Neirab Steles
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The Neirab steles are two 8th-century BC
stele A stele ( ),Anglicized plural steles ( ); Greek plural stelai ( ), from Greek , ''stēlē''. The Greek plural is written , ''stēlai'', but this is only rarely encountered in English. or occasionally stela (plural ''stelas'' or ''stelæ''), whe ...
s with
Aramaic inscriptions The Canaanite and Aramaic inscriptions, also known as Northwest Semitic inscriptions, are the primary extra-Biblical source for understanding of the society and history of the ancient Phoenicians, Hebrews and Arameans. Semitic inscriptions may oc ...
found in 1891 in
Al-Nayrab Al-Nayrab ( ar, النيرب) is a town in Syria, to the south-east of the city of Aleppo in northern Syria. With the urban development, the village was gradually absorbed by the city of Aleppo thus becoming part of it as a district. Al-Nayrab i ...
(𐤍𐤓𐤁, ''NRB'' in the inscriptions) near
Aleppo )), is an adjective which means "white-colored mixed with black". , motto = , image_map = , mapsize = , map_caption = , image_map1 = ...
,
Syria Syria ( ar, سُورِيَا or سُورِيَة, translit=Sūriyā), officially the Syrian Arab Republic ( ar, الجمهورية العربية السورية, al-Jumhūrīyah al-ʻArabīyah as-Sūrīyah), is a Western Asian country loc ...
. They are currently in the
Louvre The Louvre ( ), or the Louvre Museum ( ), is the world's most-visited museum, and an historic landmark in Paris, France. It is the home of some of the best-known works of art, including the ''Mona Lisa'' and the ''Venus de Milo''. A central l ...
. They were discovered in 1891 and acquired by
Charles Simon Clermont-Ganneau Charles Simon Clermont-Ganneau (19 February 1846 – 15 February 1923) was a noted French Orientalist and archaeologist. Biography Clermont-Ganneau was born in Paris, the son of Simon Ganneau, a sculptor and mystic who died in 1851 when Clermo ...
for the
Louvre The Louvre ( ), or the Louvre Museum ( ), is the world's most-visited museum, and an historic landmark in Paris, France. It is the home of some of the best-known works of art, including the ''Mona Lisa'' and the ''Venus de Milo''. A central l ...
on behalf of the Commission of the
Corpus Inscriptionum Semiticarum The ("Corpus of Semitic Inscriptions", abbreviated CIS) is a collection of ancient inscriptions in Semitic languages produced since the end of 2nd millennium BC until the rise of Islam. It was published in Latin. In a note recovered after his de ...
. The steles are made of black basalt, and the inscriptions note that they were funerary steles. The inscriptions are known as KAI 225 (Sin zir Ibni inscription) and KAI 226 (Si Gabbor stele).


