Negara Dipa was a

Hindu Hindus (; ) are people who religiously adhere to Hinduism. Jeffery D. Long (2007), A Vision for Hinduism, IB Tauris, , pages 35–37 Historically, the term has also been used as a geographical, cultural, and later religious identifier for ...

kingdom in South Kalimantan that appears in

Hikayat Banjar The Hikayat Banjar (حكاية بنجر) is the chronicle of Banjarmasin, Indonesia. This text, also called the History of Lambung Mangkurat, contains the history of the kings of Banjar and of Kotawaringin in southeast and south Borneo respective ...

. It was located in Amuntai near modern-day Tabasan. It was also the predecessor of

Negara Daha Negara Daha was a Hindu kingdom successor of Negara Dipa that appears in the Hikayat Banjar. It was located in what is now the Regency of Hulu Sungai Selatan, Province of South Kalimantan, Republic of Indonesia. Early establishment Before the fo ...

and

Banjar Sultanate Sultanate of Banjar or Sultanate of Banjarmasin ( Banjar: كسلطانن بنجر, Kasultanan Banjar) was a sultanate located in what is today the South Kalimantan Province of Indonesia. For most of its history, its capital was at Banjarma ...

Early establishment

The area of South Kalimantan according to the oral history was the region of the Dayak Ma'anyan polity called Nan Sarunai based in the region between North Hulu Sungai and Tabalong. Suriansyah Ideham, eds., 2007. Urang Banjar dan kebudayaannya. Banjarmasin: Badan Penelitian dan Pengembangan Daerah Provinsi Kalimantan Selatan dan Pustaka Banua as well as Kuripan kingdom (Tabalong in ''

Nagarakretagama The ''Nagarakretagama'' or ''Nagarakṛtāgama'', also known as ''Desawarnana'' or ''Deśavarṇana'', is an Old Javanese eulogy to Hayam Wuruk, a Javanese king of the Majapahit Empire. It was written on lontar as a '' kakawin'' by Mpu Pr ...

'') based in Danau Panggang, though some historians think these are the same kingdom. Majapahit in its expansionist policy have launched two failed invasions under the reign of

Jayanegara Jayanegara or Jayanagara (formal regnal name Sri Maharaja Wiralandagopala Sri Sundarapandya Dewa Adhiswara, or Sri Sundarapandyadevadhisvara Vikramottungadeva, also known as Kala Gemet), Prince of Kediri in 1295, reigned from 1309 to 1328, was a J ...

and

Tribhuwana Wijayatunggadewi Tribhuwana Wijayatunggadewi, known in her regnal name Tribhuwannottunggadewi Jayawishnuwardhani, also known as Dyah Gitarja, was a Javanese queen regnant and the third Majapahit monarch, reigning from 1328 to 1350. She also bears the title Bhre K ...

to conquer this kingdom. The third invasion was launched in 1355 under

Hayam Wuruk Hayam Wuruk (Sanskrit: हयम् वुरुक्, Kawi: ꦲꦪꦩ꧀ꦮꦸꦫꦸꦏ꧀) (1334–1389), also called Rajasanagara, Pa-ta-na-pa-na-wu, or Bhatara Prabhu after 1350, was a Javanese Hindu emperor from the Rajasa Dynasty and th ...

. This invasion was led by Ampu Jatmika from Kalingga, Kediri, alongside his companions as recorded in

. Nan Sarunai at the time was led by Raden Anyan or Datu Tatuyan Wulau Miharaja Papangkat Amas. Multiple battles happened such as in 1358Kusmartono dan Widianto (1998), based on ash sample analysis in 1996 of burned Majapahit forces corpses from first nansarunai battle in Tambak Wasi and Candi Agung, Amuntai, gave the date April 1358. and 1362. These invasions were recorded in Dayak Ma'anyan poetry as ''Nansarunai Usak Jawa'' (, Nan Sarunai destroyed by Javanese). Afterward Ampu Jatmika founded the kingdom of Negara Dipa in 1380 or 1387. According to

, he also built Candi Agung over an older site in Amuntai. There are some disagreements by historians as there was also a kingdom called Kuripan of whether this was the continuation of same kingdom or also destroyed alongside the founding to Negara Dipa. According to a different version of

, ''Tutur Candi'', the previous king of Kuripan adopted Ampu Jatmika as successor and after he died, the kingdom came to be called ''Negara Dipa'', from the place where Ampu Jatmika ruled.

