Nancy Hogshead-Makar (born April 17, 1962), née Nancy Lynn Hogshead, is an American swimmer who represented the United States at the

1984 Summer Olympics The 1984 Summer Olympics (officially the Games of the XXIII Olympiad and also known as Los Angeles 1984) were an international multi-sport event held from July 28 to August 12, 1984, in Los Angeles, California, United States. It marked the secon ...

, where she won three gold medals and one silver medal. She is currently the CEO of Champion Women, an organization leading targeted efforts to advocate for equality and accountability in sport. Focus areas include equal play, such as traditional

Title IX Title IX is the most commonly used name for the federal civil rights law in the United States that was enacted as part (Title IX) of the Education Amendments of 1972. It prohibits sex-based discrimination in any school or any other educat ...

compliance in athletic departments,

sexual harassment Sexual harassment is a type of harassment involving the use of explicit or implicit sexual overtones, including the unwelcome and inappropriate promises of rewards in exchange for sexual favors. Sexual harassment includes a range of actions fro ...

abuse Abuse is the improper usage or treatment of a thing, often to unfairly or improperly gain benefit. Abuse can come in many forms, such as: physical or verbal maltreatment, injury, assault, violation, rape, unjust practices, crimes, or other t ...

and

assault An assault is the act of committing physical harm or unwanted physical contact upon a person or, in some specific legal definitions, a threat or attempt to commit such an action. It is both a crime and a tort and, therefore, may result in crim ...

, as well as employment, pregnancy, and LGBT discrimination. In 2012 she began working on legislative changes to assure club and

Olympic sports Olympic sports are contested in the Summer Olympic Games and Winter Olympic Games. The 2020 Summer Olympics included 33 sports; the 2022 Winter Olympics included seven sports. Each Olympic sport is represented by an Sports governing body, inter ...

athletes were as protected from sexual abuse. In 2018, the

Protecting Young Victims from Sexual Abuse and Safe Sport Authorization Act of 2017 The Protecting Young Victims from Sexual Abuse and Safe Sport Authorization Act of 2017, also known as the Safe Sport Authorization Act, is an American law that establishes protection for young athletes. Among its provisions, it established the U ...

was enacted.

Swimming

Hogshead's family is from Iowa. She was born in

Iowa City, Iowa Iowa City, offically the City of Iowa City is a city in Johnson County, Iowa, United States. It is the home of the University of Iowa and county seat of Johnson County, at the center of the Iowa City Metropolitan Statistical Area. At the time ...

, but her family moved to Florida shortly afterwards. When she was 11 years old, her family moved to

Jacksonville, Florida Jacksonville is a city located on the Atlantic coast of northeast Florida, the most populous city proper in the state and is the largest city by area in the contiguous United States as of 2020. It is the seat of Duval County, with which the ...

, where she would meet coach

Randy Reese Randy Reese (born 1946) is an American college and Olympic swimming coach. Reese is best known for coaching the Florida Gators swimming and diving teams of the University of Florida to four national championships, and coaching the winners of ei ...

and be exposed to a team oriented towards nationals. By age 12 she had qualified for the U.S. Senior Nationals and held the national age-group record in the 200 individual medley. Her first American record was in the 100 yard butterfly in 1977. Hogshead left home to train for the 1980 Olympics while still in high school, with the University of Florida swim team, or FAST. She qualified for the

1980 Summer Olympics The 1980 Summer Olympics (russian: Летние Олимпийские игры 1980, Letniye Olimpiyskiye igry 1980), officially known as the Games of the XXII Olympiad (russian: Игры XXII Олимпиады, Igry XXII Olimpiady) and commo ...

Moscow Moscow ( , US chiefly ; rus, links=no, Москва, r=Moskva, p=mɐskˈva, a=Москва.ogg) is the capital and largest city of Russia. The city stands on the Moskva River in Central Russia, with a population estimated at 13.0 million ...

in the 200 meter butterfly and the 400 meter individual medley, but the American-led boycott kept her home.

