Nemyriv ( uk, Немирів, russian: Немирoв, pl, Niemirów) is a historic town in
Vinnytsia Oblast
Vinnytsia Oblast ( uk, Ві́нницька о́бласть, translit=Vinnytska oblast; ; also referred to as Vinnychchyna — uk, Ві́нниччина) is an oblast of western and southwestern Ukraine. Its administrative center is Vinnytsia. ...
(
province
A province is almost always an administrative division within a country or sovereign state, state. The term derives from the ancient Roman ''Roman province, provincia'', which was the major territorial and administrative unit of the Roman Empire ...
) in
Ukraine
Ukraine ( uk, Україна, Ukraïna, ) is a country in Eastern Europe. It is the second-largest European country after Russia, which it borders to the east and northeast. Ukraine covers approximately . Prior to the ongoing Russian inv ...
, located in the historical region of
Podolia
Podolia or Podilia ( uk, Поділля, Podillia, ; russian: Подолье, Podolye; ro, Podolia; pl, Podole; german: Podolien; be, Падолле, Padollie; lt, Podolė), is a historic region in Eastern Europe, located in the west-central ...
. It was the
administrative center
An administrative center is a seat of regional administration or local government, or a county town, or the place where the central administration of a commune
A commune is an alternative term for an intentional community. Commune or comună or ...
of former
Nemyriv Raion
Nemyriv Raion ( uk, Немирівський район) (transliteration from Ukrainian Nemyrivskyi Raion) was a raion (district) in Vinnytsia Oblast, Ukraine. The administrative center of Nemyriv Raion was the town of Nemyriv. The area of the ra ...
(
district
A district is a type of administrative division that, in some countries, is managed by the local government. Across the world, areas known as "districts" vary greatly in size, spanning regions or counties, several municipalities, subdivisions o ...
). Population:
Nemyriv is one of the oldest cities in Vinnytska oblast, Ukraine. It was founded by Prince Nemyr in 1390. It is a minor industrial center.
The distiller company that produces Ukrainian
Nemiroff
Nemiroff is a Ukrainian vodka brand, one of the world's largest producers of alcohol. The products are sold in more than 80 countries. The company is one of the top3 world leaders in supplying vodka to duty-free shops (Duty Free).
The brand is ...
(Russian spelling) vodka is located in Nemyriv.
The town's tourist attractions include a late 19th-century
palace
A palace is a grand residence, especially a royal residence, or the home of a head of state or some other high-ranking dignitary, such as a bishop or archbishop. The word is derived from the Latin name palātium, for Palatine Hill in Rome which ...
(which belonged to the
House of Potocki) and a park complex.
History
![Napoleon Orda](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b0/Napoleon_Orda._Nemyriv.jpg)
Nemyriv was built on the site of ancient
Scythian settlement
Myriv
Myriv was an ancient (Iron Age) Scythian settlement in Ukraine. It was one of the largest Scythian cities in Ukraine between the rivers of Dniester and Dnieper. It was founded 800-750 BC. In 900-1250 AD it was a Ruthenians, Ruthenian settlement of ...
, destroyed during the
Mongol invasion of Rus'
The Mongol Empire invaded and conquered Kievan Rus' in the 13th century, destroying numerous southern cities, including the largest cities, Kiev (50,000 inhabitants) and Chernihiv (30,000 inhabitants), with the only major cities escaping destr ...
. It was first mentioned under its modern name in 1506, which ultimately derives from the
Slavic given name
A given name (also known as a forename or first name) is the part of a personal name quoted in that identifies a person, potentially with a middle name as well, and differentiates that person from the other members of a group (typically a fa ...
Niemir
Niemir, Niemirz, Niemierz – is a male Slavic given name
Given names originating from the Slavic languages are most common in Slavic countries.
The main types of Slavic names:
* Two-basic names, often ending in mir/měr (''Ostromir/měr' ...
. It was a
private town of
Poland
Poland, officially the Republic of Poland, is a country in Central Europe. It is divided into 16 administrative provinces called voivodeships, covering an area of . Poland has a population of over 38 million and is the fifth-most populous ...
, owned by the families of
Zbaraski 200px, Korybut coat of arms
The House of Zbaraski was a princely family of Ruthenian origin in the Crown of the Kingdom of Poland domiciled in Volhynia (today Ukraine). The name is derived from the town of Zbarazh, the core of their dominions. ...
and
Potocki
The House of Potocki (; plural: Potoccy, male: Potocki, feminine: Potocka) was a prominent Polish noble family in the Kingdom of Poland and magnates of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth. The Potocki family is one of the wealthiest and ...
. Polish King
Stanisław August Poniatowski
Stanisław II August (born Stanisław Antoni Poniatowski; 17 January 1732 – 12 February 1798), known also by his regnal Latin name Stanislaus II Augustus, was King of Poland and Grand Duke of Lithuania from 1764 to 1795, and the last monarch ...
visited the Potocki Palace.
