The siege of Navarino was one of the earliest battles of the

Greek War of Independence The Greek War of Independence, also known as the Greek Revolution or the Greek Revolution of 1821, was a successful war of independence by Greek revolutionaries against the Ottoman Empire between 1821 and 1829. The Greeks were later assisted by ...

. It resulted in one of a series of

massacres A massacre is the killing of a large number of people or animals, especially those who are not involved in any fighting or have no way of defending themselves. A massacre is generally considered to be morally unacceptable, especially when per ...

which resulted in the extermination of the Turkish civilian population of the region.

Siege of the fortress

In March 1821 the Greeks began the siege of Neokastro under the leadership of

Konstantinos Pierrakos Mavromichalis Konstantinos or Constantinos (Κωνσταντίνος, ''Konstantínos'') is a Greek language, Greek male given name. * Konstantinos (occultist), Konstantinos (born 1972), occultist * Kosta Barbarouses, Konstantinos "Kosta" Barbarouses (born 1 ...

. Before the fortress capitulated in August, many

Turkish Turkish may refer to: *a Turkic language spoken by the Turks * of or about Turkey ** Turkish language *** Turkish alphabet ** Turkish people, a Turkic ethnic group and nation *** Turkish citizen, a citizen of Turkey *** Turkish communities and mi ...

families had been compelled by hunger to escape and throw themselves at the mercy of Greeks of the neighbourhood. However, they were massacred. The Turks, who were at the last extremity of starvation, offered to surrender. The Greeks proposed a convention whereby surrendering Turks would be granted secure passage to Egypt. When the capitulation was concluded, the city's Turks gave up all the public property in the fortress and all of their money, plate and jewels. However the Greeks had neither the intention nor even the means of providing that promised secure passage. Using as pretext the death of their leader, Mavromichalis, who was killed during the siege, they failed to keep the terms of the surrender. One of the Greek negotiators, Poniropoulos, boasted some years later to General Thomas Gordon that he destroyed the copy of capitulation that had been given to the Turks so that no proof would remain of any such transaction having been concluded.

Massacre of Turks

When the gates opened on 19 August (O. S. 7 August) 1821, the Greeks rushed in and around 3,000 number of Turks were killed, with the exception of some who managed to escape. Historian

George Finlay George Finlay (21 December 1799 – 26 January 1875) was a Scottish historian. Biography Finlay was born in Faversham, Kent, where his Scottish father, Captain John Finlay FRS, an officer in the Royal Engineers, was inspector of government powde ...

noted that a Greek priest, named Phrantzes, was an eyewitness to the massacres. Based on the descriptions provided by Phrantzes, he wrote:

"Women, wounded with musketballs and sabre-cuts, rushed to the sea, seeking to escape, and were deliberately shot. Mothers robbed of their clothes, with infants in their arms plunged into the sea to conceal themselves from shame, and they were them made a mark for inhuman riflemen. Greeks seized infants from their mother's breasts and dashed them against rocks. Children, three and four years old, were hurled living into the sea and left to drown. When the massacre was ended, the dead bodies washed ashore, or piled on the beach, threatened to cause a pestilence..."Finlay, p. 263

Siege of the fortress

Massacre of Turks

References

See also