Duke University Duke University is a private research university in Durham, North Carolina. Founded by Methodists and Quakers in the present-day city of Trinity in 1838, the school moved to Durham in 1892. In 1924, tobacco and electric power industrialist James ...

offered Hogshead its first swimming scholarship. There, she was undefeated in dual meets and set a school record in eight different events; one of which stood until 2011. She was a four-time

ACC ACC most often refers to: * Atlantic Coast Conference, an NCAA Division I collegiate athletic conference located in the US *American College of Cardiology, A US-based nonprofit medical association that bestows credentials upon cardiovascular spec ...

champion and two-time

All-America The All-America designation is an annual honor bestowed upon an amateur sports person from the United States who is considered to be one of the best amateurs in their sport. Individuals receiving this distinction are typically added to an All-Am ...

n. She was the first woman to be inducted into the Duke Athletics Hall of Fame. In 1981, Duke University red-shirted Hogshead after she was raped while running between campuses and suffered from

PTSD Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is a mental and behavioral disorder that can develop because of exposure to a traumatic event, such as sexual assault, warfare, traffic collisions, child abuse, domestic violence, or other threats on a ...

for several months. In the fall of 1982, her coach enticed her to return to the pool by offering her a scholarship and a position on the team if she merely showed up at the competitions. In January 1983, Hogshead left Duke to train full-time for the 1984 Olympics in California. This time she switched from

butterfly Butterflies are insects in the macrolepidopteran clade Rhopalocera from the Order (biology), order Lepidoptera, which also includes moths. Adult butterflies have large, often brightly coloured wings, and conspicuous, fluttering flight. The ...

to freestyle. She won additional national titles on her way to qualifying for the 1984 US swimming team.

Olympics

At the

in Los Angeles, she won three gold medals and one silver medal, becoming the most decorated swimmer at the Games. She competed in the first event of the Games, the women's 100m freestyle, where she won in a tie-finish, with American teammate Carrie Steinseifer. They were both awarded gold medals. Hogshead also won golds in the 4 × 100 m freestyle and the 4 × 100 m medley teams, and a silver medal in the 200m individual medley. Her international career had started in 1977 at the age of 14, when she set her first American record. That year, she was the only American swimmer to be ranked number one in the world in an international event.

Professional career

Hogshead returned to Duke University to finish her undergraduate degree in 1984. During the summer of 1985, Hogshead interned at the

Women's Sports Foundation The Women's Sports Foundation (WSF) is a 501(c)(3) educational nonprofit charity focused on female involvement in sports. Founded in 1974 by tennis player Billie Jean King and initially supported by Olympic athletes Donna de Varona and Suzy Chaf ...

, at the urging of Donna de Varona. The organization had a strong influence on her career direction and she has worked with the organization for thirty years. She served on the board of trustees from 1987 to 1993 and as its president from 1993 to 1994. She was their Legal Adviser from 2003 to 2010, and was their Senior Director of Advocacy from 2010 to 2014. In 2014, Hogshead-Makar founded Champion Women.

Legal career

Hogshead is a high-profile advocate of gender equity in sports and a specialist on

of the

Education Amendments of 1972 The Education Amendments of 1972, also sometimes known as the Higher Education Amendments of 1972 (Public Law No. 92‑318, 86 Stat. 235), were U.S. legislation enacted on June 23, 1972. It is best known for its Title IX, which prohibited disc ...

. After receiving her J.D. degree from

Georgetown University Law Center The Georgetown University Law Center (Georgetown Law) is the law school of Georgetown University, a private research university in Washington, D.C. It was established in 1870 and is the largest law school in the United States by enrollment and ...

, Hogshead returned to Jacksonville for private practice at

Holland & Knight Holland & Knight LLP is an American multinational law firm with more than 1,700 lawyers and other professionals in 35 offices in the United States, Europe, Latin America, and North Africa. Headquartered in Tampa, Florida, the firm provides repre ...

, LLP. She represented student-athletes and universities in Title IX matters. From 2001 – 2013, Hogshead-Makar was a tenured professor on the faculty at

Florida Coastal School of Law Florida Coastal School of Law was a private for-profit law school in Jacksonville, Florida. It was established in 1996 and was the last operating of three for-profit law schools of the InfiLaw System owned by Sterling Partners. Because of fu ...

(FCSL) in

Jacksonville Jacksonville is a city located on the Atlantic coast of northeast Florida, the most populous city proper in the state and is the List of United States cities by area, largest city by area in the contiguous United States as of 2020. It is the co ...

, where she taught first-year torts and sports law courses, including "Gender Equity in Athletics." From 2004 – 2012 she was the co-chair of the

American Bar Association The American Bar Association (ABA) is a voluntary bar association of lawyers and law students, which is not specific to any jurisdiction in the United States. Founded in 1878, the ABA's most important stated activities are the setting of acad ...

(ABA) Committee on the Rights of Women. From 2009 – 2013 she was a board member on The Forum for the Scholarly Study of Intercollegiate Athletics in Higher Education, and served on the editorial board of the Journal of Intercollegiate Sport. Since 2011, she has served as a board member on the

Aspen Institute The Aspen Institute is an international nonprofit organization founded in 1949 as the Aspen Institute for Humanistic Studies. The institute's stated aim is the realization of "a free, just, and equitable society" through seminars, policy programs ...

