is a Malaysian state located on the northwest coast of Peninsular Malaysia, by the Malacca Strait. It has two parts: Penang Island, where the capital city, George Town, is located, and Seberang Perai on the Malay ...

.McPherson, S.R. & A. Robinson 2012. ''

Field Guide to the Pitcher Plants of Peninsular Malaysia and Indochina This list of ''Nepenthes'' literature is a listing of major published works dealing with the tropical pitcher plants of the genus '' Nepenthes''. It includes specialised standalone publications and taxonomic monographs released as part of larg ...

''. Redfern Natural History Productions, Poole. It has an altitudinal distribution of 0–1200 m above sea level. Its typical habitat consists of ''kerangas'' forest, but it has also been recorded from the summit vegetation of lowland peaks. It is known from

peat Peat (), also known as turf (), is an accumulation of partially decayed vegetation or organic matter. It is unique to natural areas called peatlands, bogs, mires, moors, or muskegs. The peatland ecosystem covers and is the most efficien ...

and

limestone Limestone ( calcium carbonate ) is a type of carbonate sedimentary rock which is the main source of the material lime. It is composed mostly of the minerals calcite and aragonite, which are different crystal forms of . Limestone forms whe ...

substrates.

Carnivory

''Nepenthes albomarginata'' is notable for specializing in

s; most of the species in the genus ''Nepenthes'' are unselective about their prey. According to

botanist Botany, also called , plant biology or phytology, is the science of plant life and a branch of biology. A botanist, plant scientist or phytologist is a scientist who specialises in this field. The term "botany" comes from the Ancient Greek wo ...

Marlis A. Merbach and coworkers, this specialization to a single prey taxon is unique amongst

carnivorous plant Carnivorous plants are plants that derive some or most of their nutrients from trapping and consuming animals or protozoans Protozoa (singular: protozoan or protozoon; alternative plural: protozoans) are a group of single-celled eukaryot ...

s.Merbach, M.A., D.J. Merbach, U. Maschwitz, W.E. Booth, B. Fiala & G. Zizka 2002
Mass march of termites into the deadly trap
''Nature'' 415: 36–37. ''Nepenthes albomarginata'' has a unique morphological feature: a rim of living white

s directly below the

. The rim's hairs tend to be missing from pitchers that have caught termites. Merbach said "For several days, nothing would happen, then — after a single night — pitchers would fill with termites and their rim hairs would disappear." Merbach investigated this phenomenon by placing fresh intact pitchers, together with pitchers with their white rims removed, near to the head of

foraging Foraging is searching for wild food resources. It affects an animal's Fitness (biology), fitness because it plays an important role in an animal's ability to survive and reproduce. Optimal foraging theory, Foraging theory is a branch of behaviora ...

columns of the termite '' Hospitalitermes bicolor''. When the column found the pitcher, termites grazed on the rim. While grazing, many termites (both workers and soldiers) fell into the pitchers. Once in the pitcher, they were unable to climb out. Merbach counted up to 22 individuals per minute falling into the pitchers and noted that the capture rate could easily exceed this for denser columns. After about an hour, the hairs were all gone and the pitcher was evidently no longer attractive to termites (and was filled with termites trying to escape). It is not known how the trichomes lure termites to the plant. Merbach detected no long-range

olfactory The sense of smell, or olfaction, is the special sense through which smells (or odors) are perceived. The sense of smell has many functions, including detecting desirable foods, hazards, and pheromones, and plays a role in taste. In humans, it ...

attraction during his experiments and noted that "all contacts seemed to happen by chance, with termites often missing pitchers less than 1 cm away from them." Merbach also points out that ''N. albomarginata'' is the only

plant Plants are predominantly photosynthetic eukaryotes of the kingdom Plantae. Historically, the plant kingdom encompassed all living things that were not animals, and included algae and fungi; however, all current definitions of Plantae exclud ...

species to offer its tissue as a bait.

Related species

In 2001, Clarke performed a

cladistic analysis Cladistics (; ) is an approach to biological classification in which organisms are categorized in groups ("clades") based on hypotheses of most recent common ancestry. The evidence for hypothesized relationships is typically shared derived chara ...

of the ''Nepenthes'' species of Sumatra and

using 70 morphological characteristics of each taxon. The following is a portion of the resultant

cladogram A cladogram (from Greek ''clados'' "branch" and ''gramma'' "character") is a diagram used in cladistics to show relations among organisms. A cladogram is not, however, an evolutionary tree because it does not show how ancestors are related to d ...

, showing "Clade 6", which is only weakly supported at 50%. The sister pair of '' N. angasanensis'' and '' N. mikei'' has 79% support.

