The N'chwaning mine (or N'Chwaning mines) are located in the

Northern Cape Province The Northern Cape is the largest and most sparsely populated province of South Africa. It was created in 1994 when the Cape Province was split up. Its capital is Kimberley, South Africa, Kimberley. It includes the Kalahari Gemsbok National Park, ...

South Africa South Africa, officially the Republic of South Africa (RSA), is the southernmost country in Africa. It is bounded to the south by of coastline that stretch along the South Atlantic and Indian Oceans; to the north by the neighbouring countri ...

. N'chwaning has one of the largest

manganese Manganese is a chemical element with the symbol Mn and atomic number 25. It is a hard, brittle, silvery metal, often found in minerals in combination with iron. Manganese is a transition metal with a multifaceted array of industrial alloy use ...

reserves in

having estimated reserves of 323.2 million tonnes of manganese ore grading 42.5% manganese. There are three shafts, designated as N'Chwaning, N'Chwaning II and N'Chwaning III. The majority of the major mineral finds documented originate from the N'Chwaning II shaft. N'Chwaning is considered a single vertical hoist shaft. N'Chwaning II is a vertical skip shaft, currently still in production with an underground crushing facility. N'Chwaning III has two main shafts - A vertical personnel shaft and a decline shaft. N'Chwaning III additionally has seven underground silos for storing different grades of ore. N'Chwaning is known to produce high-quality mineral specimens of rhodochrosite, manganite,

ettringite Ettringite is a hydrous calcium aluminium sulfate mineral with formula: . It is a colorless to yellow mineral crystallizing in the trigonal system. The prismatic crystals are typically colorless, turning white on partial dehydration. It is part of ...

inesite Inesite is a hydrous calcium manganese silicate mineral. Its chemical formula is Ca2Mn7Si10O28(OH)2•5(H2O). Inesite is an inosilicate with a triclinic crystal system. It has a Mohs hardness of 5.5 to 6, and a specific gravity of 3.0. Its name ...

, jouravskite and other minerals. The N'Chwaning mine is located on the farm N'Chwaning 267, from which the name is derived. The license area also includes what was formerly known as the Black Rock mine area, and is situated in the

ores of the Kalahari Manganese Fields.

History

The ore body was discovered in 1940 by Assmang, and led to the acquisition of a manganese outcrop. The properties on which the ore is situated were subsequently acquired by Assmang, and led to the 1975 commissioning of the Gloria mine (medium grade carbonated ore) as well as the later commissioning in 1972, 1981 and 2004 respectively of the N'Chwaning I, I and III shafts.

Geology

The N'Chwaning mines are situated in the Kalahari Manganese Fields, with the primary ore hosted in the Hotazel Formation of the Griqualand West Sequence, forming part of the

Proterozoic The Proterozoic () is a geological eon spanning the time interval from 2500 to 538.8million years ago. It is the most recent part of the Precambrian "supereon". It is also the longest eon of the Earth's geologic time scale, and it is subdivided ...

Transvaal Supergroup. The ore body shows extreme faulting and hydrothermal upgrading, responsible for the formation of a large majority of the mineral species described from the Kalahari Manganese Fields. Zoning exists within the ore body both in the vertical and horizontal sense, where horizontal zoning is fault related and shows high grade hausmannite ore, intermediate areas show a very complex mineral assemblage (including braunite and jacobsite), while distal areas have a lower grade ore consisting predominantly of braunite and

kutnohorite Kutnohorite is a rare calcium manganese carbonate mineral with magnesium and iron that is a member of the dolomite group. It forms a series with dolomite, and with ankerite. The end member formula is , but and commonly substitute for , with th ...

. Vertical zoning in the orebody is shown by high iron and low manganese concentrations at the contacts, with an increase in manganese grade towards the centre of the body. Two seams are mined - the No.1 seam is on average 6 metres thick, with a depth of 400 metres at the N'Chwaning mine and a depth of 200 metres at the Gloria mine. The No.2 seam is stratigraphically placed above the No.1 seam, with ongoing mining using the N'Chwaning II infrastructure.

References

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History

Geology

See also

References