, "Sport and Society". She was an advisory board member of th
Association of Title IX Administrators "ATIXA"
2011 – 2017 From 2007 – 2010, she served on The Florida Governor's Council on Physical Fitness. The council provided

Governor Crist Charles Joseph Crist Jr. (; born July 24, 1956) is an American attorney and politician who served as the 44th governor of Florida from 2007 to 2011 and as the U.S. representative for from 2017 to 2022. Crist has been a member of the Democrat ...

with a state plan of action to promote physical fitness and nutrition, particularly among children. She has been an evaluator for missed drug tests by the

United States Anti-Doping Agency The United States Anti-Doping Agency (USADA, ) is a non-profit, non-governmental 501(c)(3) organization and the national anti- doping organization (NADO) for the United States. To protect clean competition and the integrity of sport and prevent ...

("USADA") from 2003 to 2014. She was a founding member of FCSL's Sports Law Center, offering students a certificate in Sports Law program, from 2004 – 2013. Hogshead-Makar has testified in Congress numerous times and has served on two Presidential committees on gender in sports. In 2007, she co-edited the book
Equal Play; Title IX and Social Change
' with economist

Andrew Zimbalist Andrew S. Zimbalist (born October 16, 1947) is a U.S. economist and author of twenty-four books. He is the Robert A. Woods Professor of Economics at Smith College. Biography Zimbalist received his B.A. from the University of Wisconsin–Madison, ...

. She has written numerous scholarly and lay articles. She is widely quoted and interviewed on topics related to gender equity, including participation, treatment, scholarships, sexual harassment and assault, preventing trans women from participating in women’s sports, and pregnancy discrimination.

Personal life

Hogshead married

Scott Makar Scott Douglas Makar (born October 15, 1959) is an American lawyer, college professor and Judge on the Florida First District Court of Appeal. Previously he was the Florida Solicitor General serving from 2007 until 2012 and in that position, argue ...

, a fellow lawyer at Holland & Knight, on October 10, 1999, and hyphenated his surname to her maiden name. Her husband served as

Florida Solicitor General The solicitor general of Florida or Florida solicitor general is the top appellate (appeals) solicitor (lawyer) for the U.S. State of Florida. It is an appointed position in the Office of the Florida Attorney General and the individual serves at t ...

(FSG) upon his appointment by Florida Attorney General

Bill McCollum Ira William McCollum Jr. (born July 12, 1944) is an American lawyer and Republican Party politician. He was a member of the United States House of Representatives from 1981 to 2001, representing Florida's 5th congressional district, which was la ...

in February 2007.
Florida Attorney General, Solicitor General profile He is currently a state appellate judge, serving as a member of the Florida First District Court of Appeal. The couple has a son, Aaron, and twin daughters, Helen Clare and Millicent.

Views on transgender athletes

As a member of the Women's Sports Policy Working Group, Hogshead has spoken out against transgender athletes competing in women's sports. During testimony before the South Carolina General Assembly, South Carolina legislature, Hogshead said "if rans womendon't want to go on hormones and they do want to participate as part of girls' and women's sports, surely there are accommodations that we can all agree on that would welcome them into the space but not take the opportunity away from isgendergirls and

omen An omen (also called ''portent'') is a phenomenon that is believed to foretell the future, often signifying the advent of change. It was commonly believed in ancient times, and still believed by some today, that omens bring divine messages fr ...

" After the transgender swimmer

Lia Thomas Lia Catherine Thomas (born ) is an American swimmer. In 2017, she began studying at the University of Pennsylvania, from which she graduated in May 2022. She competed on the university's men's swim team from 2017 to 2020, and on its women's swi ...

gained national attention, Hogshead petitioned lawmakers to reject "blanket transgender inclusion or exclusion" in sports and "prioritize fairness for biological women in sport." She further stated, "If Lia's in a competition, that means a woman is not. If Lia wins, that means a woman does not. If Lia goes to the NCAAs, that means a woman does not go to the NCAAs."

Asthma

During the 1984 Olympics, she missed winning a fifth medal by 7/100th of a second, when she suffered a bronchial spasm that led to a diagnosis of

asthma Asthma is a long-term inflammatory disease of the airways of the lungs. It is characterized by variable and recurring symptoms, reversible airflow obstruction, and easily triggered bronchospasms. Symptoms include episodes of wheezing, cou ...