Infraspecific taxa

*''N. albomarginata'' f. ''sanguinea'' Toyoda ''ex'' Hinode-Kadan (1985) '' nom.nud.'' *''N. albomarginata'' var. ''rubra'' (Hort. ''ex'' Macfarl.) Macfarl. (1908)Macfarlane, J.M. 1908. Nepenthaceae. In: A. Engler. ''Das Pflanzenreich IV'', III, Heft 36: 1–91. *''N. albomarginata'' var. ''tomentella'' (

Miq. Friedrich Anton Wilhelm Miquel (24 October 1811 – 23 January 1871) was a Dutch botanist, whose main focus of study was on the flora of the Dutch East Indies. Early life Miquel was born in Neuenhaus and studied medicine at the University of Groni ...

)

Beck Beck David Hansen (born Bek David Campbell; July 8, 1970) is an American musician, singer, songwriter, and record producer. He rose to fame in the early 1990s with his Experimental music, experimental and Lo-fi music, lo-fi style, and became ...

(1895) Beck, G. 1895. Die Gattung ''Nepenthes''. ''Wiener Illustrirte Garten-Zeitung'' 20(3–6): 96–107, 141–150, 182–192, 217–229. *''N. albomarginata'' var. ''typica''

(1895) '' nom.illeg.'' *''N. albomarginata'' var. ''villosa''

Hook.f. Sir Joseph Dalton Hooker (30 June 1817 – 10 December 1911) was a British botanist and explorer in the 19th century. He was a founder of geographical botany and Charles Darwin's closest friend. For twenty years he served as director of ...

(1873) Hooker, J.D. 1873. Ordo CLXXV bis. Nepenthaceæ. In: A. de Candolle ''

Prodromus Systematis Naturalis Regni Vegetabilis ''Prodromus Systematis Naturalis Regni Vegetabilis'' (1824–1873), also known by its standard botanical abbreviation ''Prodr. (DC.)'', is a 17-volume treatise on botany initiated by Augustin Pyramus de Candolle. De Candolle intended it as a summa ...

'' 17: 90–105.

Natural hybrids

*''N. albomarginata'' × '' N. ampullaria''Clarke, C.M. 1997. ''

Nepenthes of Borneo ''Nepenthes of Borneo'' is a monograph by Charles Clarke on the tropical pitcher plants of Borneo.Clarke, C.M. 1997. ''Nepenthes of Borneo''. Natural History Publications (Borneo), Kota Kinabalu. It was first published in 1997 by Natural History ...

''. Natural History Publications (Borneo), Kota Kinabalu. *? ''N. albomarginata'' × '' N. chaniana''McPherson, S.R. 2009. ''

Pitcher Plants of the Old World ''Pitcher Plants of the Old World'' is a two-volume monograph by Stewart McPherson on the pitcher plants of the genera ''Nepenthes'' and ''Cephalotus''. It was published in May 2009 by Redfern Natural History Productions and covers all species kno ...

''. 2 volumes. Redfern Natural History Productions, Poole. *''N. albomarginata'' × '' N. clipeata'' *''N. albomarginata'' × '' N. eustachya''Clarke, C.M. 2001. ''

Nepenthes of Sumatra and Peninsular Malaysia ''Nepenthes of Sumatra and Peninsular Malaysia'' is a monograph by Charles Clarke on the tropical pitcher plants of Sumatra, Peninsular Malaysia, and their minor surrounding islands. It was published in 2001 by Natural History Publications (Bor ...

''. Natural History Publications (Borneo), Kota Kinabalu. *''N. albomarginata'' × '' N. gracilis'' *''N. albomarginata'' × '' N. hirsuta'' *''N. albomarginata'' × '' N. macrovulgaris'' *''N. albomarginata'' × '' N. northiana'' N._×_cincta''.html"_;"title="Nepenthes_x_cincta.html"_;"title="''Nepenthes_x_cincta">N._×_cincta''">Nepenthes_x_cincta.html"_;"title="''Nepenthes_x_cincta">N._×_cincta''ref_name=Clarke97_/> *''N. albomarginata''_×_''Nepenthes_rafflesiana.html" ;"title="Nepenthes_x_cincta">N._×_cincta''.html" ;"title="Nepenthes_x_cincta.html" ;"title="'' N._×_cincta''">Nepenthes_x_cincta.html"_;"title="''Nepenthes_x_cincta">N._×_cincta''ref_name=Clarke97_/> *''N. albomarginata''_×_''Nepenthes_rafflesiana">N. rafflesiana'' *''N. albomarginata''_×_''Nepenthes_reinwardtiana.html" ;"title="Nepenthes x cincta">N. × cincta''">Nepenthes_x_cincta.html" ;"title="'' N._×_cincta''ref_name=Clarke97_/> *''N. albomarginata''_×_''Nepenthes_rafflesiana">N. rafflesiana'' *''N. albomarginata''_×_''Nepenthes_reinwardtiana">N. reinwardtiana''_[=''Nepenthes_x_ferrugineomarginata.html" ;"title="Nepenthes x cincta">N. × cincta''ref name=Clarke97 /> *''N. albomarginata'' × ''Nepenthes rafflesiana">N. rafflesiana'' *''N. albomarginata'' × ''Nepenthes reinwardtiana">N. reinwardtiana'' [=''Nepenthes x ferrugineomarginata">N. × ferrugineomarginata''] *? ''N. albomarginata'' × ''Nepenthes sanguinea, N. sanguinea''Shivas, R.G. 1985
Variation in ''Nepenthes albo-marginata''.
''