Discovery

On 11 November 1891, Adrien Barthélemy, then dragoman at France's Aleppo consulate, wrote to
Charles Simon Clermont-Ganneau Charles Simon Clermont-Ganneau (19 February 1846 – 15 February 1923) was a noted French Orientalist and archaeologist. Biography Clermont-Ganneau was born in Paris, the son of Simon Ganneau, a sculptor and mystic who died in 1851 when Clermo ...
, with information provided to him by the Franciscan priest R.P. Paul de Saint-Aignan (Simoneau) as follows:
"Very recently, workers repairing terraces, on a
hillock A hillock or knoll is a small hill,The Free Dictionary
"hillock" entry, retrieved December 18, 2007
...
in the village of Nerab near Aleppo, unearthed a stone representing an offering underneath which is a Phoenician inscription. I did not see the subject, but I saw a stamping of the inscription made by a French cleric".
Clermont-Ganneau wrote to
Ernest Renan Joseph Ernest Renan (; 27 February 18232 October 1892) was a French Orientalist and Semitic scholar, expert of Semitic languages and civilizations, historian of religion, philologist, philosopher, biblical scholar, and critic. He wrote influe ...
, who was still in charge of the
Corpus Inscriptionum Semiticarum The ("Corpus of Semitic Inscriptions", abbreviated CIS) is a collection of ancient inscriptions in Semitic languages produced since the end of 2nd millennium BC until the rise of Islam. It was published in Latin. In a note recovered after his de ...
, who replied that the "mouth watering" letter may well be referring to an Aramaic counterpart to a stele found shortly before by the German excavators at Sam'al. This enthusiasm dampened after German expert
Julius Euting Julius Euting (11 July 1839 – 2 January 1913) was a German Orientalist. Life Director of the National and University Library of Strasbourg, he completed his first studies at the Eberhard-Ludwigs-Gymnasium in Stuttgart and at the local semin ...
questioned the authenticity of the steles after having reviewed a squeeze. The steles were purchased from the landowner by Nicolas Marcopoli, a notable Aleppo merchant family (for whom the Souq Marcopoli is named). Marcopoli offered the steles to
Léon Heuzey Léon Heuzey (1 December 1831, Rouen – 8 February 1922, Paris) was a noted French archaeologist and historian. Life and career In 1855 Heuzey went to Greece as a member of the École française d'Athènes, and for the next two years traveled ex ...
at the
Louvre The Louvre ( ), or the Louvre Museum ( ), is the world's most-visited museum, and an historic landmark in Paris, France. It is the home of some of the best-known works of art, including the ''Mona Lisa'' and the ''Venus de Milo''. A central l ...
for 10,000 Francs; Heuzey, who was at the time focused on the excavations at
Girsu Girsu ( Sumerian ; cuneiform ) was a city of ancient Sumer, situated some northwest of Lagash, at the site of modern Tell Telloh, Dhi Qar Governorate, Iraq. History Girsu was possibly inhabited in the Ubaid period (5300-4800 BC), but sign ...
in Mesopotamia, turned down the offer. Clermont-Ganneau resolved to acquire the steles himself, which he did via two-year-long negotiations led by the Franciscan brothers and the French Consulate. In 1894 he successfully acquired the steles for 2,000 Francs, with funds from the
Académie des Inscriptions et Belles-Lettres The Académie des Inscriptions et Belles-Lettres () is a French learned society devoted to history, founded in February 1663 as one of the five academies of the Institut de France. The academy's scope was the study of ancient inscriptions ( epig ...
; the reduced price was due to the doubts about authenticity. The steles were then transported to Paris over land, in a two-year journey, and acquired by the Louvre in January 1897 for 2,500 Francs.Fauveaud-Brassaud, Lozachmeur (2013): "Les monuments découverts par hasard, lors de travaux de terrassement, ont été achetés au propriétaire du terrain par Nicolas Marcopoli, marchand « levantin » établi à Alep avec sa famille et sont entreposés à son domicile... Nouveaux estampages et moulages sont maintenant indispensables, d'autant plus que la somme de 10 000 Francs, demandée par les vendeurs, est très élevée. Une fois l'authenticité établie, ils espèrent une acquisition par le musée du Louvre. Mais, entre temps, Clermont-Ganneau apprend que Léon Heuzey, conservateur du département des Antiquités orientales à qui Marcopoli a déjà écrit pour lui proposer lesdits monuments, n'a pas l'intention de donner suite: "J'avais dit un mot de la chose à M. Heuzey qui l'avait accueilli assez froidement, tout préoccupé qu'il est en ce moment des fouilles de M. de Sarzec et du désir de ne pas indisposer Hamdi Bey". Devant l'indifférence qu'affiche le musée du Louvre, la commission du CIS, sous la tutelle de l'Académie des Inscriptions, décide de négocier directement avec la famille Marcopoli... Elles sont pilotées depuis Paris par Clermont-Ganneau et conduites sur place par les Franciscains, frère Paul, puis frère Prosper Marie , et, dans une moindre mesure, par Barthélemy, représentant le consulat d'Alep. Démarches et contre-démarches se succèdent pendant plus de deux ans, avec toujours en arrière-plan, les concurrences allemande et anglaise. Il est question de faire venir à Paris les stèles pour les examiner, mais cette demande ne reçoit pas d'emblée l'assentiment des marchands et donne lieu à diverses propositions dont aucune n'est satisfaisante aux yeux de Clermont-Ganneau. Les tractations se concluent enfin par un accord : vente ferme sur place pour la somme de 2 000 francs, sur les fonds de l'Académie (fondation Piot), versée directement à l'antiquaire par les frères Franciscains qui sont présentés comme les acquéreurs officiels. Finalement, les doutes sur l'authenticité des stèles, en décourageant les éventuels concurrents, ont servi les intérêts français et divisé par cinq le prix initialement demandé par les Marcopoli. Le 11 juin 1894, les stèles sont déposées à la chancellerie du consulat d'Alep. Barthélemy est chargé du transport des monuments. La discrétion la plus absolue sur et l'opération prendra presque deux ans avec le trajet par terre , puis l'embarquement sur un bateau en direction de Paris, via Marseille cette entreprise est de rigueur jusqu'à Beyrouth probablement. Une véritable épopée... Un an plus tard le Comité consultatif des Musées nationaux, en sa séance du 7 janvier 1897, vote l'acquisition des stèles pour la somme de 2 500 francs."