Notable events of
Cossack
The Cossacks , es, cosaco , et, Kasakad, cazacii , fi, Kasakat, cazacii , french: cosaques , hu, kozákok, cazacii , it, cosacchi , orv, коза́ки, pl, Kozacy , pt, cossacos , ro, cazaci , russian: казаки́ or ...
wars took place in the town through 17th century and the city was captured by
Andrii Abazyn between 1702 and 1704.
In 1737, an abortive congress was held in Nemyriv, aimed at the conclusion of peace between the emperors of
Russia
Russia (, , ), or the Russian Federation, is a List of transcontinental countries, transcontinental country spanning Eastern Europe and North Asia, Northern Asia. It is the List of countries and dependencies by area, largest country in the ...
,
Austria-Hungary
Austria-Hungary, often referred to as the Austro-Hungarian Empire,, the Dual Monarchy, or Austria, was a constitutional monarchy and great power in Central Europe between 1867 and 1918. It was formed with the Austro-Hungarian Compromise of ...
, and
Ottoman Turkey
The Ottoman Empire, * ; is an archaic version. The definite article forms and were synonymous * and el, Оθωμανική Αυτοκρατορία, Othōmanikē Avtokratoria, label=none * info page on book at Martin Luther University) ...
, and bringing an end to the
Russo-Turkish War of 1735–39.
Jewish history of the city
Before
World War II
World War II or the Second World War, often abbreviated as WWII or WW2, was a world war that lasted from 1939 to 1945. It involved the vast majority of the world's countries—including all of the great powers—forming two opposin ...
, Nemyriv had a large
Jewish
Jews ( he, יְהוּדִים, , ) or Jewish people are an ethnoreligious group and nation originating from the Israelites Israelite origins and kingdom: "The first act in the long drama of Jewish history is the age of the Israelites""The ...
community. During the
Khmelnytsky Uprising
The Khmelnytsky Uprising,; in Ukraine known as Khmelʹnychchyna or uk, повстання Богдана Хмельницького; lt, Chmelnickio sukilimas; Belarusian language, Belarusian: Паўстанне Багдана Хмяльніц ...
a massacre of Jews took place in Nemyriv. The town fell to the Cossacks on 10 June 1648, and the non-Jewish townspeople betrayed the Jews to the Cossacks. The massacre was significant enough to Polish-Lithuanian Jewry that the
Council of Four Lands marked the Jewish date of the massacre, 20 Sivan, as a day of remembrance for all the dead from the Khmelnytsky Uprising. The Hasidic Rabbi
Jacob Joseph of Polonne Rabbi Jacob Joseph of Polonne, (1710–1784) (Hebrew: ) or Rabbi Yaakov Yosef of Pollonye, was one of the first and best known of the disciples of the founder of Hasidic Judaism, the Baal Shem Tov.
Biography
Yaakov Yosef (sometimes spelled Yacov Yo ...
was appointed as rabbi in Nemyriv after he left
Rashkov Rashkov ( bg, Рашков) is a Bulgarian male surname, its feminine counterpart is Rashkova. It may refer to:
*Genko Rashkov (1920–1996), Bulgarian Olympic equestrian
*Radoslav Rashkov (born 1987), Bulgarian association football player
*Valentin ...
, during the 3rd quarter of the 18th century. By the 19th century it had become one of the centers of
Breslov Hasidism Breslov may refer to:
*Bratslav, a town in modern Ukraine
*Breslov (Hasidic group)
** Breslov Research Institute Breslov Research Institute is a publisher of classic and contemporary Breslov texts in English. Established in 1979, BRI has produced ...
, being the birthplace and home of
Nathan of Breslov ("Reb Noson"), the foremost disciple and scribe of
rebbe
A Rebbe ( yi, רבי, translit=rebe) or Admor ( he, אדמו״ר) is the spiritual leader in the Hasidic movement, and the personalities of its dynasties.Heilman, Samuel"The Rebbe and the Resurgence of Orthodox Judaism."''Religion and Spiritua ...
Nachman of Breslov. After Nachman's death in 1810, Reb Noson moved to
Bratslav to disseminate and publish his teachings from there. The city acted as a center of Jewish studies and linked with several Rabbi.
Yom-Tov Lipmann Heller and
Jehiel Michel ben Eliezer.
Yom-Tov Lipmann Heller once chief Rabbi of
Vienna
en, Viennese
, iso_code = AT-9
, registration_plate = W
, postal_code_type = Postal code
, postal_code =
, timezone = CET
, utc_offset = +1
, timezone_DST ...
and
Prague
Prague ( ; cs, Praha ; german: Prag, ; la, Praga) is the capital and largest city in the Czech Republic, and the historical capital of Bohemia. On the Vltava river, Prague is home to about 1.3 million people. The city has a temperate ...
was the Chief Rabbi of Nemyriv from 1631 to 1634.