Carnivorous Plant Newsletter The ''Carnivorous Plant Newsletter'' is the official publication of the International Carnivorous Plant Society (ICPS), the largest such organization in the world. It is headquartered in Walnut Creek, California. History and editorship The newsle ...

'' 14(1): 13–14. *''N. albomarginata'' × '' N. veitchii''

''N. albomarginata'' × ''N. northiana''

''Nepenthes × cincta'' is a rare plant and, due to the localised distribution of ''N. northiana'', only grows at a few sites in Bau,

Sarawak Sarawak (; ) is a States and federal territories of Malaysia, state of Malaysia. The largest among the 13 states, with an area almost equal to that of Peninsular Malaysia, Sarawak is located in northwest Borneo Island, and is bordered by the M ...

, usually on a substrate of

. The traits of ''N. albomarginata'' are very dominant in this hybrid; the wide flared peristome of its larger parent species (''N. northiana'') is almost completely lost. Pitchers are narrowly infundibulate (funnel-shaped) throughout and range in colour from cream to dusky purple with red or black spots.Clarke, C.M. & C.C. Lee 2004. '' Pitcher Plants of Sarawak''. Natural History Publications (Borneo), Kota Kinabalu.

''N. albomarginata'' × ''N. reinwardtiana''

Its natural range covers the islands

and

. The

type specimen In biology, a type is a particular wiktionary:en:specimen, specimen (or in some cases a group of specimens) of an organism to which the scientific name of that organism is formally attached. In other words, a type is an example that serves to a ...

was collected by

Shigeo Kurata is a Japanese botanist and '' Nepenthes'' taxonomist whose work in the 1960s and 1970s contributed much to the current popularity of these plants.Clarke, C.M. & C.C. Lee 2004. ''Pitcher Plants of Sarawak''. Natural History Publications (Borneo), ...

in Kenukat,

West Kalimantan West Kalimantan ( id, Kalimantan Barat) is a province of Indonesia. It is one of five Indonesian provinces comprising Kalimantan, the Indonesian part of the island of Borneo. Its capital city is Pontianak, Indonesia, Pontianak. The province has ...

, in 1981. Kurata described the hybrid the following year.

References

* nonymous1877
Reports of Societies. Royal Horticultural
''The Gardeners' Chronicle'' 8(197): 441. * nonymous1883
Mr. A. E. Ratcliff's ''Nepenthes''
''The Gardeners' Chronicle'' 20(497): 18–19. * Adam, J.H. 1997
Prey spectra of Bornean ''Nepenthes'' species (Nepenthaceae) in relation to their habitat.
''Pertanika Journal of Tropical Agricultural Science'' 20(2–3): 121–134. * Beveridge, N.G.P., C. Rauch, P.J.A. Keßler, R.R. van Vugt & P.C. van Welzen 2013. A new way to identify living species of ''Nepenthes'' (Nepenthaceae): more data needed! ''

'' 42(4): 122–128. * Blondeau, G. 2001. ''Nepenthes albomarginata''. In: ''Les Plantes Carnivores''. De Vecchi, Paris. p. 69. * Bonhomme, V., H. Pelloux-Prayer, E. Jousselin, Y. Forterre, J.-J. Labat & L. Gaume 2011. Slippery or sticky? Functional diversity in the trapping strategy of ''Nepenthes'' carnivorous plants. ''New Phytologist'' 191(2): 545–554. * * Dixon, W.E. 1889
''Nepenthes''.
''The Gardeners' Chronicle'', series 3, 6(144): 354. * Fashing, N.J. 2010
Two novel adaptations for dispersal in the mite family Histiostomatidae (Astigmata).
In: M.W. Sabelis & J. Bruin (eds.)
Trends in Acarology: Proceedings of the 12th International Congress
'. Springer Science, Dordrecht. pp. 81–84. * Hernawati & P. Akhriadi 2006. ''

A Field Guide to the Nepenthes of Sumatra This list of ''Nepenthes'' literature is a listing of major published works dealing with the tropical pitcher plants of the genus ''Nepenthes''. It includes specialised standalone publications and taxonomic monographs released as part of large ...