References


Bibliography

* Clermont-Ganneau Charles
Deux stèles de Nerab
In: Comptes rendus des séances de l'Académie des Inscriptions et Belles-Lettres, 40e année, N. 2, 1896. pp. 118-120. DOI : https://doi.org/10.3406/crai.1896.70732 * Clermont-Ganneau, Charles, "Mitteilung über die Inschriften von Nērab." CRAIBL 4/24 (1896): 118–19 * Clermont-Ganneau, Charles
Les Stèles Araméennes de Néirabmissing pages online here
, Études d'archéologie orientale. Bibliothèque de l'École des Hautes Études], Sciences historiques et philologiques vol. 113. Paris: F. Viewig, 1897 * Halévy, J., "Les deux stèles de Nerab." RevSém 4 (1896): 279–84 * Hoffmann, G., "Aramäische Inschriften aus Nērab bei Aleppo: Neue und alte Götter." ZA 11 (1896): 207–92 * Halévy, J., "Nouvelles remarques sur les inscriptions de Nērab." RevSém 4 (1896b): 369–73. * Halévy, J., "Un dernier mot sur les inscriptions de Nērab." RevSém 5 (1897a): 189–90 * Kokovtsov, P., "Drevnearameyskie nadpisi iz Niraba bliz Aleppo." Zapiski Vostochnogo otdeleniya Rysskogo arkheologicheskogo obshchestva 12 (1899): 145–78 * Kokovtsov, P., "Nouvel essai d'interprétation de la seconde inscription araméenne de Nirab." JA sér 9, tome 14 (1899): 432–45. * Kokovtsov, P., "Imena zhretsov v Nirabskikh Nadpisyakh." Zapiski Vostochnogo otdeleniya Rysskogo arkheologicheskogo obshchestva 13 (1900): 93–97. * Catherine Fauveaud-Brassaud, Hélène Lozachmeur
Les stèles araméennes de Nérab (Syrie)
Leurs dé- couverte et acquisition dans le contexte de la concurrence archéologique européenne au Proche-Orient. F. Briquel-Chatonnet, C. Fauveaud-Brassaud et I. Gajda. Entre Carthage et l'Arabie heureuse: mélanges offerts à François Bron, Paris, De Boccard, pp.333-346, 2013, Orient et Méditerranée, 12, 978-2-7018-0339-5. halshs-00966060 {{Louvre Museum 8th-century BC steles 1891 archaeological discoveries Ancient Near East steles Aramaic inscriptions KAI inscriptions