. After the initial disbelief, she accepted her condition and learned to monitor and control it.Faces of Asthma-Nancy Hogshead
National Institute of Health. Retrieved December 10, 2009. From 1984 to 1996, Hogshead-Makar lectured around the world about asthma management.

GlaxoSmithKline GSK plc, formerly GlaxoSmithKline plc, is a British multinational pharmaceutical and biotechnology company with global headquarters in London, England. Established in 2000 by a merger of Glaxo Wellcome and SmithKline Beecham. GSK is the ten ...

sponsored her as she spoke to over 100 groups each year across the US and internationally. Hogshead earned the title of National Spokesperson for the

American Lung Association The American Lung Association is a voluntary health organization whose mission is to save lives by improving lung health and preventing lung disease through education, advocacy and research. History The organization was founded in 1904 to figh ...

. Hogshead authored the 1990 book, ''Asthma and Exercise'', the first comprehensive book on the topic of asthma and sports. The book tells inspirational stories of athletes who learned to manage their condition.

Awards and honors

*1977 AAU Nathan Mallison award as Florida's outstanding amateur athlete. *1984 Come-Back Swimmer of the Year Award from USA Swimming *1984 Kiphuth Award (given to the best all-around swimmer nationally) *1993 National Association for Sports and Physical Education Hall of Fame *1994 International Swimming Hall of Fame *1994 Duke University Sports Hall of Fame *1995 Florida Sports Hall of Fame *1988 Jacksonville Sports Hall of Fame *2002 Honorary Doctorate, Springfield College, (received honorary degree with comedian Bill Cosby). *2000 Ranked as Florida's 13th greatest athlete of the 20th Century by Sports Illustrated *2001 International Scholar-Athlete Hall of Fame *2002 Honorary Doctorate from Springfield College *2003 Yolanda Jackson Give Back Award from the Women's Sports Foundation *2003 Community Woman of the Year Award from Jacksonville University *2004 International Women's Sports Hall of Fame *2007 Florida High School Athletic Hall of Fame *2007 Honor Award from National Association of Collegiate Women Athletics Administrators *2007 Named as one of the most influential people in the 35-year history of Title IX by Sports Illustrated *2007 Featured, "100 Trailblazers; Great Women Athletes Who Opened Doors for Future Generations" by Richard Lapchick. *2007 Honor Award Winner, National Association of Collegiate Women Athletics Administrators, (now
Women Leaders In College Sports
*2008 Academic All-America Hall of Fame from College Sports Information Director's of America (CoSIDA) *2011 Inductee, National Consortium for Academics and Sports *2011 "Courage Award" National Organization for Women *2012 ESPN Named one of "40 Women Who Will Change Way Sports are Played." *2012 ESPNW and Women in Cable Telecommunications named one of "Women who have made a significant impact on society after playing high school or college sports. *2012 "Advocate's Award" from the Alliance of Women Coaches *2014 International Olympic Committee, Women and Sport Award for the Americas, Monaco *2014 Babe Didrikson Zaharias Award *2014 Lifetime Achievement Award, Women in Business *2015 Shape America, Guiding Women in Sports Award *2015

Pi Beta Phi Pi Beta Phi (), often known simply as Pi Phi, is an international women's fraternity founded at Monmouth College, in Monmouth, Illinois on April 28, 1867 as I. C. Sorosis, the first national secret college society of women to be modeled after ...

, International Sorority, Distinguished Alumni *2016 Inductee, Episcopal School of Jacksonville Hall of Honor *2017 Florida Trend Magazine, Listed in ''Women in Leadership'' *2018 The Carlile Cup for Lifetime Achievement *2021 Miriam M. Better '72 Stoneman Award

References

External links

* * *
Nancy Hogshead-Makar – Faculty profile at Florida Coastal School of Law

* ttp://www.jacksonville.com/special/athletes_of_century/stories/3.shtml Jacksonville.com Top 100 Athletes of the Century {{DEFAULTSORT:Hogshead, Nancy 1962 births Living people American female butterfly swimmers American female freestyle swimmers American female medley swimmers American women lawyers Duke Blue Devils women's swimmers Florida lawyers Georgetown University Law Center alumni Olympic gold medalists for the United States in swimming Olympic silver medalists for the United States in swimming Sportspeople from Iowa City, Iowa Sportspeople from Jacksonville, Florida Swimmers at the 1984 Summer Olympics World Aquatics Championships medalists in swimming Medalists at the 1984 Summer Olympics Women's Sports Foundation executives Holland & Knight people 20th-century American women 21st-century American women