''. PILI-NGO Movement, Bogor. * Hooker, J.D. 1859
XXXV. On the origin and development of the pitchers of ''Nepenthes'', with an account of some new Bornean plants of that genus
''The Transactions of the Linnean Society of London'' 22(4): 415–424. * Kato, M., M. Hotta, R. Tamin & T. Itino 1993. Inter- and intra-specific variation in prey assemblages and inhabitant communities in ''Nepenthes'' pitchers in Sumatra. ''Tropical Zoology'' 6(1): 11–25
Abstract
* Kitching, R.L. 2000
''Food Webs and Container Habitats: The natural history and ecology of phytotelmata''
Cambridge University Press, Cambridge. * Kurniawati, R. 2010
Serangga yang terdapat pada kantong ''Nepenthes albomarginata'' T. Lobb ex Lindl. dan ''Nepenthes eustachya'' Miq. di Kawasan Cagar Alam Lembah Harau Kabupaten Limapuluh Kota.
Thesis, Andalas University, Padang
Abstract
* Kurup, R., A.J. Johnson, S. Sankar, A.A. Hussain, C.S. Kumar & S. Baby 2013. Fluorescent prey traps in carnivorous plants. ''Plant Biology'' 15(3): 611–615. * Lecoufle, M. 1990. ''Nepenthes albo-marginata''. In: ''Carnivorous Plants: Care and Cultivation''. Blandford, London. pp. 128–129. * Lee, C.C. 2000
Recent ''Nepenthes'' Discoveries

ideo IDEO () is a design and consulting firm with offices in the U.S., England, Germany, Japan, and China. It was founded in Palo Alto, California, in 1991. The company's 700 staff uses a design thinking approach to design products, services, enviro ...

The 3rd Conference of the International Carnivorous Plant Society, San Francisco, USA. * Macák, M. 1998
Portréty rostlin - ''Nepenthes albomarginata''
'' Trifid'' 1998(3–4): 57–59.
page 2page 3
* Macfarlane, J.M. 1914
Family XCVI. Nepenthaceæ.
p. 279–288In: J.S. Gamble
Materials for a flora of the Malayan Peninsula, No. 24.
''Journal & Proceedings of the Asiatic Society of Bengal'' 75(3): 279–391. * Mansur, M. 2001
Koleksi ''Nepenthes'' di Herbarium Bogoriense: prospeknya sebagai tanaman hias.
In: ''Prosiding Seminar Hari Cinta Puspa dan Satwa Nasional''. Lembaga Ilmu Pengetahuan Indonesia, Bogor. pp. 244–253. * Mansur, M. 2007. Keanekaragaman jenis ''Nepenthes'' (kantong semar) dataran rendah di Kalimantan Tengah. iversity of lowland ''Nepenthes'' (kantong semar) in Central Kalimantan.''Berita Biologi'' 8(5): 335–341
Abstract
* Mansur, M. & F.Q. Brearley 2008
Ecological studies on ''Nepenthes'' at Barito Ulu, Central Kalimantan, Indonesia
''Jurnal Teknologi Lingkungan'' 9(3): 271–276. * Masters, M.T. 1872
The cultivated species of ''Nepenthes''.
''The Gardeners' Chronicle and Agricultural Gazette'' 1872(16): 540–542. * McPherson, S.R. & A. Robinson 2012. ''

Field Guide to the Pitcher Plants of Borneo This list of ''Nepenthes'' literature is a listing of major published works dealing with the tropical pitcher plants of the genus '' Nepenthes''. It includes specialised standalone publications and taxonomic monographs released as part of larg ...

''. Redfern Natural History Productions, Poole. * Meimberg, H., A. Wistuba, P. Dittrich & G. Heubl 2001. Molecular phylogeny of Nepenthaceae based on cladistic analysis of plastid trnK intron sequence data. ''Plant Biology'' 3(2): 164–175. * Meimberg, H. 2002.�
Molekular-systematische Untersuchungen an den Familien Nepenthaceae und Ancistrocladaceae sowie verwandter Taxa aus der Unterklasse Caryophyllidae s. l..
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External links

Photographs of ''N. albomarginata ''
at the Carnivorous Plant Photofinder

{{Taxonbar, from=Q137234 Carnivorous plants of Asia albomarginata Flora of Borneo Flora of Peninsular Malaysia Flora of Sumatra Conservation dependent plants