National Remnant

National remnant (Turkish ''Ulusal artık'' or ''milli bakiye'') is a method used to allocate seats in a party-list proportional representation electoral system that has electoral districts. The system uses a Largest remainder method to determine some of the seats in each electoral district. However, after the integer part of the seats in each district is allocated to the parties, the seats left unallocated will then be allocated not in each electoral district in isolation, but in a larger division, such as nationwide or in large separate regions that each encompass multiple electoral districts.

Use by Country

Czechoslovakia

The system was used in Czechoslovakia after the Velvet revolution, to elect the Federal Assembly. Unlike the implementations in Italy and Turkey, two separate "national" allocations were done for the Czech Republic and the Slovak Republic, due to the federal nature of the legislature (each of the two republics was represented proportionally to its census population in the lower house, and on an equal basis in the upper house).

Italy

The system was used in Italy from 1946 to 1993. The Hagenbach-Bischoff quota was used to allocate seats in the districts, with the Hare quota being used to allocate seats at the national level.Electoral System Change in Europe-Italy summary
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Turkey

The system was used in Turkey during the 1965 Turkish general election. The Hare quota was used to allocate seats both in the districts and at the national level. At the time, Turkey had 67 electoral districts corresponding to the provinces of Turkey. Turkey adopted this system to support smaller parties which were unable to gain enough votes in an electoral district to gain a seat.

The system was enacted on 13 February 1965 by Act no. 533. The purpose of the system was to equalize the vote percentage and the seat percentage of a party. The system was repealed on 20 March 1968 by Act no. 1036.

In the 1965 elections the total number of representatives was 450 and the total number of valid votes was 9,304,563. The nationwide result was;

(3.2% of votes were received by various independent candidates.)

As seen above, the highest deviation between the vote percentage and the seat percentage of the parties was 1.0%. The election scored a low 2.32 on the Gallagher index, indicating a high level of proportionality. However, in the next election, in which the system was abandoned, the deviation increased. For example, the Worker's Party of Turkey received 2.7% of the votes, but only received 2 seats (which corresponds to 0.4%).

The system

In each electoral district, the total number of votes is divided by a largest remainder quota, such as Hare, Droop, or Imperiali. The number of votes cast for each party is divided by the quota; like in an unmodified largest remainder system, the result for each party will usually consist of an integer part plus a fractional remainder. Each party is first allocated a number of seats equal to their integer. This will generally leave some seats unallocated: these unallocated seats are then allocated at the national level as a whole. The remainders of all the districts are added together to form a national remainder, which serves as a basis for the national allocation.Prof Hikmet Sami Turks's paper
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Unlike the district-based allocation, which must be done using the largest remainder method, the national allocation can be done either using the largest remainder method or using a highest averages method.

Example

District A has 8 representatives. The votes are:
:Party A: 200,000
:Party B: 150,000
:Party C: 75,000
:Party D: 25,000

:Total number of votes: 450,000

:Election quota: 450,000 / 8 = 56,250

The number of MPs for:
:Party A: 200,000 / 56,250 = 3 MPs + 31,250 remainder
:Party B: 150,000 / 56,250 = 2 MPs + 37,500 remainder
:Party C: 75,000 / 56,250 = 1 MP+ 18,750 remainder
:Party D: 25,000 / 56,250 = No MP+ 25,000 remainder.

As shown above, 6 of the 8 MPs are directly elected. The contribution of this district to the national level is 112,500 votes, and the remaining two MPs are to be elected by the national remainder.
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See also

* Additional member system
*Localized list
*Scorporo
* Electoral system of Turkey#Electoral districts

References

Electoral systems
Elections in Turkey
1965 establishments in Turkey
1968 disestablishments in Turkey