The Neckar-Odenwald Limes (german: Neckar-Odenwald-Limes) is a collective term for two, very different early sections of the
Upper Germanic-Rhaetian Limes
The Upper Germanic-Rhaetian Limes (german: Obergermanisch-Raetischer Limes), or ORL, is a 550-kilometre-long section of the former external frontier of the Roman Empire between the rivers Rhine and Danube. It runs from Rheinbrohl to Eining on the ...
, a Roman defensive frontier line that may have been utilised during slightly different periods in history. The Neckar-Odenwald Limes consists of the northern Odenwald Limes (''Odenwaldlimes''), a cross-country ''
limes
Limes may refer to:
* the plural form of lime (disambiguation)
* the Latin word for ''limit'' which refers to:
** Limes (Roman Empire)
(Latin, singular; plural: ) is a modern term used primarily for the Germanic border defence or delimiting ...
'' with
camps Camps may refer to:
People
*Ramón Camps (1927–1994), Argentine general
*Gabriel Camps (1927–2002), French historian
*Luís Espinal Camps (1932–1980), Spanish missionary to Bolivia
*Victoria Camps (b. 1941), Spanish philosopher and professor ...
,
watchtower
A watchtower or watch tower is a type of fortification used in many parts of the world. It differs from a regular tower in that its primary use is military and from a turret in that it is usually a freestanding structure. Its main purpose is to ...
s and
palisade
A palisade, sometimes called a stakewall or a paling, is typically a fence or defensive wall made from iron or wooden stakes, or tree trunks, and used as a defensive structure or enclosure. Palisades can form a stockade.
Etymology
''Palisade' ...
s, which linked the
River Main
The Main () is the longest tributary of the Rhine. It rises as the White Main in the Fichtel Mountains of northeastern Bavaria and flows west through central Germany for to meet the Rhine below Rüsselsheim, Hesse. The cities of Mainz and Wiesb ...
(Latin: ''Moenus'') with the
Neckar
The Neckar () is a river in Germany, mainly flowing through the southwestern state of Baden-Württemberg, with a short section through Hesse. The Neckar is a major right tributary of the Rhine. Rising in the Schwarzwald-Baar-Kreis near Schwenn ...
(Latin: ''Nicer''), and the adjoining southern Neckar Limes (''Neckarlimes''), which in earlier research was seen as a typical 'riverine limes' (German: ''Nasser Limes''; Latin: ''limes ripa''), whereby the river replaced the function of the palisade as an approach obstacle. More recent research has thrown a different light on this way of viewing things that means may have to be relativized in future.
[Stephan Bender: ]
Unser Bild vom Neckarlimes: bald nur noch Geschichte?
(pdf; 6.0 MB).'' In: ''Archäologie in Deutschland.'' 3/2011, Theiss, Stuttgart, 2011, , pp. 38f. The resulting research is ongoing.
Route
The Odenwald Limes begins in the north on the River Main, either near
Obernburg
Obernburg am Main (officially ''Obernburg a.Main'', short version: ''Obernburg,'' ) is a town in the Miltenberg district in the ''Regierungsbezirk'' of Lower Franconia (''Unterfranken'') in Bavaria, Germany. It has a population of around 8,500.
...
or near
Wörth, and runs southwards from there, skilfully using the topographical features of the Odenwald highlands, to the River Neckar, which it probably reached in the area of the present-day county of
Heilbronn
Heilbronn () is a List of cities and towns in Germany, city in northern Baden-Württemberg, Germany, surrounded by Heilbronn (district), Heilbronn District. With over 126,000 residents, it is the sixth-largest city in the state.
From the late Mid ...
. The Neckar line forms its extension in a southerly direction as far as
Arae Flaviae in the terrain of the present town of
Rottweil
Rottweil (; Alemannic: ''Rautweil'') is a town in southwest Germany in the state of Baden-Württemberg. Rottweil was a free imperial city for nearly 600 years.
Located between the Black Forest and the Swabian Alps, Rottweil has nearly 25,000 in ...
, where it oriented itself to the course of the river.