Rule under Lambung Mangkurat

Ampu Jatmika had two sons called Ampu Mandastana (also Empu Mandastani) and Lambung Mangkurat (also Lembu Mangkurat and believed to be ''Dayak Ma'anyan's'' Dambung Mangkurap ISBN 978-979-21-1657-1). According to oral history, before he died Ampu Jatmika instructed both sons not to succeed him as they are descendant of traders ( waisya) and not aristocracy (

ksatria Kshatriya ( hi, क्षत्रिय) (from Sanskrit ''kṣatra'', "rule, authority") is one of the four varna (social orders) of Hindu society, associated with warrior aristocracy. The Sanskrit term ''kṣatriyaḥ'' is used in the cont ...

) or they will face disasters. After Ampu Jatmika died, he was succeeded by his second son, Lambung Mangkurat, because of the prohibition with the title ''Raja'' he took the title ''Ratu Kuripan''. According to

, he expanded the rule of his kingdom to include regions in Tanjung Silat and Tanjung Puting. He as a king ruled over smaller regions (called Sakai), each was led by a ''Mantri Sakai''. These regions listed in

were: Batang Barito, Batang Alai, Batang Hamandit, Batang Balangan, Batang Pitap, Biaju Kecil (Kapuas Murung River), Biaju Besar (Kahayan River), Sabangau, Mendawai Dayak, Katingan Dayak, Sampit Dayak and its subordinate, Pambuang Dayak and its subordinate. Johannes Jacobus Ras,

in malay translated by Siti Hawa Salleh, Percetakan Dewan Bahasa dan Pustaka, Lot 1037, Mukim Perindustrian PKNS - Ampang/Hulu Kelang -

Selangor Selangor (; ), also known by its Arabic language, Arabic honorific Darul Ehsan, or "Abode of Sincerity", is one of the 13 Malaysian states. It is on the west coast of Peninsular Malaysia and is bordered by Perak to the north, Pahang to the east ...

Darul Ehsan,

Malaysia Malaysia ( ; ) is a country in Southeast Asia. The federation, federal constitutional monarchy consists of States and federal territories of Malaysia, thirteen states and three federal territories, separated by the South China Sea into two r ...

1990 File:1990 Events Collage.png, From left, clockwise: The 1990 FIFA World Cup is played in Italy; The Human Genome Project is launched; Voyager I takes the famous Pale Blue Dot image- speaking on the fragility of humanity on Earth, astrophysicist ...

. Trying to follow his father's instructions Lambung Mangkurat tried to balampah (meditate) and met with Putri Junjung Buih coming up from ''buih'' (sea foam). According to Ras, she was the daughter of Ngabehi Hileer and was believed to be of local Dayak descent. Moreover, she was believed to be the manifestation of the female god ''Jata'' or ''Tambun'' ruler of the underwater world, which are sometimes described as large

naga Naga or NAGA may refer to: Mythology * Nāga, a serpentine deity or race in Hindu, Buddhist and Jain traditions * Naga Kingdom, in the epic ''Mahabharata'' * Phaya Naga, mythical creatures believed to live in the Laotian stretch of the Mekong Riv ...

that support the earth. She was then raised to be Rajaputri and was married with a Majapahit prince by the name of Suryanata (Sun Prince). This union also has roots in the Ngaju

Kaharingan ''Kaharingan'' is an indigenous animistic folk religion of the Katingan, Lawangan, Ma'anyan, Ngaju, and Ot Danum people native to the Central Kalimantan region in Indonesia. The word means something like ''Way of the life'', and this belie ...

belief of the union of sky and water. This Majapahit prince mentioned in

as Rahadyan Putra is believed to be Raden Aria Gegombak Janggala Rajasa.

References

{{Precolonial states in Indonesia Former countries in Borneo Medieval Hindu kingdoms Hindu Buddhist states in Indonesia Precolonial states of Indonesia