By September 1941, the German kept the Jews of the city prisoners in a
ghetto
A ghetto, often called ''the'' ghetto, is a part of a city in which members of a minority group live, especially as a result of political, social, legal, environmental or economic pressure. Ghettos are often known for being more impoverished t ...
, where they were put to work, constructing the road from Nemyriv to
Gaysin. On November 24, 1941, an
Einsatzgruppen
(, ; also ' task forces') were (SS) paramilitary death squads of Nazi Germany that were responsible for mass murder, primarily by shooting, during World War II (1939–1945) in German-occupied Europe. The had an integral role in the im ...
massacred 2,680 Jews in pits in the Polish cemetery. On June 26, 1942, the ghetto was liquidated. The Jews were driven into the
synagogue
A synagogue, ', 'house of assembly', or ', "house of prayer"; Yiddish: ''shul'', Ladino: or ' (from synagogue); or ', "community". sometimes referred to as shul, and interchangeably used with the word temple, is a Jewish house of worshi ...
, where 200 to 300 young and strong men and women were selected and sent to a labor camp. The rest, perhaps as many as 500, were shot behind the Polish cemetery in pits that had been dug in advance.
Gallery
File:Немирів костел 2012.jpg, St. Joseph Catholic Church
File:Парковий фасад Палацу княгині М.Щербатової в Немирові P1080902-1.jpg, Scherbatova Palace in Nemyriv
File:Комплекс Немирівської гімназії. Чоловічий корпус, Немирів вул. Луначарського,27.JPG, Nemyriv gymnasium
File:Електростанція та млин DSCF3277.JPG, Old mill
File:Миколаївський монастир P1090056.jpg, Nicholas monastery
Notable people
*
Nathan of Breslov, rabbi
*
Nikolay Nekrasov
Nikolay Alexeyevich Nekrasov ( rus, Никола́й Алексе́евич Некра́сов, p=nʲɪkɐˈlaj ɐlʲɪkˈsʲejɪvʲɪtɕ nʲɪˈkrasəf, a=Ru-Nikolay_Alexeyevich_Nekrasov.ogg, – ) was a Russian poet, writer, critic and publi ...
, poet
*
Marko Vovchok
Marko Vovchok ( uk, Марко́ Вовчо́к, birth name: Mariia Vilinskа, surname by the first marriage: Markovych, surname by the second marriage: Lobach-Zhuchenko, russian: Мария Александровна Вилинская; 22 Dece ...
, writer
*
Theodosius Dobzhansky
Theodosius Grigorievich Dobzhansky (russian: Феодо́сий Григо́рьевич Добржа́нский; uk, Теодо́сій Григо́рович Добржа́нський; January 25, 1900 – December 18, 1975) was a prominent ...
, geneticist
*
Mordechai Namir, Israeli politician
*
Ida Rhodes
Ida Rhodes (born Hadassah Itzkowitz; May 15, 1900 – February 1, 1986) was an American mathematician who became a member of the clique of influential women at the heart of early computer development in the United States.
Childhood
Hadassah Itz ...
(birth name Hadassah Itzkowitz) was born in a Jewish village between Nemyriv and
Tulchyn
Tulchyn (, Romanization of Ukrainian, translit. ''Tul’chyn'', old name ''Nesterwar'' (from Hungarian language, Hungarian ''Nester'' - Dniester and ''war'' -town), Latin Tulcinum, pl, Tulczyn, yi, טולטשין, ro, Tulcin) is a town in Vinn ...
.
*
Yosyf Semashko
Joseph Semashko ( uk, Йосиф Семашко; pl, Józef Siemaszko; russian: Иосиф Семашко; 25 December 1798 – 23 November 1868) was an Eastern Catholic priest and bishop who played a central role in the highly controversia ...
, Uniate and Orthodox hierarch
References
External links
The murder of the Jews of Nemyrivduring
World War II
World War II or the Second World War, often abbreviated as WWII or WW2, was a world war that lasted from 1939 to 1945. It involved the vast majority of the world's countries—including all of the great powers—forming two opposin ...
, at
Yad Vashem
Yad Vashem ( he, יָד וַשֵׁם; literally, "a memorial and a name") is Israel's official memorial to the victims of the Holocaust. It is dedicated to preserving the memory of the Jews who were murdered; honoring Jews who fought against th ...
website.
{{Authority control
Cities of district significance in Ukraine
Cities in Vinnytsia Oblast
Bratslav Voivodeship
Bratslavsky Uyezd
Shtetls
Holocaust locations in Ukraine