Period
The Neckar-Odenwald Limes probably emerged in the area of the Odenwald Limes during the
Trajan
Trajan ( ; la, Caesar Nerva Traianus; 18 September 539/11 August 117) was Roman emperor from 98 to 117. Officially declared ''optimus princeps'' ("best ruler") by the senate, Trajan is remembered as a successful soldier-emperor who presi ...
ic period
[The conventional start date in the year 100 AD (+/-5) is supported by the results of the excavations that Dietwulf Baatz undertook in the period 1964 to 1966 at Roman camp, Hesselbach. They are based primarily on the evaluation of the ''sigillates'' found there (c.f. the corresponding section in the Hesselbach article and Dietwulf Baatz's ''Kastell Hesselbach und andere Forschungen am Odenwaldlimes.'' Gebr. Mann, Berlin, 1973, (Limesforschungen, Vol. 12), pp. 85–96). In more recent literature a start date for Hesselbach camp and the whole Odenwald Limes is given as 107/110, or even as late as 115. These dates are not supported by new excavation finds, but on a statistical re-evaluation of the coins found from all Roman camps on the Upper Germanic-Rhaetian Limes, which archaeologist, Klaus Kortüm, first presented in 1998 and which are supported by several authors of more recent literature. (c.f. Klaus Kortüm: ''Zur Datierung der römischen Militäranlagen im obergermanisch-raetischen Limesgebiet.'' In: ''Saalburg-Jahrbuch'' 49, 1998, Zabern, Mainz, pp. 5–65, and Egon Schallmayer: ''Der Limes. Geschichte einer Grenze''. Beck, Munich, 2006, , pp. 49–52 and pp. 54 f.)] and, in the area of the Neckar line, in the principate of
Domitian
Domitian (; la, Domitianus; 24 October 51 – 18 September 96) was a Roman emperor who reigned from 81 to 96. The son of Vespasian and the younger brother of Titus, his two predecessors on the throne, he was the last member of the Flavi ...
or early Trajanic period, and, in the area of the old Neckar camps, under
Vespasian
Vespasian (; la, Vespasianus ; 17 November AD 9 – 23/24 June 79) was a Roman emperor who reigned from AD 69 to 79. The fourth and last emperor who reigned in the Year of the Four Emperors, he founded the Flavian dynasty that ruled the Empi ...
. It went through several rebuilding phases and did not become obsolete until the construction of the almost perfectly straight
Anterior Limes (''Vorderer Limes'') in the years between 159/161 and 165.
[The more recent research posits that the construction of the forward limes did not happen overnight, but took place over a period of up to five or six years.]
See also
*
Upper Germanic-Rhaetian Limes
The Upper Germanic-Rhaetian Limes (german: Obergermanisch-Raetischer Limes), or ORL, is a 550-kilometre-long section of the former external frontier of the Roman Empire between the rivers Rhine and Danube. It runs from Rheinbrohl to Eining on the ...
References
Literature
Overviews/General
* Egon Schallmayer: ''Der Odenwaldlimes. Entlang der römischen Grenze zwischen Main und Neckar.'' Theiss, Stuttgart, 2010, .
* Dietwulf Baatz: ''Der Römische Limes. Archäologische Ausflüge zwischen Rhein und Donau''. 4th fully revised and expanded edition. Gebr. Mann, Berlin, 2000, ; esp. pp. 70–73, 179–214 and 343–346.
* Egon Schallmayer: ''Der Odenwaldlimes.'' Theiss, Stuttgart, 1984, .
* Rainer Türk: ''Wanderungen am Limes''. Brunnengräber, Lorsch, 2008, .
* Egon Schallmayer: ''Der Odenwaldlimes. Neueste Forschungsergebnisse'', Beiträge zum wissenschaftlichen Kolloquium am 19. März 2010 in Michelstadt, Saalburg-Schriften 8, Römerkastell Saalburg Archäologischer Park, Bad Homburg v. d. H., 2012,
Limes sections, individual camps, specialist literature
*
Géza Alföldy
Géza Alföldy (June 7, 1935 – November 6, 2011) was a Hungarian historian of ancient history.
Life
Géza Alföldy was born in Budapest. He studied at the Faculty of Humanities of the University of Budapest from 1953 to 1958, where he in ...
: ''Caius Popilius Carus Pedo und die Vorverlegung des obergermanischen Limes.'' In: ''Fundberichte aus Baden-Württemberg 8.'' 1983, pp. 55–67,
doi:10.11588/fbbw.1983.0.26572.
* Dietwulf Baatz: ''
Kastell Hesselbach und andere Forschungen am Odenwaldlimes''. Gebr. Mann, Berlin, 1973, , (= Limesforschungen, 12).
* Dietwulf Baatz, Fritz-Rudolf Herrmann: ''Die Römer in Hessen''. Lizenzausgabe. Nikol, Hamburg, 2002, .
* Willi Beck, Dieter Planck: ''Der Limes in Südwestdeutschland''. 2nd edn., Theiss, Stuttgart, 1980, .
* Stephan Bender:
Unser Bild vom Neckarlimes: bald nur noch Geschichte?(pdf; 6.0 MB).'' In: ''Archäologie in Deutschland.'' 3/2011, Theiss, Stuttgart, 2011, , pp. 38f.
* Stephan Bender: ''Einem neuen Limes auf der Spur – Forschungen an der Nahtstelle von Odenwald- und Neckarlimes in Bad Friedrichshall.'' In: ''Archäologische Ausgrabungen in Baden-Württemberg 2011'', pp. 44–49.
* Helmut Castritius, Manfred Clauss, Leo Hefner: ''Die römischen Steininschriften des Odenwaldes (RSO).'' In: Winfried Wackerfuß (ed.): ''Beiträge zur Erforschung des Odenwaldes und seiner Randlandschaften II. Festschrift für Hans H. Weber''. Breuberg-Bund, Breuberg-Neustadt, 1977, pp. 237–308.
* Helmut Castritius, Manfred Clauss, Leo Hefner: ''Die römischen Steininschriften des Odenwaldes und seiner Randlandschaften (RSOR).'' In: Winfried Wackerfuß (ed.): ''Beiträge zur Erforschung des Odenwaldes und seiner Randlandschaften III''. Breuberg-Bund, Breuberg-Neustadt, 1980, pp. 193–222.
* Philipp Filtzinger (ed.): ''Die Römer in Baden-Württemberg''. 3rd edn., Theiss, Stuttgart, 1986, .
* Anita Gaubatz-Sattler: ''Zur zivilen Besiedlung zwischen den Limites im Neckar-Odenwald-Kreis.'' In: Andreas Thiel (ed.): ''Neue Forschungen am Limes. 4. Fachkolloquium der Deutschen Limeskommission 27./28. Februar 2007 in Osterburken''. Theiss, Stuttgart, 2008, , pp. 111–121 (= Beiträge zum Welterbe Limes, 3)
* Claus-Michael Hüssen: ''Die römische Besiedlung im Umland von Heilbronn.'' Theiss, Stuttgart, 2000, , (= Forschungen und Berichte zur Vor- und Frühgeschichte in Baden-Württemberg, 78).
* Anne Johnson: ''Römische Kastelle des 1. und 2. Jahrhunderts n. Chr. in Britannien und in den germanischen Provinzen des Römerreiches.'' Philipp von Zabern, Mainz 1987, , (= Kulturgeschichte der antiken Welt, 37).
* Martin Kemkes: ''Vom Rhein an den Limes und wieder zurück. Die Besetzungsgeschichte Südwestdeutschlands.'' In: Dieter Planck et al.: ''Imperium Romanum. Roms Provinzen an Neckar, Rhein und Donau.'' Theiss, Stuttgart, 2005, , S. 44–53.
* Margot Klee: ''Der römische Limes im Hessen. Geschichte und Schauplätze des UNESCO-Welterbes.'' Verlag Friedrich Pustet, Regensburg, 2009, .
* Margot Klee: ''Der Limes zwischen Rhein und Main. Vom Beginn des obergermanischen Limes bei Rheinbrohl bis zum Main bei Grosskrotzenburg.'' Theiss, Stuttgart, 1989, .
* Klaus Kortüm: ''Zur Datierung der römischen Militäranlagen im obergermanisch-raetischen Limesgebiet.'' In: ''Saalburg-Jahrbuch.'' 49, 1998. Zabern, Mainz, 1998, pp. 5–65.
* Dieter Planck (ed.): ''Die Römer in Baden-Württemberg.'' Theiss, Stuttgart, 2005, .
* Dieter Planck: ''Das römische Walheim.'' Ausgrabungen 1980−1988. LDA Baden-Württemberg, Stuttgart, 1991, , (= Archäologische Informationen aus Baden-Württemberg, 18).
* Britta Rabold: ''Der Odenwaldlimes in neuem Licht. Forschungsstand 2005 zum Kastellvicus von Mudau-Schloßau.'' In: Gabriele Seitz (ed.): ''Im Dienste Roms. Festschrift für Hans Ulrich Nuber''. Greiner, Remshalden, 2006, , pp. 279–284.
* Jörg Scheuerbrandt u. a.: ''Die Römer auf dem Gebiet des Neckar-Odenwald-Kreises. Grenzzone des Imperium Romanum.'' Herausgegeben vom Kreisarchiv des Neckar-Odenwald-Kreises. verlag regionalkultur, Ubstadt-Weiher 2009, , (Beiträge zur Geschichte des Neckar-Odenwald-Kreises, 3).
* Hans Schönberger: ''Die römischen Truppenlager der frühen und mittleren Kaiserzeit zwischen Nordsee und Inn.'' In: Berichte der Römisch-Germanischen Kommission, 66 (1985), pp. 321ff.
* Michael P. Speidel: ''Die Brittones Elantienses und die Vorverlegung des obergermanisch-raetischen Limes.'' In: Fundberichte aus Baden-Württemberg, 11 (1986), pp. 309ff,
doi:10.11588/fbbw.1986.0.27801.
* Bernd Steidl: ''Welterbe Limes – Roms Grenze am Main.'' Begleitband zur Ausstellung in der Archäologischen Staatssammlung München 2008. Logo, Obernburg, 2008, .
* Bruno Trunk: ''Am Odenwaldlimes. Römerspuren in Schloßau und Umgebung.'' Buchen, 2007, .
* Christoph Unz: ''Grinario. Das römische Kastell und Dorf in Köngen.'' Theiss, Stuttgart 1982, , (= Führer zu archäologischen Denkmälern in Baden-Württemberg, 8).
Historical excavations
* Johann Friedrich Knapp: ''Römische Denkmale des Odenwaldes, insbesondere der Grafschaft Erbach und Herrschaft Breuberg.'' (1813, 1814²,1854³)
* ''Der obergermanisch-raetische Limes des Roemerreiches''. Division A, Vol. 5: Section 10 (Der Odenwaldlimes von Wörth am Main bis Wimpfen am Neckar), 1926, 1935; and Section 11 (Die Neckarlinie von Wimpfen bis Rottweil und Hüfingen), 1935.
* ''Der obergermanisch-raetische Limes des Roemerreiches''. Division B, Vol. 5: Kastelle 46 (Friedrich Kofler: Das Kastell Lützelbach, 1904), 46a (
Ernst Fabricius
Ernst Christian Andreas Martin Fabricius (Darmstadt, 6 September 1857 – Freiburg im Breisgau, 22 March 1942) was a German historian, archaeologist and classical scholar. Between 1882 and 1888 he participated in excavations in Greece and Asia Mino ...
: Das Kastell Arnheiter Hof, 1915), 46b (Eduard Anthes: Das Kastell Seckmauern, 1914), 47 (Friedrich Kofler: Das Kastell Hainhaus bei Vielbrunn, 1897), 48 (Friedrich Kofler: Das Kastell Eulbach, 1896), 49 (Friedrich Kofler: Das Kastell Wuerzberg, 1896), 50 (Friedrich Kofler: Das Kastell Hesselbach, 1896), 51 (Karl Schumacher: Das Kastell bei Schlossau, 1900), 52 (Karl Schumacher: Das Kastell Oberscheidenthal, 1897), 53/53.1 (Karl Schumacher: Die Kastelle bei Neckarburken, 1898), 54/55 (Karl Schumacher: Kastell und Vicus bei Wimpfen, 1900), 56 (Heinrich Steimle: Das Kastell Böckingen, 1898), 57 (Adolf Mettler: Kastell Walheim, 1897), 58 (Adolf Mettler: Das Kastell Benningen, 1902), 59 (Ernst Kapf, Walter Barthel: Das Kastell Cannstatt, 1907), 60 (Adolf Mettler: Das Kastell Köngen, 1907), 61 (Oscar Paret: Das Kastell Rottenburg, 1936), 61a (Rudolf Herzog: Das
The_Upper_Germanic-Rhaetian_Limeson_the_official_website_of_the_Denkmalpflege_Hessen
*_Offizielle_Webpräsenz_de
Roman_Museum,_Osterburken
Odenwald_Limes
at_the_private_limes_project_site_by_Hartmann_Linge
Odenwald_Limes
at_the_private_limes_project_site_by_Claus_te_Vehne
__Abbreviations_
*_LiH:_Margot_Klee:_''Der_römische_Limes_in_Hessen._Geschichte_und_Schauplätze_des_UNESCO-Welterbes''._Pustet,_Regensburg,_2009,_.
*_ORL:_Ernst_Fabricius_
Ernst_Christian_Andreas_Martin_Fabricius_(Darmstadt,_6_September_1857_–_Freiburg_im_Breisgau,_22_March_1942)_was_a_German_historian,_archaeologist_and_classical_scholar._Between_1882_and_1888_he_participated_in_excavations_in_Greece_and_Asia_Mino_...
,_Felix_Hettner_and_Oscar_von_Sarwey_(eds.):_''Der_obergermanisch-raetische_Limes_des_Roemerreiches''._Petters,_Heidelberg,_Berlin_und_Leipzig,_1894-1937
*_RiBW:_Dieter_Planck_(ed.):_''Die_Römer_in_Baden-Württemberg''._Theiss,_Stuttgart,_2005,_.
*_RiH:_Dietwulf_Baatz_und_Fritz-Rudolf_Herrmann:_''Die_Römer_in_Hessen''._Lizenzausgabe._Nikol,_Hamburg,_2002,_{{ISBN.html" ;"title="astell Sulz, 1897), 61b (Eugen Nägele: Das Kastell Waldmoessingen, 1897), 62 (Wilhelm Schleiermacher: Das große Lager und die Kastelle von Rottweil, 1936), 62a (Paul Revellio: Das Kastell Hüfingen, 1937).
* LiH: Margot Klee: ''Der römische Limes in Hessen. Geschichte und Schauplätze des UNESCO-Welterbes''. Pustet, Regensburg, 2009, .
* ORL:
, Felix Hettner and Oscar von Sarwey (eds.): ''Der obergermanisch-raetische Limes des Roemerreiches''. Petters, Heidelberg, Berlin und Leipzig, 1894-1937
* RiBW: Dieter Planck (ed.): ''Die Römer in Baden-Württemberg''. Theiss, Stuttgart, 2005, .
* RiH: Dietwulf Baatz und Fritz-Rudolf Herrmann: ''Die Römer in Hessen''. Lizenzausgabe. Nikol, Hamburg, 2002, {{ISBN">3-933203-58-9.
Archaeological_sites_in_Germany
Trajan.html" ;"title="Archaeological sites in Germany">Heritage sites in Bavaria
Archaeological sites in Germany
Trajan">Archaeological sites in Germany">Heritage sites in Bavaria
Archaeological sites in Germany
Trajan
Roman frontiers
Heritage sites in Baden-Württemberg
Roman fortifications in Germania Superior